Structural component of bacterial cells which is a major virulence factor is called as pili.
Pili microscopic organisms are those microbes that have the little hair-like extremities on the outer layer of microorganisms.
The pili have the accompanying attributes:
Pili are made out of pilin protein that is blended by the microscopic organisms.Pili are answerable for the propagation of microscopic organisms for example conjugative pili.Pili are immunogenic in nature. They can actuate the development of antibodies in the host.They are delicate protein and 6-7 nm in measurement.These are the hair-like extremities present on the outer layer of microscopic organismsThere are two types of pili.
Conjugation piliType IV PiliThe functions of the pili are as per the following:
Conjugative pili permit the exchange of hereditary material between two microbes.The presence of pili is liable for the harmfulness of pathogenic microbes.It sticks with surfaces and consequently permits the connection of microorganisms with the surfaces.These pili permit the hereditary variety in the microbes.To know more about pili bacteria, visit here:
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maternal stress is most likely to negatively impact a developing embryo/fetus when that stress is question 37 options: chronic and moderate intermittent and extreme intermittent and moderate chronic and extreme
Maternal stress is most likely to negatively impact a developing embryo/fetus when that stress is chronic and moderate.
Chronic stress is defined as an extended period of time spent in stressful conditions, whereas moderate stress is defined as a degree of stress that is high enough to have an impact on one's physical and mental health but not so extreme as to be incapacitating.
According to studies, persistent moderate stress during pregnancy can affect the developing fetus negatively in a number of ways, including by altering brain development, altering stress response mechanisms, and increasing the likelihood that the child will experience behavioral and mental health issues later in life.
The growing fetus, however, may respond differently to intermittent and intense stress because it may be able to adjust to brief increases in stress hormones. However, a fetus may suffer harm from high stress as well.
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One reason for decreasing populations is due to people leaving agricultural jobs to work in
developed urban areas.
True
False
The above given statement is true that one reason for decreasing populations is due to people leaving agricultural jobs to work in developed urban areas.
What is population?The term "population" describes all of the members of a certain species or group of species that are present in a given geographical area. Population in human demographics refers to the total number of people inhabiting a given area, city, nation, or planet. Population dynamics are studied and understood using a variety of essential variables, including population size, growth rate, age structure, migratory patterns, and fertility rates.
People moving to established urban regions in quest of better economic prospects and a higher standard of living is one reason why populations in rural and agricultural areas are declining. This phenomenon, known as rural-urban migration, may cause the population of rural areas to decrease and the population of urban areas to increase. The local economy may be impacted by a decline in the agricultural workforce and a reduction in the number of farms and rural businesses as a result of migration from rural to urban areas. In addition to increasing poverty and social inequality, urbanisation can result in the destruction of natural habitats, the spread of pollution and other environmental issues, and the loss of natural ecosystems.
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having a narrow geographic distribution can protect a species from extinction when challenged by a changing environment. group of answer choices true false\
The given statement, "Having a narrow geographic distribution can protect a species from extinction when challenged by a changing environment," is false because narrow geographical distribution will result in more competition and hence extinction.
Extinction is the complete disappearance of the organisms of a species from all the habitats existing in the world. A species is said to be extinct when the last living organism dies out. It can happen due to several reasons like habitat changes, over-exploitation, competition, etc.
Competition is the interaction type where two or more species fight over the same resources or habitat. Competition can either harm both the species or it may benefit one and harm the other.
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If an individual is homozygous for a particular trait:AEach parent contributed a different allele for that trait.BOne parent contributed two different alleles for that trait.CEach parent contributed the same allele for that trait.DOne parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait.
The correct option is A ; Each parent contributed a different allele for that trait. Being homozygous for a gene means you inherited two identical copies.
It is the inverse of a heterozygous genotype, in which the alleles differ. People with recessive characteristics, such as blue eyes or red hair, are always homozygous for that gene. In genetics, homozygous means having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from both biological parents.
