Decisions of the highest state courts are final unless a question of law is involved that is appealable to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Courts established in the jurisdiction of the state to view matters in the state as the highest authority is known as the highest state court. These courts address the matters of the state which comes under the jurisdiction of the state laws, the decision of higher state courts can be evaluated by the Supreme Court of United States when a question of law or Constitutionality arises until then the higher state courts are the highest court of appeal for the member of the states. It exercises the power of state legislature in the form the laws framed by the state for its people.
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which of the following factors did not contribute to the declining power of the democratic party?
Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC) is responsible for setting most monetary policies concerning interest rates and money supply amounts. Which of the following tools that used by the Fed has/have direct influence on money supply amounts?
Tool 3: open market operations
Tool 1: reserve requirements
Tool 2: discount rate
both Tool 1 and Tool 3
Tools which are used by the Fed have direct influence on d)Tool 1 and Tool 3.So,correct option is d.
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) comprises of twelve individuals - the seven individuals from the Leading group of Legislative heads of the Central bank Framework; the leader of the Central Bank of New York; and four of the leftover eleven Save Bank presidents, who serve one-year terms on a turning premise.
The turning seats are filled from the accompanying four gatherings of Banks, one Bank president from each gathering: Boston, Philadelphia, and Richmond; Cleveland and Chicago; Atlanta, St. Louis, and Dallas; and Minneapolis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. Nonvoting Store Bank presidents go to the gatherings of the Council, take part in the conversations, and add to the Board of trustees' evaluation of the economy and strategy choices.
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(Complete question) is:
Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC) is responsible for setting most monetary policies concerning interest rates and money supply amounts. Which of the following tools that used by the Fed has/have direct influence on money supply amounts?
a)Tool 3: open market operations
b)Tool 1: reserve requirements
c)Tool 2: discount rate
d)both Tool 1 and Tool 3
consider the situation in which trade between the united states and china became balanced. which of the following statements is true based only on the countries included in the chart?
The United States would still have a trade deficit in general.
The preceding table shows that the United States has a total trade deficit of 563,456.8 million, of which the deficit related to China is 270,338.3.
As a result, even if China achieved trade balance, the US would still have a trade deficit of 293,118.5. Consequently, the option a.) is the right one.
Trade balance
Imports Exports (Exports-Imports)
Canada 3,34,839.6 2,22,424.4 -1,12,415.20
China 3,37,504.2 67,165.9 -2,70,338.30
Mexico 2,16,328.4 1,31,507.4 -84,821.00
Japan 1,39,112.3 61,435.2 -77,677.10
Germany 95,827.9 50,150.5 -45,677.40
United Kingdom 58,418.6 49,061.3 -9,357.30
Netherlands 21,102.5 37,076.2 15,973.70
Belgium 17,378.5 25,768.7 8,390.20
Singapore 15,718.5 25,655.5 9,937.00
Switzerland 17,715.9 20,244.5 2,528.60
Total trade surplus/(deficit) -5,63,456.80
When a nation's imports exceed its exports for a specific time period, a trade deficit results. For numerous types of foreign transactions, balances are computed.
The duration of a trade deficit might be brief or long. The effects of a trade deficit depend on how the deficits are financed as well as how they affect productivity, employment, and national security.
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The complete question is:
For many years, the United States exported more goods and services than it imported. However, since 1975 it has bought more goods from other nations than it has sold and thus has a trade deficit. Recently, it ran its highest trade deficits with China.
The chart below indicates the amount of goods and services the United States imports and exports from ten different countries. U.S. Trade Balance, by Partner Country 2008 in descending order of trade turnover Imports for Consumption Domestic Exports Partner country Canada China Mexico Japan Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Singapore Switzerland million dollars $334,839 6 $337,5042 $216,3284 $139,112 3 $95,8279 $58,4186 $21,102 5 $17,378 5 $15,718.5 $17,7159 $222,424 4 $67,165.9 $131,507 4 $61,435.2 $50,150 5 $49,061.3 $37,076.2 $25,768.7 $25,655.5 $20,2445
Consider the situation in which trade between the United States and China became balanced. Which of the following statements is true, based only on the countries Included in the chart? Multiple Choice
1.) The United States would still have a trade deficit in general
2.) The United States would experience balance of trade
3.) The United States would have a trade surplus
4.) None of the above are true
5.) All of the above are true
when a contract contains a(n)_____, the parties specify which court would hear a dispute over an alleged breach of the contract.
