The process begins with transcription of DNA into an mRNA molecule. Then, the mRNA molecule is translated into a protein. Finally, the protein is folded and modified.
DNA provides instructions for traits through the process of gene expression. Gene expression involves several steps:
1. Transcription: During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is carried out by the enzyme RNA polymerase, which binds to a specific region of the DNA called the promoter and begins to unwind the DNA double helix. The RNA polymerase then adds RNA nucleotides one by one, using the DNA strand as a template, until it reaches a stop signal on the DNA.
2. RNA Processing: After transcription, the mRNA molecule undergoes several modifications, including the addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail, and the removal of introns (non-coding regions) through a process called splicing. This results in a mature mRNA molecule that is ready for translation.
3. Translation: During translation, the mRNA molecule is read by a ribosome, which uses the genetic code to translate the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids. Each codon (a sequence of three nucleotides) on the mRNA corresponds to a specific amino acid, and the ribosome adds these amino acids one by one to the growing protein chain until it reaches a stop codon.
4. Protein Folding and Modification: After translation, the newly synthesized protein undergoes folding and modification to achieve its final functional form. This may include the addition of chemical groups, such as phosphate or sugar, or the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues.
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small proteins called___ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.A) cytokinesB) antibodyC) antigen
Small proteins called A. cytokines serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.
Cytokines are secreted by immune cells and act as signaling molecules that help to regulate and coordinate the immune response. They can stimulate or inhibit the activity of other immune cells, and they are involved in many processes, including inflammation, cell growth, and differentiation.
Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells in response to an antigen, and they bind specifically to that antigen. They are part of the adaptive immune response and function to neutralize pathogens or target them for destruction by other cells of the immune system.
Antigens are molecules that can stimulate an immune response by interacting with specific receptors on immune cells, including B cells and T cells. Antigens can be part of pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, or they can be produced by the body itself in the case of autoimmune diseases.
Therefore, Option A) cytokines is the correct.
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Brainliest whoever gets the answer
Answer:
You answer would be C.TCAGGTAC
Explanation: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
A matches up with t
G matches up with C
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which test is used for determining the ability of bacteria to break down protein?
The test used for determining the ability of bacteria to break down protein is called the gelatin hydrolysis test.
What are some common uses of the gelatin hydrolysis test in microbiology?The gelatin hydrolysis test is commonly used in microbiology to differentiate and identify bacterial species based on their ability to break down gelatin. For example, certain pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus anthracis, produce gelatinase and can be identified using the test. Additionally, the test is sometimes used to screen for bacteria that can be used in food production, such as bacteria that can produce enzymes that break down protein in meat.
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Compounds in food that the body needs for proper growth, maintenance, and function are called?
The compounds which our body needs for the purpose of growth, maintenance as well as function are known as nutrients.
Nutrients are basically the chemical compounds which are present in the food which are being used by the body in order to function properly as well as maintain proper health. Examples of nutrients include proteins, vitamins, fats, and minerals.
These nutrients are usually obtained through the food we eat in our daily diet. The food gets digested in our digestive system and the nutrients are absorbed by our body and are utilized to perform a number of basic functions as well as growth and maintenance.
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What is ecology of communities?
In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or further different species enwrapping the same geographical area.
At the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, natural community, ecological community, or life assemblage. The term community has a variety of uses. In its simplest form it refers to groups of organisms in a specific place or time, for illustration," the fish community of Lake Ontario before industrialization".
Community ecology or synecology is the study of the relations between species in communities on numerous spatial and temporal scales, including the distribution, structure, cornucopia, demography, and relations between coinciding populations. The primary focus of community ecology is on the relations between populations as determined by specific genotypic and phenotypic characteristics.
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what are consumers heterotrophs?
Consumers are organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms, either directly or indirectly.
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and instead rely on consuming other organisms for their energy and nutrient needs. Consumers are therefore classified as heterotrophs.
There are several types of consumers in ecosystems, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detritivores. Herbivores are consumers that primarily eat plants, while carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals, and detritivores consume dead organic matter, such as fallen leaves or animal carcasses.
Consumers play an important role in the food chain and the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems. They help regulate the population sizes of other organisms by consuming them, and they also help transfer energy and nutrients from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels.
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which muscles aid in extension of the lesser toes?
The extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis, interossei muscles, and lumbrical muscles work together to extend the toes.
Which muscles help the toes extend?The muscles extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis make up the dorsal group. The toes are extended by both muscles. They begin on the superolateral side of the calcaneus and cross the dorsal part of the foot just below the extensor digitorum longus tendons.