As a result, a person who is homozygous for a genomic marker has two identical copies of that marker. When you are heterozygous for a particular gene, it means you have two copies of that gene. The dominant form can completely obscure the recessive form, or they can merge. In some cases, both versions appear concurrently.
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How do plants abstain nitrogen
A. they remove it from the air?
B. They absorb It thought their roots?
C. They fix it in thier leaves.
D. They produce it in there stems?
Answer: Plants cannot themselves obtain their nitrogen from the air but rely mainly on the supply of combined nitrogen in the form of ammonia, or nitrates, resulting from nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria in the soil or bacteria living symbiotically in nodules on the roots of legumes.
Explanation:
you are looking for a well-camouflaged animal in an exhibit at the zoo. finding it will require a. an attentive process. b. an affective reaction. c. a preattentive process. d. spreading activation.
You're seeking for a cleverly disguised animal in a zoo exhibit. It will require an attentive process (option A)
An attentive procedure is one that necessitates careful monitoring and looking for a specific item in a series.
Pigments and morphological features are the two main ways that animal species conceal themselves. Biochromes are small, naturally occurring pigments found in some organisms that reflect some wavelengths of light and absorb others. Biochrome-containing species genuinely seem to change their color.
When an animal is disguised, its coloration is planned to make it resemble another non-food object in its surroundings. For instance, when seated stationary, walking sticks appear to be sticks.
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Define Mendel’s two laws and state their cellular basis and limitations
Mendel’s two laws are the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
According to the law of segregation, two alleles for a particular trait separate during gamete creation, leaving only one allele for each gamete to inherit. During meiosis I, when each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome, homologous chromosomes are separated, forming the basis of this law. The fact that the law of segregation only applies to qualities controlled by a single gene and not ones influenced by several genes or environmental factors places restrictions on its use.
According to the law of independent assortment, various qualities are inherited independently of one another and are not affected by the distribution of one gene over another. Based on the random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis I, this law states that the separation of one pair of chromosomes has no bearing on the separation of another pair. The law of independent assortment is constrained since it only holds true for genes on different chromosomes and not for genes linked together or found on the same chromosome.
What are chromosomes?Chromosomes are components of a cell's nucleus that house the genes that convey the genetic material. DNA, proteins, and other components make them up. Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes that are divided into 23 pairs. Every chromosome is distinct and carries particular information that establishes a person's physical traits, attributes, and biological functions. A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins. DNA may be precisely duplicated during these cell divisions thanks to chromosomes.
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sketch a diploid cell with two chromosomes in prophase 1
The prophase I of the meiosis is the step which involves the crossing over in the homologous chromosomes.
Meiosis is basically a reductional division which is very important is it enables the equal division of the DNA material between the germ cells. Meiosis takes place through a number of stages namely, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and the telophase.
DNA replication precedes the beginning of the meiosis I of cell cycle. During the prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and end up forming synapses, which is a step that is unique to meiosis. These paired chromosomes are known as bivalents. The crossing over takes place during this stage and involves the exchange of genetic material between the homologous chromosomes.
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Which is appropriate for initial rate method experiments to analyze an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
While the rate is assessed at various substrate concentrations, the enzyme concentration remains constant.
What is the starting rates method?The numbers of these reactions orders can be determined using the method for initial rates by repeatedly conducting the reaction under controlled circumstances and measuring the reaction rate in each instance. With the exception of the concentration with one reactant, all variables is held constant of one run to the following.
What is the most accurate approach to gauge reaction rate?The quantity of goods created over a specific amount of time can be used to determine the pace of reaction. Whereas the volume of the a gas is frequently measured in cm3, the mass of the a solid is frequently measured in grams. The duration selected may be influenced by the rate of it .
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A heterozygous Type B blood person has a child with a Type O person; what might their child be? (Phenotypes and Genotypes!)