Answer:
When a contract contains a(n)__Forum-Selection___, the parties specify which court would hear a dispute over an alleged breach of the contract.
Explanation:
Hope it helps:)
When a contract contains a forum selection, the parties specify which court would hear a dispute over an alleged breach of the contract.
A breach of contract happens when one of the parties to a contract fails to fulfill their agreed responsibilities.
Any violation of the predetermined terms and conditions of a legally enforceable contract is considered a breach of that contract.
A breach might range from a late payment to a more serious infraction, such as failing to deliver a promised asset.
Therefore, when the parties include a forum selection clause in a contract, they identify which court will hear a dispute over an alleged breach of the contract.
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Which of the following is true regarding the statute of frauds requirement involving contracts that cannot be performed within one year?A. The one-year period begins to run the day after the contract is created, not when the contract is scheduled to begin.B. Even if it is highly unlikely that a contract will be completed within one year, a contract does not come within the statute of frauds if it could be completed within one year.C. If a party contracts for lifetime employment, the contract does not have to be in writing in order to be enforceable.D. Contracts whose performance, based on the terms of the contract, could not possibly occur within one year fall within the statute of frauds.E. All the above are true.
All of the above are true regarding the statute of frauds requirement involving contracts that cannot be performed within one year.
Hence, the correct answer is E.
All these mentioned situations such as the period of beginning of a contract, fraud in a contract, life employment of a contract and performance of the contract whose terms of the contract could not possibly occur within one year fall within the statute of frauds are true regarding the statute of frauds requirement. The statute of frauds is a legal doctrine that requires certain types of contract to be in written form. Most common contracts covered by the statute of frauds includes the sale of land, agreements involving goods, or contacts lasting one year or more. The motive of the statute is prevent fraud and other injury.
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The need to protect intellectual property is recognized in the U.S. Constitution. (T/F)
The founding fathers of our country valued intellectual property, and the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the authority to safeguard it. since the founding of our country
Quiz: Why is intellectual property protection crucial?Intellectual property protection prevents others from appropriating one person's concepts and innovations. We're discussing the safeguarding of novel goods, services, names, production methods, etc.
Which three categories of works fall under American copyright law?Copyright, a form of intellectual property law, protects all original works of authorship, including poetry, books, films, songs, software, and architectural designs.
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if an economy is closed and if it has no government, then
If an economy is closed and if it has no government, then national saving is equal to private saving.
A nation with a closed economy is one that conducts no commerce or other financial transactions with any other nations. That indicates that neither imports nor exports enter the nation.
Complete self-sufficiency, or supplying domestic consumers with all they require from within the nation's borders, is the aim of a closed economy.
Closed economies are more of a theoretical idea than a reality in the linked world of today, while some economies are more closed than others. Today, closed economies are essentially nonexistent, while some nations are closer to having one than others.
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when an administrator issues a final order, an agent subject to the order may obtain a review of the order in an appropriate court of law request that additional evidence be presented to the court request a hearing 90 days after the final order not appeal a court's decision. True or False
The given statement is false. An agent subject to an administrator's final order may gain a review of the order in court, but they may also appeal the court's decision.
The agent may request that fresh evidence be presented to the court and may request a hail within 90 days of the final order. These options are each available to the agent as part of their right to due process. The director's final order is subject to review and appeal, and the agent has the right to present fresh proof and request a hearing.
The statement needs to be corrected as it doesn't include the full range of options available to an agent in this situation.
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mention the bill of rights amendments
The first ten amendment of the American National Constitution are a part of the Amendments made under the Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights can be taken into the sense of general understanding as the bill that contains the rights and powers available in the hands of the American citizens in different scenarios. Moreover, the Bill of Rights contain the ten amendments of the constitution, wherein different protections are granted. These ten amendments are an exclusive inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
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What happens to Texas as a driver if you refuse a test to determine the amount of alcohol in your body?
if a person in Texas as a driver if refuses to take a test to determine the amount of alcohol in body then his drivers license can be revoked for 180 days or even he can be confined.
