Why do both autotrophs and heterotrophs need mitochondria?

It is true to say that the value in one or more cells can be kept track of using The Watch Window. The Watch Window makes it simple to check, verify, or audit formula results in extensive workbooks.

You can avoid frequently scrolling or moving to various worksheet locations by using the Watch Window. Like any other toolbar, this one may be dragged and docked. The Watch Window provides a single pane from which you may monitor cells on various sheets and books.

It allows you to inspect, audit, or confirm formula calculations and results in big worksheets as well as check the values and formulas in cells that are hidden from view in the active worksheet.

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Transmembrane proteins are able to span the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer because they contain hydrophobic amino acids that are compatible with the hydrophobic environment of the lipid bilayer.

The lipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids, with the hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing inward and the hydrophilic polar heads facing outward.

Because water is excluded from the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer, any protein that spans the bilayer must contain hydrophobic regions that can interact with the fatty acid chains of the lipids.

Transmembrane proteins contain a hydrophobic transmembrane region, typically composed of alpha-helices or beta-sheets, which is capable of spanning the lipid bilayer. This hydrophobic region is usually composed of nonpolar amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine.

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Answer:

ALL

steps

enzymes example amylase. in saliva, amylase turns starches into sugar

hormones example insulin. insulin lets sugar from food get into the blood so cells can use them

antibodies example white blood cells. white blood cells basically eat the germs that could hurt your body

collagen lets skin look wrinkles free

Proteins are built from smaller building blocks called amino acids.

The way these amino acids are arranged determines the protein's shape and function.

Proteins have many important functions, such as helping with digestion and building muscle tissue.

Without proteins, life as we know it would not be possible.

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Buffalo grass is tough due to the presence of silicates which reinforces the leaves of this plant and allows it to survive in harsh environment and this a classic example of adaptation.

Buffalo grass is basically a grass which is perennial to western North American. Buffalo grass is found in the short-grass as well as the  mixed-grass prairies and is a very important year-round forage grass.

It is a very tough grass and this property of buffalo grass can be attributes to the presence of silicates, which are basically compounds that contain oxygen as well as silicon, in its leaves. This particular adaptation has allowed this grass to be drought resistant and survive for a lot of years in a very harsh environment.

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When carbohydrate molecules are attached to a lipid, the resulting molecule is called a glycolipid.

Glycolipids are lipids containing a glycosidic (covalent) link connecting them to a carbohydrate.  Their job is to keep the cell membrane stable and make it easier for cells to recognise one another, which is essential for the immune response and for the connections that allow cells to join together to create tissues.  All eukaryotic cell membranes include glycolipids, which protrude from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular space.

Glycolipids, which are glycoconjugates of lipids that are often present on the extracellular face of eukaryotic cellular membranes, serve to preserve the membrane's integrity and to promote cell-cell communication. In order for viruses and other pathogens to infiltrate cells, glycolipids can also serve as receptors.

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Answer:Metamorphic rock

Explanation:

Two tectonic plates pushing toward each other causes intense heat and pressure in Earth's crust. Into which will crust material be changed by heat and pressure? Metamorphic Rock.

Overall, an unusually elevated calcitonin level in the blood is a potential indicator of a medullary thyroid cancer and highlights the importance of regular check-ups and monitoring of hormone levels in maintaining overall health.

Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide hormone released in the ultimopharyngeal body of humans and other chordates by parafollicular cells of the thyroid. It works by lowering blood calcium levels, therefore counteracting the effects of parathyroid hormone.

Here,

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and is involved in regulating calcium metabolism. Normally, calcitonin levels are relatively low, but when the thyroid gland develops a tumor, it can produce an excessive amount of calcitonin, leading to elevated levels in the blood.

Thyroid cancers that produce calcitonin are called medullary thyroid cancers, which originate from cells in the thyroid that produce calcitonin. The overproduction of calcitonin in these cancers can result in elevated levels in the blood, which can be detected through a simple blood test.

Unusually elevated calcitonin levels in the blood may indicate a cancer in the thyroid gland.

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Condensation of chromatin occurs during the prophase stage. In meiotic cell division, the mother cell divides twice after one round of replication.

As eukaryotic cells enter mitosis or meiosis, chromosomes condense and become visible under light microscopy. During interphase (G1 + S + G2), chromosomes are fully or partially decondensed into chromatin (DNA wound around histone proteins) (nucleosomes).

During prophase, the nucleus's complex of DNA and proteins, known as chromatin, condenses. The chromatin coils and compacts, resulting in the formation of visible chromosomes.