Answer:
Pheno= Type Bo or Type O
Geno = Bo or O
Explanation:
Hetero = Bo
Bo x O in a punnet square would give you the results of 50% of Bo or 50% of O meaning that the child has a 50-50 chance of either being B or O type.
What happens if a volcano erupts under ice?
Answer:
The ice melts and the lava rises.
Explanation:
A subglacial volcano, also known as a glaciovolcano, is a volcanic form produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or ice sheet which is then melted into a lake by the rising lava.
staging a tumor refers to the degree to which the tumor has spread. group of answer choices true false
Answer:true
Stage refers to how large a cancer tumor is and how far the cancer has spread
if you are talking about cancer
which features provide sites for muscle and ligament attachment? - these include crest, epicondyle, line, process, ramus (plural: rami), spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity which features show up as parts of joints? which features provide paths for vessels or nerves? which features are open spaces within bone?
A bony region on or above a condyle is called an epicondyle.
It primarily functions as a location where a muscle or ligament can attach. Example: the humerus' medial epicondyle.
An epicondyle is a long bone's attachment point for muscles or other bones. Tendons and ligaments are used to secure the muscles to the epicondyle and to other bones. Epicondyle's etymological origin is "upon or above the knuckle." An epicondyle resembles a protuberance, a hump, or a knuckle. The bump or protuberance is located on the end of a long bone in the instance of the epicondyle.
Only long bones, or bones that are elongated relative to their width, contain epicondyles. It is the epicondyle.
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Uh i NEED some help with this assigment please
Answer:
5. White tailed deer
6. The carrying capacity is the max population an area can have, so when it is reached, there is a lot of competition so a lot of animals would die
7.Its population may have increased because predators possibly went down or more food was found
8. The population decreased because populations very rarely pass carrying capacity
( I just did an assignment like this one)
What is aerobic respiration?
A. The process cells use to produce glucose and oxygen
B. The process cells use to release energy from glucose in the
presence of oxygen
c. Physical activity that involves large muscle groups and increases
breathing rate
D. Physical activity that causes the heart and lungs to work harder to
meet the body's need for oxygen
SUBMIT
Help?
chromogens that function as basic stains in the simple staining procedure color the bacterial cell by___
Chromogens that function as basic stains in the simple staining procedure, color the bacterial cell by adhering to the negatively charged cells.
It is a cationic dye (positive charge) that dyes the cell blue. The presence of negatively charged molecules (such as DNA and RNA) in the cell causes the cell to stain blue. In contrast to negative staining, which leaves the bacteria unstained against a dark background, simple staining involves directly staining the bacterial cell with a positively charged dye in order to see bacterial detail.
Crystal violet, safranin, and methylene blue are some stains that are commonly used for simple staining. Simple stains can be used to determine the morphology and arrangement of bacterial species, but they provide no additional information.
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Consider two ecosystems that scientists have labeled as ecosystem A and ecosystem B. Scientists have found that both ecosystems are home to a roughly equal number of species. However, ecosystem A is dominated by a small number of species that are very abundant. Ecosystem B, by contrast, has a more even abundance of organisms across its species.
Ecosystem B has a greater biodiversity than ecosystem A.
What is an ecosystem?The ecosystem is a system that is composed of the living and the non living parts. We know that the ecosystem is self supporting and as such the there is a movement of matter and energy in the ecosystem as we know.
Thus, if we look at the ecosystems A and B, it is clear that there is a greater biodiversity in ecosystem B than ecosystem A. This is because the scientists have found that it has a more even abundance of organisms across its species.
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What are the limiting factors of bacterial growth?
Limiting factors of bacterial growth are -nutrient concentration, pH, temperature,ions and salt.
Growth of bacteria is impacted by many factors like nourishment focus and other ecological elements.
A portion of the significant factors influencing bacterial development are:
Nutrient concentrationTemperatureGaseous concentrationpHParticles and salt focusAccessible waterNutrient concentration:
In the event that culture media is wealthy in development advancing substance, development of microscopic organisms happens quicker. Decline in supplement fixation diminishes the development rate.