When a person get a driver's license, there are several implied consent laws attached to it that mean you have consented to a BAC test in order to legally drive. Although the laws vary by state or geographical location , the refusal of a breathalyzer test may result in the immediate suspension of your license for up to 12 months and potentially jail time as a convict. The officer can also provide a written notice that your driver's license is being suspended. The suspension does not take immediate effect as a certain timeline for a temporary permit is provided.
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3. Debbie and Jim Lomach were driving from their home in Chicago to Dallas for a family reunion in their brand new
Airstream motorhome when a truck full of oranges from the Florida Floranges Company plowed into their Airstream,
causing over $100,000 of damages to the motorhome. Although no one was injured physically in the crash, the
Lomaches have come to you asking what they should do about the extensive damage to their Airstream (not to
mention the lingering citrus smell).
ich Hubisous Slant, has
The judicial branch may have numerous opportunities to interpret the Constitution thanks to the structure of federal courts and a Supreme Court.
Where does the Constitution state that criminal cases must be tried by the judicial branch in front of their peers?Every individual accused of a crime is guaranteed the right to a fair trial by a judge and jury of their peers under Article III of the United States Constitution.
By its original jurisdictional authority, which case would the Supreme Court hear?The Supreme Court is the first and only Court to consider a case, which is referred to as original jurisdiction. The Constitution restricts matters with original jurisdiction to those involving disagreements between states or among ambassadors and other high-ranking ministers.
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you should always use your headlights any time conditions keep you from seeing _____ feet ahead.
you should always use your headlights any time conditions keep you from seeing 1,000 feet ahead .
When you can't see at least 1000 feet ahead, you must switch on your lights. When it is raining, use your low beam headlights. Remember that driving with only your parking lights on is always unlawful. In fog, snow, or severe rain, use low lights.
Conditions might prevent you from seeing 1,000 feet ahead at any time. Fog, severe weather, and dust are examples of these situations. Headlights should be switched on no later than 30 minutes after nightfall and kept on until 30 minutes before sunrise, as well as when traveling away from a rising or setting sun.
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in the federalist no. 10, james madison argued that factions in a republic are
In the Federalist No. 10, the former President James Madison had made an argument that the unequal distribution of the properties are the factions in a Republic.
James Madison is highly revered in the American history as a prominent President of the United States. In fact, his presidential term has seen both sides of the coin. In one of the Federalist No. 10, there were some bold statements marked by Madison, wherein he mentioned that the distribution of immovable property in an unequal way has been the faction in republic governance.
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the cook corporation has two divisions--east and west. the divisions have the following revenues and expenses:
The elimination of the West Division would result in a $140,600 operating loss for the entire corporation. The ideal choice is (d).
The loss that is shown on an income statement prior to the inclusion of non-operational items is known as an operating loss. Operating expenses must exceed operating revenue in order for this loss to exist, and it only affects ongoing operations. Investors should pay close attention to this line item because it provides a clear indication of whether a company will be able to generate enough cash flow to pay dividends.
Income Statement (When West Division is Eliminated)
Sales 560,000
Variable Costs -230,000
Contribution Margin 330,000
Traceable fixed costs -174,000
Corporate Costs -296,600
Net Operating Loss -140,600
Corporate cost after the elimination of West Division is 121,500 + 175,100, or $296,600.
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The correct question is given in the attachment.
What is the main theme of Crime and Punishment?
The main theme of Crime and Punishment is morality and the struggles of a young man trying to live in an immoral world. He struggles to reconcile his beliefs of what is morally right and wrong with the realities of the world he lives in. His ultimate realization is that he must take responsibility for his own actions, no matter the consequences.
The main theme of Crime and Punishment is guilt and redemption.
Throughout the novel, the protagonist, Raskolnikov, grapples with the guilt of committing a heinous crime and the consequences that come with it. He initially believes that he is above the law and can justify his actions, but as the story progresses, he realizes the weight of his guilt and seeks redemption.
This theme is explored through Raskolnikov's relationships with other characters, such as the prostitute Sonia, who represents the possibility of redemption through love and forgiveness, and the detective Porfiry, who represents the consequences of one's actions.