The main force for toe extension is what?Long-fingered digit extender. Unipennate muscle, located lateral to the tibialis anterior muscle on the anterolateral side of the leg ACTION: Dorsiflexes the foot and is the main mover of toe extension.
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When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the A) Evolutionary species concept B) Morphospecies concept C) Ecological species concept D) Biological species concept
You use the natural species notion when you use a reference book to identify a species based on its outward characteristics.
Which species idea would be most useful for species detection in the wild?Because it stresses physical aspects of the body and structural traits, the species idea would be most helpful for identifying species in the wild. It is also the most popular technique of doing so. absence of sympatric speciation and geographic isolation
What advantages does identifying species offer?Understanding species and how to spot them is crucial for both biologists and the general population. The loss of biological diversity brought on by the extinction of species makes understanding species the only way to have an impact on the social, economic, and political landscape.
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cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. (True or False)
Cartilage tissue typically heals more slowly than bone tissue. While most epithelial tissue cannot regenerate, cartilage does. ---- True
What is cartilage purpose?The ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces, increase bone resilience, and provide support in bony regions where flexibility is required are just a few of its many functions. The chondrocyte, which is found within the lacunae, is the primary cell that makes cartilage.
Which three kinds of cartilage are there?There are three kinds of cartilage: cartilage that is flexible, fibrous, and hyaline. The most common type is hyaline cartilage, which looks like glass. Beginning as hyaline cartilage in the embryo, bone eventually ossifies. The intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis both contain fibrous cartilage, which is made up of a lot of collagen fibers.
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which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
The glycolysis metabolic pathway is shared by both aerobic and anaerobic sugar breakdown activities.
Glycolysis is a component of cellular respiration that occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. It takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. Glycolysis eventually breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis is divided into two steps that take place in the cytoplasm of cells. Because it uses two ATP molecules, the first phase is known as the "investment" phase, and the second as the "payoff" phase.
Each of these processes is catalyzed by its own enzyme, with phosphofructokinase being the most important for regulation since it governs the rate of glycolysis. Glycolysis takes place in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic circumstances and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in the net generation of 32 ATP molecules.
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Why is the ozone content of the stratosphere important to living organisms?
Because it is necessary to protect life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the ozone layer in the stratosphere is a necessity for all living things.
Three oxygen atoms [tex](O_3)[/tex] make up the molecule of ozone, which creates the ozone layer, a thin layer in the stratosphere. The majority of the This layer absorbs most of the UV light from the sun, preventing it from harming living things when it reaches the Earth's surface. Skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems in both people and animals have been related to UV radiation exposure. Also, it can affect plants by eradicating their genetic material, impeding their ability to develop, and reducing their capacity for photosynthesis, which is how they produce food.
The Earth's surface would be exposed to more UV radiation if the ozone layer were to disappear, whether naturally or as a result of human activities. Health problems and environmental impact would be more likely as a result. In order to ensure the survival and wellbeing of all Earth's living species, it is crucial to safeguard the ozone layer.
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in a centrifuged sample of blood, what makes up the buffy coat?
A percentage of both white brain cells or platelets in a biological sample that has been centrifuged.
What is discovered in the dark grey coat quizlet after blood is centrifuged?What makes up a buffy coat in a blood sample that has been centrifuged? White blood lymphocytes and platelets make up the buffy coat, which is the creamy white region located between both the yellowish cytoplasm and the red erythrocytes. Or less 1% of entire blood is made up of it.
What is in a blood tube that has been centrifuged?Tissue that has been combined with an inhibitor in the collecting tube and has not clotted is used to make plasma. After centrifuging this mixed blood, plasma—which comprises albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen—is produced.
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How do the emergent properties the cells the gastrula direct embryonic development?
Emergent properties, such as the number and type of cells, the distribution of cells throughout the embryo, and the expression of certain proteins, provide the instructions that guide embryonic development.
What do you mean by cells?
Cells are the basic units of life. They are the smallest unit of a living organism that is capable of functioning independently. Cells contain the fundamental molecules of life, such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, and they use these molecules to perform essential functions, such as energy production and waste disposal.
The cells of the gastrula establish the basic body plan of the embryo by forming three tissue layers - the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which will give rise to the organs and systems of the body. The movement of cells within the embryo further directs the development of the body by causing the formation of complex structures, such as the heart and brain. The interactions between cells and the physical environment, such as the size and shape of the embryo, also play a role in determining the final shape of the body. In summary, the emergent properties of the cells of the gastrula provide the instructions for embryonic development, allowing the embryo to grow and develop into a complex organism.