Various bacteria have different dietary necessity.
Temperature:
Temperature influences the growth of bacteria by different ways.
The most reduced temperature that permits the development is called least temperature and the most noteworthy temperature that permits development is called greatest temperature.There is no development underneath least or more greatest temperature.Underneath least temperature cell film sets and become solid to move supplements in to the cell, thus no development happens.Above greatest temperature, cell proteins and catalysts denatures, so the bacterial development stops.To know more about bacterial growth, visit here:
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In pea plants, yellow peas are dominant over green peas. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcome of a cross between a plant heterozygous for yellow peas and a plant homozygous for green peas.
how do animal cells and plant cells react differently in a hypotonic solution
Answer:
In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will fill with too much water and lyse, or burst open. However, plant cells need more water than animal cells, and will not burst in a hypotonic solution due to their thick cell walls; hypotonic solutions are ideal for plant cells.
Explanation:
Please mark me Brainliest!
The presence of a rigid cell wall in plant cells allows them to withstand the pressure changes that occur in a hypotonic solution, whereas animal cells without a cell wall are vulnerable to lysis. This difference highlights the importance of understanding the unique features and responses of different cell types to changes in their environment.
Animal cells and plant cells are two types of eukaryotic cells with different structures and functions. One major difference between these two cell types is the presence of a rigid cell wall in plant cells but not in animal cells. In a hypotonic solution, which has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the concentration inside the cell, both plant and animal cells will experience changes in their volume and shape. However, the responses of these two types of cells to a hypotonic solution differ due to their structural differences.
When placed in a hypotonic solution, animal cells and plant cells will both experience a net movement of water into the cell. This is because water will move from an area of high concentration (outside the cell) to an area of low concentration (inside the cell) in an attempt to balance the concentration on both sides of the cell membrane.
In animal cells, the influx of water will cause the cell to swell and potentially burst (lysis) due to the lack of a rigid cell wall to maintain its shape. As water enters the cell, the volume of the cytoplasm increases, and the cell membrane stretches until it can no longer contain the excess water. This bursting of the cell can cause damage to surrounding tissues and can ultimately lead to cell death.
In contrast, plant cells have a cell wall that provides structural support and prevents them from bursting in a hypotonic solution. The influx of water will cause the plant cell to swell, but the cell wall will prevent it from bursting. Instead, the increased pressure on the cell wall causes the plant cell to become turgid, which is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the plant. The turgor pressure also helps to maintain the shape of the plant and allows it to stand upright.
However, if the plant cell is exposed to a hypotonic solution for an extended period, the excessive swelling and turgor pressure can become detrimental. The continuous influx of water can cause the cell to reach its maximum capacity, and the pressure can damage the cell wall, ultimately leading to the wilting of the plant.
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unlike vertebrate organisms, plants do not have a skeleton to provide support. the extracellular matrix (i.e. the cell wall) of the plant cell works together with which subcellular structure to provide overall support for the plant?
The cell wall works with the cytoskeleton of the plant cell to provide overall support for the plant.
What is cell?A cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently and are capable of functioning on their own. The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell) or multicellular (consisting of many cells). All cells arise from other cells through cell division. In multicellular organisms, every cell in the organism's body derives ultimately from a single cell in a fertilized egg. The cell is also considered to be the basic unit in many pathological processes.
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The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that is composed of three main elements: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. It is responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and mitosis. It works together with the extracellular matrix of the plant cell to provide overall support for the plant, helping it maintain its shape, movement, and stability.
What is cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a subcellular component that collaborates with the extracellular matrix of the plant cell to maintain the entire plant. A web of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton runs throughout the cell's cytoplasm. Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules make up its three primary parts.
The thinnest of the three cytoskeleton elements, microfilaments are composed of actin proteins. By contracting and expanding, they are principally responsible for cell migration. Moreover, they aid cytokinesis by forming the contractile ring of the cell.