Overall, Crime and Punishment examines the complexities of guilt and the struggle for redemption in the face of one's own actions.
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Fill The blank? if demand is not uniform and constant, the stockout risks can be controlled by __________.
If the demand is not uniform and constant, the stockout risks can be controlled by additional purchase of safety stocks into the investment portfolio.
Whenever the demand for a stock is seen to be non-uniform, the risks are usually at higher levels. However, the investors may make provisions for dividing their stockout risks by the way of adding safety stocks in their portfolio. Moreover, the safety stocks also help in averaging the returns even if the risky stocks go negative over the course of investments.
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what does csi stand for
CSI stands for Crime Scene Investigation. This is a type of investigative work done by law enforcement agencies to examine and collect evidence from crime scenes.
It is a term used to describe the process of collecting and analyzing evidence from a crime scene in order to solve a crime. This may include collecting fingerprints, DNA, and other physical evidence, as well as interviewing witnesses and suspects. The goal of CSI is to use the evidence collected to build a case against a suspect and help bring them to justice.
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which of the following did the federalists argue would protect the individual liberties and states' rights that the anti-federalists were worried about?
The Federalists argued that the Constitution itself would protect individual liberties and states' rights, and they also argued that the addition of a Bill of Rights would further safeguard these liberties.
The Federalists were a political group in the United States that supported the ratification of the Constitution in the late 1780s. They were led by prominent statesmen such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, who wrote a series of essays known as "The Federalist Papers" to promote the ratification of the Constitution.
The Federalists believed that a strong central government was necessary to maintain order and protect the nation from external threats, while also ensuring that individual liberties and states' rights were protected through a system of checks and balances.
They believed that the powers of the federal government were clearly defined and limited by the Constitution, and that any powers not specifically granted to the federal government were reserved for the states.
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As a driver, if you refuse a test to find out the amount of alcohol in your body what will happen?
If a driver refuses a breathalyzer test or any other test to determine their blood alcohol concentration (BAC), they can face legal consequences under the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988.
It's important to keep in mind that driving under the influence of alcohol is a serious crime, and if a driver is found to be over the legal limit, they can face substantial fines, criminal charges, imprisonment, immediate suspension or the revocation of their driver's license.
If the driver is later found to be driving under the influence of alcohol, the fact that they refused the breathalyzer test can be used against them in court, potentially leading to more severe penalties.
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How do investigators determine where a shooter was standing?
george mason refused to sign the draft constitution because
One of the main reasons George Mason refused to sign the draft constitution was that he believed the Constitution did not adequately protect individual rights.
George Mason, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. There were several reasons why he refused to sign the draft constitution.
Mason, who had written the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776, which served as a model for the Bill of Rights, believed that the new Constitution needed a bill of rights to protect individual liberties.
He was concerned that the centralization of power in the federal government would lead to a loss of liberty and an erosion of the sovereignty of the states.
Finally, Mason was opposed to the compromise that had been reached on the issue of slavery. Although he himself owned slaves, he was opposed to the institution and believed that it should be abolished.
For above mentioned reasons, George Mason refused to sign the final draft of the Constitution.
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if more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. this is referred to as the effect. group of answer choices recidivism incarceration incapacitation prison
The crime rate ought to decrease if more criminals are sent to prison. The term for this is "incapacitation effect."
What exactly is incapacitation?Incapable individuals who are in prison: They don't do as many crimes as they would if they weren't in prison. The most accurate modern estimates of the effect's magnitude range from two to five serious crimes per year served in prison. These effects are stronger for higher-rate offenders when incarceration is used more selectively, but they will eventually diminish as incarceration is used more frequently.
This chapter examines the research and offers the following fundamental policy recommendations: 1) An all-encompassing incarceration policy should not be based solely on incapacity; ( 2) the current levels of incarceration in the United States cannot be justified by incapacity.
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Most states in the United States have statutes that permit merchants or their employees to reasonable detain customers suspected of shoplifting. In the context of the tort of false imprisonment, identify the factors that can cause merchants or their employees to lose this statutory privilege.-The lack of reasonable suspicion of shoplifting-The unnecessary use of force- An unreasonable length of confinement
In the United States, most states have statutes that permit merchants or their employees to reasonably detain customers suspected of shoplifting. However, lack of reasonable suspicion, unnecessary use of force, and unreasonable length of confinement can cause merchants or their employees to lose this statutory privilege under the tort of false imprisonment.
