Convert 9.13 decigram into milligram

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

(9.13)

multiply the mass value by 100

=913 milligrams

Answer 2

Answer:

913 mg

Explanation:

913


Related Questions

Helpppp fasttttttttttttttt Choose the best word to complete the sentence.
The teacher asked us to determine if the triangle was
a vegetal
C. Vertex
b. equilateral
d. negative space
Please select the best answer from the choices provided

Answers

Answer:

equilateral (B)

Explanation:

it is the only word which relates to triangles and their shape - plus, its logical and makes sense.

Answer:

its b

Explanation:

are
Why the elements of d-block elements
called transition element?​

Answers

Answer:

O nome "transição" vem da posição dos elementos na tabela, representando a transição do grupo 2 ao 13, pela sucessiva adição de elétrons ao orbital d. Elementos de transição externa (ou somente elementos de transição):

how the El Niño event affected the weather, food production, water supply, or human health?

El Niño was responsible for the following events in 2015:

16 tropical cyclones in the central Pacific hurricane basin

three category 4 hurricanes occurred at the same time

emergency water rationed in St. Lucia and San Juan

65 percent of Antigua's farmers went out of business

northern, central, and southeastern Ethiopian highlands received 50–90 percent of their normal rainfal.

Answers

Answer:

EL Niño  had hurricanes and so many damages in nature. :)

Explanation:

it creates warm weather, there is low pressure towards canada

Numerous health issues, such as disease outbreaks, malnutrition, heat stress, and respiratory illnesses are being brought on by the severe drought and associated food insecurity, flooding, precipitation, and temperature increases brought on by El Nino.

What is El- Nino?

The exceptional warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is referred to as El Nino, a climate pattern. El Nino is a bigger phenomena known as the El Nino-Southern oscillation, and it is its warm phase.

Climate change brought on by El Nino can be severe and extensive. Increased precipitation results from convection over warmer surface waters. In Ecuador and northern Peru, rainfall rises dramatically, causing coastal erosion and flooding.

Homes, businesses, schools, and hospitals may be destroyed by heavy rains and flooding. They hinder transportation and obliterate crops. As reservoirs dry up and rivers carry less water, the droughts pose a threat to the area's water resources. Agriculture is in danger since it depends on water for irrigation.

Find more on El-Nino:

https://brainly.com/question/18307318

#SPJ2

The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm3. A metal sample has a mass of 52.0 grams and a volume of 17.1 cubic centimeters. Could the sample be aluminum? EXPLAIN your answer.

Answers

Answer:

The given metal sample is not aluminum because its density is 3.0 g/cm³ while density of aluminum is  2.7 g/cm³.

Explanation:

Given data:

Density of aluminum = 2.7 g/cm³

Mass of metal sample = 52.0 g

Volume of metal sample = 17.1 cm³

which sample is that = ?

Solution:

The given problem will be solve through density formula.

d = m/v

d = density

m = mass

v= volume

Now we will put the values in formula.

d = 52.0 g/ 17.1 cm³

d = 3.0 g/cm³

It is given in question the density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm³. The given metal sample is not aluminum because its density is 3.0 g/cm³.

Please help!!!!!!!!!!!

Answers

Answer:

They both have two valence electrons

Answer:

I am guessing because they are both metals

BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!!!!


Lard, Lye, and Salt are combined to make Glycerin (a sweet-tasting substance found in lotion) and Soap. This process makes some left-over material as a waste product. If 30.0 kg of lard, 20.0 kg of lye, and 5.0 kg of salt are combined and 25.0 kg of glycerin and 5.0 kg of waste are produced, what mass of soap is made? Show all work.

Explain how question demonstrates the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Answers

Answer:

30

Explanation:

25.0 + 5.0  = 30

Answer:

30

Explanation:

1. Lani conducted an experiment in which she tested the reactivity of a substance. She placed two
equal samples of a substance into identical beakers. She then filled one beaker with water and
filled the other with vinegar. After a week, she measured the samples. What was the
independent variable in her experiment?

Answers

Answer:

the independent variable is the beakers

Explanation:

Is crumbling a cookie, a physical change? Explain why. My child is having problems with this question, and I'm not so sure how to explain it.