Proteins including keratin, vimentin, and neurofilament make up intermediate filaments. These filaments give the cell stability and structural support. Moreover, they help organelles adhere to the cell membrane.
The third and thickest of the cytoskeleton's three components are microtubules. They are made of tubulin proteins and are essential for the mobility, movement within the cell, and transportation of chemicals. Moreover, they create the spindle fibers needed for mitosis.The cytoskeleton supports the entire plant by collaborating with the extracellular matrix of the plant cell. The plant benefits from this support by maintaining its stability, mobility, and form.
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Select the statement that describes how an organism's fitness level and environment relate to one another.a. The more suitable an environment is for an organism's phenotype, the lower the organism's fitness level.b. An organism with a particular fitness level in one environment has the same fitness level in every environment.c. The less suitable an environment is for an organism's phenotype, the higher the organism's fitness level.d. The more suitable an environment is for an organism's phenotype, the higher the organism's fitness level.e. The suitability of an environment for an organism's phenotype has no relation to the organism's fitness level.
Option D, The environment in which an organism lives plays a major role in determining the organism's fitness level.
In general, the more suitable an environment is for an organism's phenotype, the higher the organism's fitness level will be.
This is because organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce in an environment that is suitable for their phenotype, thus increasing their fitness level.
Conversely, the less suitable an environment is for an organism's phenotype, the lower the organism's fitness level will be since it is unlikely to survive and reproduce in an unsuitable environment. Ultimately, the suitability of an environment is directly related to the organism's fitness level.
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special clotting proteins that restrict bleeding following an injury to the cardiovascular system are an example of which protein function?
Option c is Correct. One example of a transport protein's use is the specific clotting proteins that stop bleeding after a cardiovascular system injury.
Recent research has revealed that the sex hormone binding globulin-like domain of the protein S mediates interactions between the coagulation inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and protein S, two crucial proteins for clotting (SHB) Thrombin, an enzyme that changes fibrinogen into fibrin, and a process that results in the creation of a fibrin clot are produced by blood-clotting proteins.
A specific protein or clotting component that is present in blood. Another clotting factor called thrombin is triggered in response to a blood vessel injury, turning fibrinogen into fibrin.
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Correct Question:
Special clotting proteins that restrict bleeding following an injury to the cardiovascular system are an example of which protein function?
a. movement
b. defense
c. transport
d. support
e. metabolic regulation
jenninda and sam are having a baby and are hoping for a girl. the baby's sex will be decided by the chromosomes of:
Jenninda and sam are having a baby and are hoping for a girl. the baby's sex will be decided by the chromosomes of XX
However, sperm may be X or Y chromosomal. Therefore, a zygote will be female if an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying an X chromosome (XX).
Unlike other body cells, which have 23 pairs of chromosomes, these sex cells—specifically, the egg and sperm cells—have 23 chromosomes per cell. As a result, when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg, a zygote is produced. It will be referred to as a zygote and have all 46 chromosomes—23 from the mother and 23 from the father.
Nevertheless, a woman who inherits the recessive allele for a sex-related illness on one of her X chromosomes might only partially manifest the condition. A typical female's somatic cells randomly deactivate one of the X chromosomes, which is the cause of this. In the cell nucleus, a tiny, dark-staining structure called the Barr body represents this inactive X chromosome.
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What is an enzyme a substrate an active site?
An enzyme is a biological molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms. It is a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, meaning it helps to lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Enzymes are highly specific, meaning they only work with certain substrates, or the molecules they are designed to interact with. A substrate is a molecule that binds to an enzyme's active site, which is the specific part of the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place.
The active site is formed by a specific arrangement of amino acids within the enzyme structure, and it is specifically designed to recognize and interact with its target substrate.
The interaction between the substrate and the active site is critical for the reaction to occur, as it allows the substrate to be positioned in a way that makes it more reactive. The active site helps to bring the substrate molecules into close proximity, allowing them to react more easily.