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A cerebrovascular accident or stroke is brought on by a blockage of the blood flow to a region of the brain.

Blood clots and ruptured blood vessels in the brain are the main causes of cerebrovascular accidents. Dizziness, numbness, weakness on one side of the body, and difficulties speaking, writing, or understanding language are among the symptoms.

A stroke is an interruption in the blood supply to brain cells, also known as a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or a brain attack. Lack of oxygen causes the brain's cells to perish.

A blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or a blood vessel leak or burst are the two basic causes of stroke (hemorrhagic stroke).

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Answer:

flies offer an important food source to birds, fish frogs and spiders. Rats distribute seeds and are a food source to hawks, wolves foxes and bobcats.

Explanation:

Answer:

the answer to your question is true

The primary goal of endospore staining is to distinguish bacterial spores from other vegetative cells and spore formers from non-spore formers.

Explain why finding endospores was significant in microbiology. Endospores enable bacteria to survive boiling water, UV radiation, and severe desiccation, as well as to remain dormant for extended periods of time.

Malachite green staining can identify the presence of endospores in a bacterial culture. Because the endospore covering is so strong, dye is penetrated using steam. Only the endospores maintain the primary stain Malachite green after washing.

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A larger grouping called the family is used to classify closely related genera in a Linnaean taxonomic system.

A broad term for organism classification based on ranking. In other words, taxonomy in the scientific sense of rank-based classification. This phrase is used to contrast the cladistic systematics classification of organisms into clades. The Linnaean system is built on similarities in outward physical characteristics. This system is comprised of a taxonomic hierarchy ranging from the kingdom to the species level. Each species has a distinct two-word Latin name. The kingdom is a smaller taxon than the domain, which was recently added and is a larger taxon. Linnaeus' taxonomic classification scheme is made up of a hierarchy of taxonomic groups, or taxa. Taxonomic kingdoms and species are distinguished. The kingdom is the largest and most diverse confederation.

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An anticodon is a nucleotide bases triplet on the tRNA. Moreover, this anticodon identifies the specific peptide that the tRNA transports.

Depending on the coding in the messenger RNA, a trna? molecule delivers each amino acid to the ribosome. A string of amino acids is created by sequentially combining these amino acids. The chain folds up to create the finished protein after the final amino acid is added.

How are the amino acid sequences in proteins chosen? Each DNA nucleotide that corresponds for an amine group determines the order of the amino acids. The order of the amino acids .

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Summation is the phenomenon of multiple, overlapping action potentials gradually building muscle tension. Here option A is the correct answer.

When multiple nerve impulses reach a muscle at the same time, they can cause the muscle to contract more strongly, leading to an increase in tension. This increase in tension is called summation, and it occurs when multiple nerve impulses are received by the muscle in a short period of time.

Tetanus, on the other hand, is a sustained contraction of a muscle that occurs when the muscle fibers are repeatedly stimulated by nerve impulses. Tetanus can occur when nerve impulses reach the muscle at a high frequency, causing the muscle to remain contracted for an extended period of time.

A twitch is a brief, single contraction of a muscle that occurs in response to a single nerve impulse. Twitches are typically too short-lived to cause significant movement, but they play an important role in the overall control of muscle contraction.

Complete question:

the phenomenon of multiple, overlapping action potentials gradually building muscle tension is called: group of answer choices

A - summation

B - tetanus

C - twitch

D - muscular power

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They are the bodily parts of different species that, through evolution, have developed from ancestors with comparable characteristics.

For instance, the wings of bats and the arms of primates are two typical examples of homologous features in evolutionary biology. Genetically, despite the fact that these two structures do not resemble one another or perform the same function, they are descended from the same last common ancestor structure.

Answer:

Explanation:

Homologous structures refer to structures in different species that have a similar appearance, structure, and function, but have evolved independently. These structures are evidence of a common ancestry, as they indicate that the species share a common evolutionary history.

For example, the bones in the forelimbs of humans, birds, and bats all have a similar structure and arrangement, but have evolved differently to adapt to different environments and lifestyles. Despite these differences, the bones in the forelimbs of these species are still considered homologous structures because they have a common ancestry and evolved from a similar ancestral structure.

Homologous structures can provide valuable information about the evolutionary relationships between species and the processes of evolution. By studying the similarities and differences in these structures, scientists can gain insights into how species have evolved over time and how they are related to one another.

Because the amoeba lives in a hypotonic environment and requires contractile vacuoles to remove excess water, it must be given fresh water.

Cells of animals, plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi all have vacuoles as a structural features. It has the size of a huge sac and is one of the largest organelles found in cells. Vacuoles are bordered by a thin membrane and filled with fluid and whatever molecules they take in. They have a straightforward structure.