Answers

Answer:

Because the sugar flour and eggs can no longer be separated. The properties of the materials have changed so it's a chemical change

Sugar, flour, and eggs cannot be separated. The materials' properties have changed, resulting in a chemical change.Therefore, crumbling a cookie is not a physical change.

What is physical change ?

Physical changes affect a chemical substance's form but not its chemical composition. Physical changes can be used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but not to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.

A chemical change is the transformation of one material into another, the formation of new materials with different properties, and the formation of one or more new substances. It occurs when one substance reacts with another to form a new substance.

A physical change is characterized by a change in physical properties. Melting, transition to a gas, change in strength, change in durability, changes in crystal form, textural change, shape, size, colour, volume, and density are all examples of physical properties.

Thus, crumbling a cookie is not a physical change.

To learn more about physical change, follow the link;

https://brainly.com/question/3680148

#SPJ2

All sound begins with a vibration. Sound travels through the air to your ears which our brains interpret as sound. How are guitar strings like the particles in matter?
1.They are gold
2.They vibrate
3.They are a liquid
Pick One.

Answers

answer is: 2. they vibrate

2) 3,160 tons of water flows over Niagra Falls every second. Assuming the water has a density of 1.00 g/ml,
how much time would it take the water to fill up a cylinder with the diameter of a school garbage can (53 cm)
that stretched to the moon, which is on average 236,000 miles from the earth? Answer in a time unit that is
most meaningful (for example 1.40 days is more meaningful than 121,000 seconds). 1 ton = 2000 pounds

Answers

Answer:

Time = 8.12 h = 0.34 day

Explanation:

First we find speed of water flow:

Speed = u = (3160 tons/s)(907.185 kg/1 ton)

u = 2866704.6 kg/s

also,

Density = (1 g/mL)(1 mL/1 x 10⁻⁶ m³)(1 x 10⁻³ kg/1 g)

Density = 1000 kg/m³

Now,

Volume Flow Rate = Speed/Density

Volume Flow Rate = (2866704.6 kg/s)/(1000 kg/m³)

Volume Flow Rate = 2866.7 m³/s

Now, we find volume of cylinder:

Volume = (Area)(Length)

Volume = (πd²/4)(L)

Volume = [(π)(0.53 m)²/4][236000 mi][1609.36 m/1 mi]

Volume = 83,792,823.82 m³

Now,

Time = Volume/Volume Flow Rate

Time = (83,792,823.82 m³)/(2866.7 m³/s)

Time = (29299.71 s)(1 h/3600 s)

Time = 8.12 h = 0.34 day

Question 4 of 8
What can cause an object to move?
A. Balanced forces
B. Unbalanced forces
C. Inertia
D. A reference point
SUER

Answers

Answer:

unbalanced forces can cause an object to move.

Answer:

Unbalanced Forces

Explanation:

Consider a cylinder of a gasoline engine at the beginning of the compression cycle, during which a fuel/air mixture (for our purposes mostly composed of nitrogen and oxygen, i.e. an ideal gas of diatomic molecules) at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed down to one-tenth volume (compression ratio of 10:1). Assume that the compression is rapid so no heat exchange occurs with the environment. Calculate the pressure and the temperature of the compressed gas. In a diesel engine the compression ratios are typically much higher; redo the same calculation with the compression ratio of 20:1.

Answers

Answer:

(i) Final pressure and temperature are 25.119 bar and 753.566 K, (ii) Final pressure and temperature are 66.289 bar and 994.336 K.

Explanation:

This system experiments an adiabatic compression, as such compression happens with no heat interaction between the piston-cylinder device and surroundings. This is a particular case of polytropic process, in which there is no entropy generation according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The compression process is represented by the following formulas:

[tex]\frac{p_{2}}{p_{1}} = \left(\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}} \right) ^{\gamma}[/tex] (Eq. 1)

[tex]\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}} = \left(\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}} \right)^{\gamma - 1}[/tex] (Eq. 2)

Where:

[tex]p_{1}[/tex], [tex]p_{2}[/tex] - Initial and final pressures, measured in bar.