The lack of reasonable suspicion of shoplifting; there must be reasonable belief that the customer has committed, or is about to commit, the act of shoplifting before they can detain the customer. Unnecessary use of force; They may use a reasonable amount of force to detain a suspected shoplifter, but not excessive force. Unreasonable length of confinement; they may only detain a suspected shoplifter for a reasonable amount of time, usually until the police arrive. Any of these factors can cause the loss of statutory privilege under the tort of false imprisonment.
Overall, merchants and their employees must follow the guidelines set forth in the state statutes to retain their statutory privilege to detain customers suspected of shoplifting without being liable for false imprisonment.
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A manufacturer of widgets was incorporated in and has its principal place of business in State A. The manufacturer also operates its own stores in State A, State B, and State C, through which it sells its widgets to consumers. A consumer who resides in State D visited a State D store to purchase a widget. The State D store did not have the widget he needed, and employees at the store directed him to the State B store operated by the manufacturer. The consumer visited the manufacturer's State B store and purchased the widget. The consumer returned to his home in State D, where he was injured while using the widget. The consumer intends to file a products liability action against the manufacturer in federal district court.
In what district or districts is venue proper?
A. The District of State A, the District of State B, and the District of State C.
B. The District of State A only.
C. The District of State A and the District of State D only.
D. The District of State A, the District of State D, and the District of State B.
The consumer intends to file a products liability action against the manufacturer in federal district court. Venue is proper in the d) District of State A, the District of State D, and the District of State B.
If all defendants are residents of the state in which the district is located, federal venue in civil cases is proper in I the district where any defendant resides, and (ii) the district where a major part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred.
The District of State D is appropriate since the circumstances giving rise to the claim—use of the widget and injury—took place there. Significant events occurred in the District of State B as well (the sale).
Furthermore, venue is appropriate in other areas because the maker is presumed to dwell there. Corporations are presumed to live in any district where they are subject to personal jurisdiction over the action.
The manufacturer is subject to personal jurisdiction and thus deemed to reside in the District of State A (because its incorporation and principal place of business are there, subjecting it to general jurisdiction there), the District of State B (because it sold the widget from its store there, subjecting it to specific jurisdiction there with respect to the current action).
The District of State D (because it sold the widget from its store there, subjecting it to specific jurisdiction there with respect to the current action) (because the injury took place in State D, thus subjecting it to specific jurisdiction there with respect to the current action).
As a result, (B) and (C) are inaccurate. (A) is wrong because, while the manufacturer conducted business in the District of State C (due to the presence of its stores there), such activity would not expose the manufacturer to personal jurisdiction in this action since State C has no link with the consumer's injury.
As a result, the maker does not dwell in that district for venue reasons in the current action.
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what is 1040 sr instructions?
Taxpayers in the United States who are 65 years of age or later or who are retired must use the 1040-SR form.
The 1040-SR form is comparable to the normal 1040 form, but it has bigger font sizes and has been made to be simpler to comprehend. How to fill out the form, including directions on which sections to complete and what information to include, is explained in the 1040-SR steps. Additionally, the directions detail any applicable tax rates, refunds, and deductions for filers who use the 1040-SR form.
The directions for the 1040-SR form are available on the IRS website or in the booklet of tax forms and instructions that are usually distributed to taxpayers each year. To ensure that the correct information is given and that the taxpayer is in compliance with all relevant tax laws, it is critical to closely follow the directions when filling out any tax form.
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A law requires congressional approval and can be repealed by congress, which is not the case with an executive order. A new order would have to be created to eliminate an executive order that is in place, and once the governor leaves office, the executive orders are deemed invalid.
Executive orders is a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government, which have the force of law.
Executive orders are the directions given to a branch of government by the president of United States who manages the operations of federal government. Executive orders are sourced from the constitution or other sources that are not defying the provisions of the constitution. Executive orders are different from legislations, and no approval from congress or senate is required for such laws to pertain existence. These Executive orders nullify once the governor leaves the office, and the U.S. president may overturn an existing executive order by issuing another order. The senate or legislature do not play in the formation or nullification of these orders.