They resemble vesicles, another organelle, in appearance because both are membrane-bound sacs, but vacuoles are substantially larger than vesicles and are created when numerous vesicles fuse together. Vacuoles fundamentally serve as the cell's storage unit by holding a variety of chemicals and compounds.

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Homologous organs are structures that are similar in their form and structure, but have different functions in different organisms.

This similarity is due to the fact that these structures have a common ancestry and have evolved from a similar structure in a common ancestor. A classic example of homologous organs are the forelimbs of humans, lizards, and frogs, which share similar bone structures but have different functions.

In the case of the pair of organs mentioned in the question, "forelimbs in humans and lizards" and "forelimbs in lizards and frogs" are homologous, while "wings in butterfly and bat" are not homologous. Wings in a butterfly and a bat serve the same function, i.e., flight, but their structures are not similar and do not share a common ancestry. Instead, wings in butterfly and bat are examples of analogous organs, which have similar functions but have evolved independently.

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The effects on hunger and eating behavior when the appetite suppression areas of the hypothalamus are stimulated or destroyed are either increase the appetite or loss appetite for eating. 

The hypothalamus is a small part in the brain that lies just above the pituitary gland. Besides regulate body temperature, the hypothalamus acts as the control center for hunger, satiety, thirst. Within the hypothalamus, there are nerve cells that when activated, cause producing the sensation of hunger, satiety and thirsty.
The following are area in brain which responsible in it.

For example : let’s say you have not had breakfast yet. The empty stomach  trigger your hunger. The receptors in stomach detect it and this stimulus is sent to the arcuate nucleus. The arcuate nucleus activates the feeding centre through orexigenic neurons and inhibit satiety centre. 

Thus, if these area are destroyed, it causes loss appetite.

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Stimulating the appetite suppression areas of the hypothalamus causes animals to stop eating, while destroying these areas causes animals to overeat excessively (eat and eat).

The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating hunger and eating behavior, and contains both appetite suppression and appetite stimulation areas. When the appetite suppression areas of the hypothalamus are stimulated, it leads to a decrease in hunger and food intake.

Conversely, when these areas are destroyed, it leads to overeating and an increase in body weight. This is because the appetite suppression areas normally work to signal feelings of fullness and satiety, so when they are damaged, this signaling system is disrupted and animals lose their ability to regulate their food intake.

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The four-stage cell cycle involves the cell growing (gap 1, or G1), replicating its DNA (synthesis, or S), getting ready to divide (gap 2, or G2), and dividing itself (gap 4, or S) (mitosis, or M, stage).

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase make up interphase, which is when cells are growing (cell growth).

The mitotic phase, which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis and yields two daughter cells, begins at the end of interphase.

DNA replication starts in the M phase of mitosis and ends in the S phase, also known as the synthesis phase.

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Mast Cells and basophils are the two types of cells which are responsible for the secretion of heparin, histamine, leukotrienes and kinins and therefore inducing the inflammatory response.

Mast cells are a type of immune cell which happen to release histamine as well as other hormones in response to a certain stimuli. Mast cells can be found in a number of places throughout the body but they especially abundant in the skin, lung airways, as well as the digestive tract.

Basophils are basically a type of white blood cell which work with our immune system to help defend our body against allergens, pathogens as well as parasites. Mast cells and basophils release heparin, histamine, leukotrienes and kinins upon degranulation and help induce immune response in our body.

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The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are located in : The anterior gray of the cord and In the nuclei of cranial nerves with somatic motor function.

The cell bodies of lower layer neurons are located in the anterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves in the brainstem.

Lower motor neurons have cell bodies in the spinal cord (anterior horn cells) and emerge from the spinal cord into nerves that supply spinal nerve roots and respiratory muscles.

The anterior gray column, also called the anterior horn of the spinal cord, consists of three types of neurons:

Large alpha motor neurons, middle gamma motor neurons, and small presumed interneurons. These neurons differ in both morphology and connectivity patterns.

Cranial nuclei are a set of bilateral gray matter motor and sensory nuclei located in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata that represent the collection of many afferent and efferent cell bodies of cranial nerves. Near the midline are motor efferent nerves, such as the oculomotor nucleus, which control skeletal muscles. Right next to it is the autonomic (or visceral) efferent nucleus. There is a separation called the boundary sulcus, outside of which is the sensory nucleus.

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Complete question :

Where are cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?