[tex]T_{1}[/tex], [tex]T_{2}[/tex] - Initial and final temperatures, measured in Kelvins.

[tex]V_{1}[/tex], [tex]V_{2}[/tex] - Initial and final volumes, measured in cubic meters.

[tex]\gamma[/tex] - Specific heat ratio of air, dimensionless.

From Theory of Diesel and Otto Cycles we know that compression ratio is defined as:

[tex]r_{c} = \frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}[/tex] (Eq. 3)

And (Eqs. 1, 2) can be rewritten as follows:

[tex]\frac{p_{2}}{p_{1}} = r_{c}^{\gamma}[/tex] (Eq. 1b)

[tex]\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}} = r_{c}^{\gamma - 1}[/tex] (Eq. 2b)

Then, we clear final pressure and pressure in each expression and calculate them for each case:

[tex]p_{2} = p_{1}\cdot r_{c}^{\gamma}[/tex]

[tex]T_{2} = T_{1}\cdot r_{c}^{\gamma-1}[/tex]

(i) [tex]r_{c} = 10[/tex], [tex]p_{1} = 1\,bar[/tex], [tex]T_{1} = 300\,K[/tex], [tex]\gamma = 1.4[/tex]

[tex]p_{2} = (1\,bar)\cdot 10^{1.4}[/tex]

[tex]p_{2} = 25.119\,bar[/tex]

[tex]T_{2} = (300\,K)\cdot 10^{0.4}[/tex]

[tex]T_{2} = 753.566\,K[/tex]

Final pressure and temperature are 25.119 bar and 753.566 K.

(ii) [tex]r_{c} = 20[/tex], [tex]p_{1} = 1\,bar[/tex], [tex]T_{1} = 300\,K[/tex], [tex]\gamma = 1.4[/tex]

[tex]p_{2} = (1\,bar)\cdot 20^{1.4}[/tex]

[tex]p_{2} = 66.289\,bar[/tex]

[tex]T_{2} = (300\,K)\cdot 20^{0.4}[/tex]

[tex]T_{2} = 994.336\,K[/tex]

Final pressure and temperature are 66.289 bar and 994.336 K.

Suppose 4.0 g of hydrogen reacts completely with 32.0 g of oxygen to form one product what is the mass of the product?

Answers

Answer: The mass of product, [tex]H_2O[/tex] is, 36.0 grams.

Explanation : Given,

Mass of [tex]H_2[/tex] = 4.0 g

Mass of [tex]O_2[/tex] = 32.0 g

Molar mass of [tex]H_2[/tex] = 2 g/mol

Molar mass of [tex]O_2[/tex] = 32 g/mol

First we have to calculate the moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] and [tex]O_2[/tex].

[tex]\text{Moles of }H_2=\frac{\text{Given mass }H_2}{\text{Molar mass }H_2}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Moles of }H_2=\frac{4.0g}{2g/mol}=2.0mol[/tex]

and,

[tex]\text{Moles of }O_2=\frac{\text{Given mass }O_2}{\text{Molar mass }O_2}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Moles of }O_2=\frac{32.0g}{32g/mol}=1.0mol[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the limiting and excess reagent.

The balanced chemical equation is:

[tex]2H_2+O_2\rightarrow 2H_2O[/tex]

From the balanced reaction we conclude that

2 mole of [tex]H_2[/tex] react with 1 mole of [tex]O_2[/tex]

From this we conclude that, there is no limiting and excess reagent.

Now we have to calculate the moles of [tex]H_2O[/tex]

From the reaction, we conclude that

2 moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] react to give 2 moles of [tex]H_2O[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the mass of [tex]H_2O[/tex]

[tex]\text{ Mass of }H_2O=\text{ Moles of }H_2O\times \text{ Molar mass of }H_2O[/tex]

Molar mass of [tex]H_2O[/tex] = 18 g/mole

[tex]\text{ Mass of }H_2O=(2.0moles)\times (18g/mole)=36.0g[/tex]

Therefore, the mass of product, [tex]H_2O[/tex] is, 36.0 grams.