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a civilian from state a filed suit against a soldier from state b in federal court in state b, seeking $100,000 in damages for injuries resulting from a car accident that occurred on an army base in state b. state b tort law allows recovery only upon a showing of negligence. the soldier was on duty at the time of the accident and filed a motion to dismiss based on a federal common law tort defense that soldiers are not negligent for accidents occurring on military bases.
General points that may be helpful in examining the legal issues relevant in this case by the federal court are jurisdiction, liability, damages, etc.
Jurisdiction: The fact that the plaintiff is from state A and filed suit in federal court in state B means that the court will need to determine whether it has jurisdiction over the defendant, who is from state B. If the defendant is not subject to personal jurisdiction in state B, the case may need to be transferred to a different court.
Liability: The defendant, who is a soldier, may argue that he is not liable under federal common law because soldiers are not considered negligent for accidents occurring on military bases.
Whether this defense would be successful would depend on the specific circumstances of the accident and the applicable law. However, it is worth noting that federal common law is a relatively narrow area of law, and it is generally only applied in cases where there is no applicable state law.
Damages: Assuming the court determines that the defendant is liable, the plaintiff would need to prove that she suffered damages as a result of the accident. This could include medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering.
The fact that the defendant was on duty at the time of the accident could potentially limit the amount of damages the plaintiff can recover, as the defendant may be entitled to certain immunities or protections under the law.
Overall, this is a complex case that would require careful analysis of the relevant legal issues.
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Question When approaching an intersection, bridge, or railroad crossing, you should never drive (pass) on the left half of the roadway when within:A.) 150 feet (One Hundred Fifty feet)B.) 200 feet (Two Hundred feet)C.) 100 feet (One Hundred feet)D.) 250 feet (Two Hundred Fifty
Out of the given preferences, it is to be assumed that one should never pass or drive on the left half of the road within a hundred feet (100 feet) when an intersection, bridge, or railroad crossing. Therefore, the option C holds true.
An intersection may be referred to or considered as the path on the road, wherein two different roads going in completely opposite directions meet or intersect each other at a point, which is usually the center of the roads. It is advised to keep a distance of at least a hundred feet while approaching such intersections.
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laws and policies and their associated penalties only deter if which of the following conditions is present?
Public rules, policies, and the punishments associated with them only deter criminals if they fear the penalty, expect to be caught, and expect the penalty to be implemented if they are detected.
Laws and policies, as well as the punishments associated with them, only dissuade potential violators if they believe the risk of being found and penalized outweighs the apparent advantage of committing the crime or violating the policy. In other words, deterrence is determined by the likelihood and severity of the punishment perceived by future violators. If potential violators feel they will not be detected or that the punishment would be insufficient to offset the advantages of the crime or violation, then the law or policy will be ineffective in discouraging them.
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You own a German Shepherd named Max who you love and adore. You are aware that Max is sometimes aggressive with new people. Because of that, you are usually very careful to prevent Max from running out of the house unleashed. One day, as you open the door to bring in the mail, Max escapes out of the door and attacks a woman walking in the vicinity of your home. The woman suffers significant injuries on her right arm, some of which she claims will leave permanent scars. You feel very bad about this. The woman is now suing you for $18,000 to cover her alleged medical bills, missed time at work, and pain and suffering.
To prepare for the trial, you would like to review the woman’s medical records, medical bills, work schedule, and salary. Additionally, you would like to have a doctor of your choosing examine her arm and assess the true extent of the injuries.
What is the procedure a defendant uses to learn more about a plaintiff’s claim before trial?
A. voir dire
B. motion for a directed verdict
C. discovery
D. pretrial conference
The defendant by the procedure of discovery of facts can learn more about a plaintiff’s claim before trial.
Hence, the correct option is C.
Discovery is a method of investigating facts used by the defendant to understand the claims of the plaintiff before the trial to protect themselves from such accusations. Through discovery method the summons and copy of complaint is provided to the defendant that the plaintiff can testify before the jury. It is the summary of facts as stated in the complaint. Such facts are used by defendant in his favor to protect is right of fair trail. There are various discovery method which a defendant can use such as Interrogatories method, oral depositions, document production etc.
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