1. The precentral gyrus

2. The anterior gray of the cord

3. In the nuclei of cranial nerves with somatic motor function

4. In the dorsal root ganglia

a. 4 only

b. 2 only

c. Cell bodies of lower motor neurons are located in 2 and 3.

d. 3 only

e. 1 only

Many seed plants can reproduce sexually or asexually therefore the ways in which sexual reproduction benefit a seed plant over asexual reproduction include the following:

This is referred to as the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).

It leads to diversity because of the combination of traits from both parents and reduces the risk if local extinction in the ecosystem.

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Answer:

Penguins are known for their unique and often endearing behaviors, which have captured the fascination of people around the world. Some of the most commonly observed behaviors in penguins include:

Huddling: Penguins often huddle together in large groups to conserve warmth and protect themselves from the harsh Antarctic winds.

Tobogganing: Some penguin species, such as the emperor penguin, use their bellies to slide across the ice, a behavior known as tobogganing. This is an efficient way for them to travel across the ice without expending too much energy.

Nest building: Many penguin species build nests out of rocks or pebbles to protect their eggs and chicks from the cold ground and wind.

Marching: Some penguin species, such as the king penguin, are known for their distinctive waddling gait, which is sometimes referred to as "marching."

Vocalizing: Penguins have a wide range of vocalizations that they use to communicate with each other. These can include calls, trumpeting, and braying.

Swimming and diving: Penguins are excellent swimmers and divers, and can hold their breath for several minutes at a time while hunting for fish and other prey.

These behaviors are adapted to the unique environment of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, where penguins live. They allow penguins to survive and thrive in this challenging environment, and have also endeared these remarkable birds to people around the world

Explanation:

The presence of a sagittal crest is most closely associated with increased jaw strength.

A sagittal crest is a bony ridge that runs along the midline of the top of the skull and is formed by the fusion of the temporal crests. It provides a large surface area for the attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is a powerful jaw-closing muscle.

Individuals with a well-developed sagittal crest have a larger and stronger temporalis muscle, allowing them to generate greater bite forces and crush harder foods. This adaptation is often seen in species with a more carnivorous diet, such as certain primates and large carnivores, as well as in some early hominids with heavy chewing requirements.

It is important to note that other factors, such as tooth and jaw shape and size, also play a role in determining jaw strength. However, the presence of a sagittal crest can indicate an increased capacity for jaw strength.

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A lysosome performs three major functions: macromolecule breakdown and digestion, cell membrane repair, and responses to foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and other antigens.

When food is consumed or absorbed by the cell, the lysosome releases enzymes that break down complex molecules such as sugars and proteins into usable energy that the cell requires to survive.

If no food is available, the lysosome's enzymes digest other organelles within the cell to obtain the nutrients they require. A good example of this is a type of white blood cell known as a macrophage, which is part of your body's immune system.

Lysosomes are part of the endomembrane system in addition to being the digestive component and organelle-recycling facility of animal cells.

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Hydrolytic enzymes play an important role in cellular metabolism by breaking down macromolecules and allowing their components to be recycled, used for energy, or eliminated as waste.

Cells use a variety of processes to break down large molecules into smaller ones that can be used for energy or building new structures. One important process is hydrolysis, in which enzymes use water to break chemical bonds. This is particularly important for macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, which cannot be directly absorbed into the cell.

Many cellular organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes that help to break down these large molecules. One example is the lysosome, a specialized organelle that contains a variety of acid hydrolases. These enzymes are capable of breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids into their component parts. This is important for several reasons:

Recycling: Hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes can break down damaged organelles and recycle their components. For example, if a mitochondrion becomes damaged, lysosomes can break it down into its component parts so that they can be used to build new organelles.

Nutrition: Cells can also use hydrolytic enzymes to break down large molecules from food into smaller ones that can be used for energy. For example, enzymes in the digestive system break down proteins into amino acids, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Defense: Hydrolytic enzymes can also be used to destroy pathogens that have entered the cell. For example, lysosomes can fuse with bacteria or viruses and break them down with their acid hydrolases.

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A difference between the covalent bonds within a water molecule and the hydrogen bonds that form between different water molecules is hydrogen bonds are weaker bonds than covalent bonds.

A covalent bond is a bond formed by the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. This bond in water occurs when the bond between the O atom and two H atoms in the molecule. This gathering of atoms has a high stability. This is why covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are bonds that form between molecules that are highly polar and contain hydrogen atoms. This bond occurs when a molecule having N, O, or F atoms has a lone pair of electron pairs which then other molecules will bond with that lone pair of electrons. When a water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the negative end of one molecule attracting the positive end of another molecule. So the difference between the hydrogen bonds that form in water molecules has a weaker bond than covalent bonds.

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