0.68 moles of calcium to calcium atoms​

Answers

[tex]0.68 \: moles \: calcium \times \frac{6.02 \times {10}^{23} \: calcium \: atoms }{1 \: mole \: calcium} \\ [/tex]

The (( mole calcium ))s are simplified so the answer is based on the number of calcium atoms.

[tex]0.68 \times 6.02 \times {10}^{23} = 68 \times {10}^{ - 2} \times 602 \times {10}^{ - 2} \times {10}^{23} \\ [/tex]

[tex] = 68 \times 602 \times {10}^{ - 4} \times {10}^{23} = 40936 \times {10}^{19} \\ [/tex]

[tex] calcium \: atoms = 40936 \times {10}^{19} \\ [/tex]

_________________________________

And we're done.

Thanks for watching buddy good luck.

♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️

Based on what you observed on the link above,
describe how ice in a teapot is turned into steam.
Liquid
lid


Answers

Answer: the particles in the water heats up and the hotter to gets the faster it moves. When there is no where for the heat to go it builds up and pushes its way out and turns to steam when it hits cool air

Explanation:

Here is a more complex redox reaction involving the permanganate ion in acidic solution

Answers

In the redox reaction involving the permanganate ion in acidic solution, permanganate ion is reduced to manganese (ii) ion while iron (ii) ion is oxidized to iron(iii) ion.

What is a redox reaction?

A redox reaction is a reaction in which reduction and oxidation occurs at the same time and to the same extent.

An example of a redox reaction is the reaction involving the permanganate ion and tetraoxosulphate (vi) ion in acidic solution.

The equation of the reaction is given below:

[tex]MnO_{4}^{ - } (aq) + 5Fe^{2+}(aq) + 8H^{+} \rightarrow Mn^{2+}(aq)+ 5Fe^{3+}(aq) +4H_{2}O(l) \\ [/tex]

Therefore, in the redox reaction involving the permanganate ion in acidic solution, permanganate ion is reduced to manganese (ii) ion while iron (ii) ion is oxidized to iron(iii) ion.

Learn more about redox reaction at: https://brainly.com/question/26750732

#SPJ1

One isotope of Carbon(C) has exactly the same mass number and atomic mass since it was used as the definition of the atomic mass unit. Which isotope is it and what is it’s atomic mass?

Answers

Carbon-12

hope this helps have a great day !

Which process squeezes layers of sediment together?

compaction
deposition
erosion
weathering

Answers

The answer is compaction.

Answer:

The answer is compaction.

Explanation:

Calculate the volume of a 0.750 M solution containing 67.0 g of KNO3

(gives you 20 points!)

Answers

Answer:

Volume of solution is 0.88 L.

Explanation:

Given data:

Molarity of solution = 0.750 M

Mass of KNO₃ = 67.0 g

Volume of solution = ?

Solution:

Molarity is used to describe the concentration of solution. It tells how many moles are dissolve in per litter of solution.

Formula:

Molarity = number of moles of solute / L of solution

Now we will calculate the number of moles.

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Number of moles = 67.0 g/ 101.1 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.66 mol

Now we will put the values in molarity formula.

0.750 M = 0.66 mol / L of solution

L of solution  = 0.66 mol / 0.750 M

L of solution  = 0.88 L

Volume of solution is 0.88 L.

What does Newton’s first law of motion state?

Answers

Answer:

Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. ... If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest.

Explanation:

Answer:

Before Galileo and Newton, many people thought that objects lost speed because they had a built-in natural tendency to do so. But those people weren't taking into account the multiple forces here on Earth - for example, friction, gravity, and air resistance - that cause objects to change their speed. If we could see the motion of an object in deep interstellar space, we would be able to observe the natural tendencies of an object that is free from any external influence. In deep interstellar space we would observe that if an object had a speed, it would continue to move with that speed until there was some force causing a change in its motion. Likewise, if an object were at rest in interstellar space, it would remain at rest until there was a force causing a change in its motion.