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in the cell, the site of oxygen utilization is the?
Answer:the mitochondrion
Explanation:
the spiral organ contains two groups of hair cells, inner and outer. what is the function of the two groups?
The organ of Corti can become attuned to particular frequencies, such as those of speech or music, thanks to the function of outer hair cells as acoustic pre-amplifiers, which improve frequency selectivity.
What purpose do inner and outer hair cells serve?The auditory nerve's 95% of fibres that extend to the brain originate from the inner hair cells, which are the true sensory receptors.
What does the spiral organ do and what are its components?The hearing receptor organ, sometimes referred to as the spiral organ, is found in the cochlea. It is called the organ of Corti. It is a strip of sensory epithelium composed of hair cells that serves as the inner ear's sensory receptors.
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what patterns do we see among animal taxa when it comes to the nervous ysstem> how does this connct to their environment or phylogeny
The nervous system of animals is shaped by their evolutionary history, environment, and ecological niche. Here are some patterns that are commonly observed among animal taxa: Complexity, Centralization, Sensory input, Phylogeny.
What is complexity and Centralization?Complexity: The nervous system of animals can vary greatly in complexity, from simple nerve nets found in cnidarians to highly advanced brains in mammals. In general, animals with more complex nervous systems are typically capable of more sophisticated behaviors. For example, mammals, which have well-developed brains, are capable of complex cognitive processes such as problem-solving, learning, and memory, whereas cnidarians, with simple nerve nets, are limited to basic reflexive responses.
Centralization: The centralization of the nervous system also varies among animal taxa. Some animals, such as jellyfish, have a decentralized nervous system with simple nerve nets spread throughout their body, while others, such as vertebrates, have a centralized nervous system with a well-developed brain that coordinates the activities of the rest of the body.
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a small number of individuals leaves a large population to colonize a new territory, such as an island. under genetic drift, the allele frequency changes in this new colony are rapid. what term does this phenomenon describe?
A small number of individuals leaves a large population to colonize a new territory, such as an island under genetic drift,this phenomenon is know as b)a founder event.So,correct option is b.
The founder event happens when a few people from a given populace detach themselves and lay out another populace in another area, somewhat far off from the first. This new populace presents just a little piece of the hereditary assortment of the first populace, and, in light of the fact that it has few people, it gives the activity of hereditary float, a cycle in which the frequencies of qualities change aimlessly, whether or not they are connected the decision about whether to adjust.
The populaces framed by the pioneer impact are little and, accordingly, are more dependent upon elimination processes than bigger populaces.
Hence,correct option is b.
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(Complete question) is:
a small number of individuals leaves a large population to colonize a new territory, such as an island. under genetic drift, the allele frequency changes in this new colony are rapid. what term does this phenomenon describe?
a) gene flow - b) a founder event - c) geographic isolation - d) allopatric speciation "
how is mitosis regulated? include a discussion of cyclins (not in your book), cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks; in your book), and maturation-promoting factor (mpf is; not in your book).
Mitosis is divided into various stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities so that next stage will start timely.
In cell science, mitosis is a piece of the cell cycle in which imitated chromosomes are isolated into two new cores. Cell division by mitosis leads to hereditarily indistinguishable cells in which the all out number of chromosomes is maintained.
Accordingly, mitosis is otherwise called equational division. by and large, mitosis is gone before by S period of interphase (during which DNA replication happens) and is frequently trailed by telophase and cytokinesis; what partitions the cytoplasm, organelles and cell layer of one cell into two new cells containing generally equivalent portions of these phone components. The various phases of mitosis through and through characterize the mitotic (M) period of a creature cell cycle — the division of the mother cell into two little girl cells hereditarily indistinguishable from one another. Cyclin is a group of proteins that controls the movement of a cell through the cell cycle by initiating cyclin-subordinate kinase (CDK) compounds or gathering of catalysts expected for combination of cell cycle.
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