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What was missing in early earth that can explain why organic molecules were able to accumulate?
There weren't any living things to break them down.Little oxygen gas gas was available to oxidize them.
Which chemical substances were supposed to have developed in the early Earth?In other words, more complex organic compounds like amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, & nitrogen bases the building blocks of modern life were created as a result of the dynamic interactions of molecules that were already present in the earliest earth's atmosphere.
Why on the early Earth were organic compounds stable?These chemicals would have remained stable since there were no bacteria on the original earth to breakdown them and no free oxygen inside the primitive upper orbit to interact with them.
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Think about the lab procedure you just read. Label
each factor below V if it was variable during the
procedure or C if it was constant.
molecule size (large
starch molecules vs.
small glucose
molecules)
material used as the
membrane
Considering the lab procedure to determine the permeability of molecules based on size:
molecule size is a variable the material used as the membrane is constantWhat are variables and constants in an experiment?
A quantity whose value can vary is said to be a variable.
An unchanging number is called a constant.
Any experiment must involve methodically changing one quantity's value in order to observe its impact on another. The independent variable is the amount that the experimenter decides to alter.
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During which step of aerobic respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules?
In glycolysis, glucose (C6) is parted into two 3-carbon (C3) pyruvate particles. This delivers energy, which is moved to ATP.
Glycolysis is a progression of responses that extricate energy from glucose by parting it into two three-carbon particles called pyruvates.
Stage one of cell breath is glycolysis. Glycolysis is the parting or lysis of glucose. Glycolysis changes over the 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate particles.
Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic pathway that separates glucose into two three-carbon compounds and produces energy. Glucose is caught by phosphorylation, with the assistance of the chemical hexokinase. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is utilized in this response and the item, glucose-6-P, represses hexokinase.
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skin is exposed to friction and has a protective function. what type of epithelial tissue is best suited to form the outer layer of the skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium is best suited to form the outer layer of the skin due to its protective nature and ability to withstand friction.
What are the characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium that make it suitable for the outer layer of the skin?Stratified squamous epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells that provide protection to underlying tissues. This type of epithelium is ideal for forming the outer layer of the skin as it is able to withstand friction and abrasion.
What is function of the outer layer of the skin?The outer layer of the skin, also known as the epidermis, provides a protective barrier that shields the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. The epidermis is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium and is responsible for preventing dehydration, regulating body temperature, and preventing the entry of harmful substances.
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DIRECTIONS: Complete these sentences in a way that shows what the vocabulary words mean.
Example: Many people have risky careers: construction workers, stunt people, and race car drivers face
danger every day.
1. Social pressure often results in temporary compliance without a change in:
2. Internalization is most likely to occur when:
3. When told that smoking is dangerous, smokers reduce cognitive dissonance by:
4. Prejudice is strengthened and maintained by:
5. Advertisers use persuasion to:
6. Brainwashing is the result of a combination of:
7. A crisis-intervention program helps people:
8. Forensic psychology is the study of:
9. Industrial/organizational psychology is the study of:
10. Sports psychology is the study of:
1. Social pressure often results in temporary compliance without a change in attitudes or beliefs.
2. Internalization is most likely to occur when the individual finds the message meaningful and relevant.
What is Social pressure?
Social pressure is the influence that individuals experience from their peers, family, friends, and society as a whole. This influence can influence a person's behavior, thoughts, beliefs, and values.
3. When told that smoking is dangerous, smokers reduce cognitive dissonance by denying the health risks.
4. Prejudice is strengthened and maintained by the transmission of stereotypes and cultural values.
5. Advertisers use persuasion to influence people to buy their products.
6. Brainwashing is the result of a combination of isolation, intense propaganda, and physical and psychological coercion.
7. A crisis-intervention program helps people in distress manage their emotions and regain control of their lives.
8. Forensic psychology is the study of psychological principles as they relate to the legal system.
9. Industrial/organizational psychology is the study of workplace behavior and its effects on employee performance and satisfaction.
10. Sports psychology is the study of how psychological factors affect athletic performance and the psychological well-being of athletes.
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How do scientists conduct investigations when experimentation is not an option???
please help me
Answer:
Scientists can conduct investigations without experimentation by using observational methods. This includes collecting data through surveys, interviews, and observations of natural phenomena. They can also use existing data from previous studies, such as published research papers, to draw conclusions. Additionally, scientists can use computer simulations and mathematical models to study phenomena that cannot be directly observed.