Explanation:

Hope it helped you =)

PLZ ANSWER QUICK PLZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Answers

Answer:

D. Atom, Electron, and Proton

Explanation:

Because Atoms are the smallest and they make up everything.

because  the Proton, stable subatomic particle that has a positive charge equal in magnitude to a unit of electron charge and a rest mass of 1.67262 × 10−27 kg, which is 1,836 times the mass of an electron.

Answer:

C

Explanation:

Electrons are the smallest part of matter. Protons are bigger than electrons. And the whole atom is bigger than everything inside it.

The graph below represents the relationship between the distance traveled and time elapsed for an object in motion.
During which interval is the speed of the object changing?
Group of answer choices

BC

DE

Answers

Answer:

DE

Explanation:

BC has a constant speed of 0, and DE does not have a consistent slope, therefore the speed is changing

The speed is defined as the rate of change of distance with respect to time.

In interval DE , speed of the object is changing.

Since, speed is defined as the rate of change of distance with respect to time.

   [tex]v=\frac{dx}{dt}[/tex]  , where x represent distance.

Slope of given graph represent distance, In interval BC slope is constant.

In interval, DE slope is always changing at each point.

Learn more:

https://brainly.com/question/17492732

50 mL of 2.2 M HCl is combined with 50 mL of 2.0 M NaOH in a coffee-cup
calorimeter. The temperature of the solution increases 13.4°C. Assume the
calorimeter is a perfect insulator and the mixture has a specific heat capacity identical
to pure water (4.184 wc)
.
Calculate the heat change from the chemical reaction (in units of kJ). (Pay attention to
sign conventions and do not write the units in your typed answer.)

Answers

Answer:

-56.1kJ/mol

Explanation:

The reaction between HCl and NaOH is:

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + ΔH

Where ΔH is heat change in  the reaction.

As the temperature of the solution increases, the heat is released and ΔH < 0

The heat released in the reaction is obtained using coffe-cup calorimeter equation:

Q = C×m×ΔT

Where Q is heat

C is specific heat of the solution (4.184J/g°C)

m is mass of solution: Assuming density = 1g/mL, 100mL of solution = 100g

And ΔT is change in temperature (13.4°C)

Replacing:

Q = C×m×ΔT

Q = -4.184J/g°C×100g×13.4

Q = -5606.6J

Now, in the reaction you have:

Moles HCl:

0.050L * (2.2mol/L) = 0.11 moles

Moles NaOH:

0.050L * (2.0mol/L) = 0.1 moles

That means the moles of reaction are 0.1 moles, and heat change in the chemical reaction is:

5606.6J / 0.1 mol = 56066J =

-56.1kJ/mol

Without SALT or SUGAR, does the water conduct electricity?

Answers

No, because water has very few ions therefore it is a poor conductor

Whose measurements are more precise?20.3 cm and 21.0cm

Answers

Answer:

will i think the 21.0cm

20.3 because it isn’t rounded

The is the
variable that
gets measured

Answers

Answer:

what? what's the full question?

A sample of the igneous intrusion within the outcrop has 1682 Potassium-40 atoms, and 318 Argon-40 atoms. How old is the igneous intrusion

Answers

Answer: the igneous intrusion is 325 million years old

Explanation:

In the sample of the igneous intrusion

Number of Potassium-40 atoms (parent atom) = 1682

Number of Argon-40 atoms (daughter atom) = 318

Half-life of the Potassium40- Argon40 radioactive pair = 1.3 billion years = 1.3 × 10⁹ years

We now want to know the absolute age of the igneous intrusion.

At t = 0

i.e. when the igneous intrusion took place there will be no daughter atom (Ar-40).

So the number of parent (K-40) will be 1682 + 318 = 2000 atoms

Total number of atoms = parent + daughter = 2000 + 0 = 2000

Now after a given time

Number of Parent atom (K-40) = 1682

Number of Daughter atom (Ar-40) = 318

percent of parent atom (K-40)

= (Number of parent atom / total number of atoms) × 100

= (1682/2000) × 100

= 84.1 %

percentage of daughter atom (Ar-40) = 100 - % of K-40 atoms

= 100 – 84.1

= 15.9 %

Now from the table of “decay parameters for all radioactive decay pairs”  which is uploaded along this answer

When Parent atom = 84.1 % and daughter atom = 15.9 %

then Age is given as 0.250T_1/2

THEREFORE  age of the igneous intrusion

= 0.250 × 1.3 × 10⁹ years

= 0.325 × 10⁹ years

= 325 million years.