The first unambiguous human trait to evolve as recorded in the fossil record isO a large brain
O overlapping fields of vision
O a chin
O fingernails
O obligate upright walking
The first unambiguous human trait to evolve as recorded in the fossil record is obligate upright walking.
Obligate upright walking is the earliest distinct human feature to have evolved as seen in the fossil record.
This characteristic is seen in hominin species such as Australopithecus afarensis, which lived around 3 million years ago and is famous for the discovery of the famous fossil known as Lucy.
The ability to walk upright on two legs is thought to have had a significant impact on the evolution of the human body and brain.
Yes, according to the fossil evidence, compulsory upright walking is regarded as the first clearly evolved human characteristic.
This trait can be found in hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis, a species that lived around 3 million years ago and is well-known for the discovery of the Lucy fossil.
Early hominins that could walk erect on two legs were able to move farther, carry objects with their hands, and use their free hands and arms for other activities like producing tools, which is thought to have had a substantial impact on the evolution of the human body and brain.
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classify each phrase as describing an enzyme, an active site, or a substrate. Enzyme Active Site Substrate Answer Bank Biological Catalyst May Be A Phosphate Group A Protein Containing...a. a biological catalystb. may be a phosphate groupc. a protein containing an active sited. a substance that the enzyme acts upone. a specific enzyme location that blinds with the substance
Biological catalyst and a protein containing active site- enzyme, may be a phosphate group and substance that enzyme acts upon- substrate and a specific enzyme location that binds with the substance- active Site
Enzymes: What are they?Our bodies' metabolism, or chemical reactions, are accelerated by proteins called enzymes. While certain compounds are decomposed, others are produced. Everything that is alive contains enzymes. Naturally, enzymes are produced by our bodies. Enzymes are, however, found through both food and the products that are created.
What functions do enzymes perform?Enzymes help to speed up chemical reactions within the body of humans. Numerous other activities, including respiration, meal digestion, muscle, and neuron function, depend on them. The human body contains a range of enzymes in each cell.
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the shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage true false
Fibrocartilage makes up the shock-absorbing pads located between the vertebrae. The above statement appears true.
Fibrocartilage: What is it?Fibrocartilage, which resembles other fibrous structures but has cartilage ground material and chondrocytes, is a tough, incredibly strong tissue that is mostly found in anterior region and at the placement of ligaments and tendons. The more malleable elastic cartilage has a yellow hue.
What use does fibrocartilage serve?The extracellular matrix of the temporal region joint and the junction between of clavicle and indeed the sternum are made of fibrocartilage, similarly to the subacromial cartilages of something like the knee, wrist, and intervertebral discs. Your body has the following places for fibrocartilage: your knee's meniscus, between vertebrae in your spine, in disks.
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which term names an ecological system with all its biotic and abiotic factors?
The biological and chemical components that are present in a certain area. In all species that dwell in a certain area are referred to be a community.
What is an instance of a biotic?In the ecosystem, biotic variables include living and extinct creatures. They come from the planet and are able to reproduce. Animals, birds, plants, fungus, and other species that are comparable to these include biotic factors.
Which is it: abiotic or biotic trees?In addition to live (biotic) elements like trees, birds, plants, and many other living things, forests also contain nonliving (abiotic) elements including soil, food, air, and geological formations.
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A newly discovered planet orbits a distant star with the same mass as the sun at an average distance of 122 million kilometers. Its orbital eccentricity is 0. 6.
An eccentricity of 0.6 for a planet's orbit indicates that the shape of the orbit is not a perfect circle, but rather an ellipse.
The eccentricity measures the amount of deviation from a circular orbit, with an eccentricity of 0 indicating a perfectly circular orbit, and an eccentricity of 1 indicating a highly elliptical orbit.
The average distance of 122 million kilometers from the star for the planet in question puts it in what is known as the habitable zone, which is the region around a star where temperatures are favorable for liquid water to exist. This is a key factor in the potential for life to exist on the planet, as water is essential for life as we know it.
The fact that the planet orbits a star with the same mass as the sun is also significant, as it suggests that the planet experiences similar levels of gravitational force as Earth does from the sun. This stability in the planet's orbit can provide a more favorable environment for life to exist and evolve.
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Mention 4 measures that should be taken in a certain country to fight smoking.
Answer:
Effective Tobacco Control Measure
Using the MPOWER slogan:
Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies.Protect people from tobacco smoke.Offer help to quit smoking.Warn about the dangers of tobacco.Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.Raise taxes on tobacco....
kentucky bluegrass has greater low-temperature hardiness than annual bluegrass. true or false ?
Kentucky bluegrass has greater low-temperature hardiness than annual bluegrass. True.
What is high hardiness?Individuals high in hardiness tend to believe and act as if life experiences are controllable (control), to engage meaningfully in life activities and to appraise these activities as purposeful and worthy of investment even in the face of adversity (commitment), and to view change in life as a challenge toward growth ...
What is hardiness in positive psychology?As part of this process, the present paper proposes hardiness as an addition to positive psychology. Hardiness is a combination of attitudes that provides the courage and motivation to do the hard, strategic work of turning stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities.
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Classify each scenario according to whether the change in quantity is caused by a shift in the supply curve or movement along the supply curve.1. Amplitude decides to join the smartphone market.2. After discovering that flash-steaming tuna before using mechanical processes to extract meat removes more tuna flesh, more cans of tuna arrive on the shelves at all major grocers.3. Movement along the supply curve:4. Rising wages for construction workers in Toronto result in construction worker moving to Toronto.5. A national consumer product company produces less of it premium quality soap as a result of lower soap prices.6. American sell their gold and silver jewelry as a result of rising prices.
The supply curve would move if the following occurred:
Due to lower soap prices, a national consumer products company produces less of its premium quality soap.Due to rising prices, Americans sell their gold and silver jewellery.The supply curve would shift as a result of the following:
Workers in the construction industry relocate to Toronto due to the city's increasing wages.More tuna cans start showing up on the shelves at all major supermarkets after it was discovered that flash steaming tuna before using mechanical methods to extract meat removes more tuna flesh.Amplitude makes the decision to enter the smartphone industry.The supply curve, which has a positive slope, depicts how supply changes as a function of the good's price. Given all other factors being equal, the quantity supplied increases with increasing product price.
A change in the quantity demanded for a good and a movement along the supply curve could only result from a change in the price of the good.
A shift in the supply curve would be caused by factors other than a change in the good's price. Such elements consist of:
a variation in the production capacitytechnological progressalteration in the price of production-related inputs.Learn more about ‘ supply curve ’ visit here;
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Complete Question:
Classify each scenario according to whether the change in quantity is caused by a shift in the supply curve or movement along the supply curve. Shift of the supply curve Movement along the supply curve
Rising wages for construction workers in Toronto result in construction workers moving to Toronto.
A national consumer products company produces less of its premium quality soap as a result of lower soap prices
After discovering that flash-steaming tuna before using mechanical processes to extract meat removes more tuna flesh, more cans of tuna arrive on the shelves at all major grocers.
Americans sell their gold and silver jewelry as a result of rising prices Amplitude decides to join the smartphone market.
Many interactions occur among systems, such as the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Of the systems mentioned, which scenario describes an interaction between two different “spheres”?
A. runoff from farming areas into local streams
B. an Arctic hare eating woody plants in Alaska
C. an erupting volcano releasing water vapor into the air
D. magma cooling and solidifying before it reaches Earth’s surface
Answer:
C. an erupting volcano releasing water vapor into the air
Explanation:
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sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder. if each parent carries one sickle cell allele, what are the chances that their child will have sickle cell anemia?
sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder. if each parent carries one sickle cell allele, 25% are the chances that their child will have sickle cell anemia
If both parents carry one sickle cell allele, they are both carriers of the sickle cell trait.
If they have a child, each parent will randomly pass on one of their two alleles to their offspring.
The probability that their child will inherit one sickle cell allele from one parent and a normal allele from the other parent is 50%, and the probability that their child will inherit a sickle cell allele from each parent is 25%.
Therefore, the chance that their child will have sickle cell anemia is 25%.
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What cellular structure do tetrahymena use to swim in their environment?
a. multiple flagella organized at one end of the cell
b. a single flagellum
c. tentacles
d. cilia
e. pseudopodia
Tetrahymena is indeed a genus , free-living, single-celled animals that can move silently by beating their coat of microscopic hairs, or cilia, across ponds.
The function of cilia is what.To carry bacteria and debris up and across the airways, the cilia that line the bronchus inside the lungs act like hair-like projections. Goblet cells, which release mucus to protect the bronchial lining and trap bacteria, are dispersed throughout the cilia.
In biology, what exactly are cilia?The protozoans of a phylum Ciliophora use ciliums, also known as cilia, which are short eyelash-like filaments that are abundant on tissue cells among most animals. To generate membranelles or tufts of cirri, cilia can be united in short crosswise rows or tufts.
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