SO the igneous intrusion is 325 million years old

The arrangement of electrons in energy shells is called

Answers

Answer:

They are called subshells

electron configuration

15.0 L of an ideal gas at 298 K and 3.36 bar are heated to 350 K with a new pressure of 4.40 atm. What is the new volume in litres?

Answers

Answer:

13.3 L

Explanation:

Step 1: Given data

Initial pressure (P₁): 3.36 barInitial volume (V₁): 15.0 LInitial temperature (T₁): 298 KFinal pressure (P₂): 4.40 atmFinal volume (V₂): ?Final temperature (T₂): 350 K

Step 2: Convert P₁ to atm

We will use the conversion factor 1 atm = 1.01325 bar.

3.36 bar × (1 atm / 1.01325 bar) = 3.32 atm

Step 3: Calculate V₂

We will use the combined gas law.

P₁ × V₁/T₁ = P₂ × V₂/T₂

V₂ = P₁ × V₁ × T₂/T₁ × P₂

V₂ = 3.32 atm × 15.0 L × 350 K/298 K × 4.40 atm

V₂ = 13.3 L

Fluorescent light bulbs, or CFLs, prevent the loss of energy from light bulbs as ________ energy.
A. Light
B. Electrical
C. Chemical
D. Thermal

Answers

Please do mark me as Brainiest. I would be so happy!!! Here's your answer....

Answer:

D.)

Explanation:

Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, use 75 percent less energy than a traditional incandescent bulb, but they never quite caught on for home use.

Have a great rest of your day!

Other Questions
How many stories are told in Chapter 14 of Boys in the Boat What is the equation of the line that passes through the point (5,-7) and has a slope of negative 1 HELP PLS UHM 15 POINTS AND Brainliest What is the last step in writing an argumentative essay? what effect did the signing the declaration of independence have on the colonists A. it filled then with pride and unified themB. it filled them with disappointmentC.it made them want to rebel against the delegatesD. it caused then to question their desire for independence Who is right plz help my sister is struggling I'm a 10th grader How did Mesopotamia influence the culture of the ancient Egyptians?Mesopotamian architecture influenced the Egyptian pyramids.Mesopotamian bureaucracies influenced the Egyptian government.Mesopotamian religion influenced Egyptian religious structures.Mesopotamian diets influenced Egyptian agriculture. The oceans waters became choppy. Possessive noun Credit card A is running a promotion where they will charge 0% interest for the first year, and then 0.8% compounded continuously after that. Credit card B has an interest rate of 0.7%, also compounded continuously. If you are going to make a $500 purchase and plan to not make a single payment for 2.5 years, which credit card should you go with? Write the equation showing the total balance at the end of 2.5 years for that card. How much money invested at 5% compounded continuously for 3 years will yield $820 Find the answer for x. Scout is developing a storyboard for an animated film. She is not interested in a perfectly lifelike drawing, and simply wants to capture the form of the objects. She should use , because it best captures of an object using flowing marks that are quick and deliberate. how is it possible for dust from the Sahara to end up in the amazon 2/32 1/3= dividing fractions What are instances where a person struggle for power? how many atoms does a gold bar and gold nuggets contain The graph shows a proportional relationship. Which equation matches the graph? The acceleration of an object is ____________________ related to the net force exerted upon it and _____________________ related to the mass of the object. In equation form: a = Fnet / m. a. directly, inversely b. inversely, directly c. directly, directly d. inversely, inversely PLEASE HELP I AM BEING TIMED!In the Diagram Angles B and C are_____?Options: Right Similar Congruent Obtuse 1. p + 6p 4 + 6p A car is traveling at a rate of 50 miles per hour while a motorcycle is traveling at 70 miles per hour. The car takes 4 hours longer to arrive at the destination. The equation representing the scenario is 50(x + 4) = 70x. Describe what the values for x and 70x = 50(x + 4) represent. in a paragraph