When cells divide, or go through mitosis, the chromosomes are significantly compressed and become visible as distinct, black objects inside the cell nuclei.
What is a cell?Biologically speaking, the smallest unit that can support life on its own and makes up all living things, including the tissues of the body. The three main parts of a cell are the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane. The cell membrane keeps chemicals within and outside of the cell under control.
Who Defined a cell?Robert Hooke stumbled upon the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke examined a piece of bottle cork under a compound microscope and discovered tiny structures that resembled little dwellings. He therefore referred to these "rooms" as cells.
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A surgeon must cut through a thick layer of tissue connected to the bone to access the deeper organs. This tissue is most likely.
Organs are held in place by loose connective tissue, which is composed of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibres as well as extracellular matrix. Tendons and ligaments are made of dense connective tissue.
What kind of tissue has the highest chance of healing by itself?Muscle heals the fastest among the aforementioned tissues since it has a plentiful blood supply. All tissues receive nutrition and oxygen from the circulatory system, which both help the tissue repair. Muscle has a favourable environment for healing since it receives a lot of blood flow.
Are the dene connective tissues that hold two bones together where they join?A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bones and typically holds objects in place.
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pieces of dna that pass genetic traits from parent to offspring is called?
Your traits, or qualities, which are passed down from your parents or from them, are determined by the information carried by your genes. In the human body, each cell has between 25,000 and 35,000 genes.
What do the DNA fragments that convey genetic features from parents to children look like?The fundamental genetic component transferred form parent to child. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on chromosome in the cell nucleus.
What genes can you only get from your father?All males receive a Sex chromosomes from their father, hence all characteristics that can only be found just on Y chromosome were passed down from father to son. The Proof in Support: Y-linked features have a definite paternal trend.
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What are the items required for DNA replication?
Template DNA, dNTPs, DNA polymerase, primer, SSBs, topoisomerases, helicase, RNA primase, DNA ligase, and Okazaki fragments are required for DNA replication.
What is the overall process of DNA replication?DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. It involves the unwinding of the double helix to create a replication fork, which is stabilized by SSBs and relieved of torsional strain by topoisomerases. Helicase unwinds the dsDNA, and RNA primase synthesizes RNA primers on the template strand. DNA polymerase then extends the primers with complementary nucleotides to create new DNA strands. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short fragments known as Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by DNA ligase.
What would happen if the primer were not present during DNA replication?Without the presence of a primer, the DNA polymerase enzyme would not have a free 3'-OH group to which it could add new nucleotides. Therefore, the replication process would not be able to begin and progress along the template strand. Primers are essential for DNA replication to initiate and without them, the replication process would not proceed.
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What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on heart beat?
The hormones that increase heart rate are released by the sympathetic nervous systems (SNS).The hormone acetylcholine is released by nervous system's parasympathetic system (PNS) to reduce the heart rate.
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have?The ability of the sympathetic nervous system to react to risky or stressful conditions is its most well-known function.When this happens, the sympathetic nervous system kicks in to help you escape danger by increasing your heart rate, pumping more blood to parts of body that need it, and other responses.
How does the body respond sympathetically?Adrenaline and noradrenaline are two catecholamines that are released when the sympathetic nerve system stimulates the adrenal glands.Heart rate, heart rate, and breathing rate all rise as a result of this.
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Suggest two measurable plant traits that could affect relative fitness and explain them briefly:
Relative fitness refers to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce compared to other individuals in the same population. In plants, various traits can affect their relative fitness, which can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Here are two measurable plant traits that can affect relative fitness:
Photosynthetic efficiency: This refers to the ability of a plant to effectively use light energy to produce glucose through photosynthesis. More efficient photosynthesis can lead to greater growth, reproduction, and survival, making a plant more fit compared to others with lower photosynthetic efficiency.
Seed dispersal: This refers to the ability of a plant to scatter its seeds away from the parent plant and into new environments. Seed dispersal can help a plant to colonize new areas, avoid competition with other plants for resources, and increase its relative fitness.
For example, plants with fruits that are eaten by birds or animals and then dispersed elsewhere can have a higher fitness advantage compared to plants with seeds that remain close to the parent plant.
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2. Which factor of insect success results in the need for limited resources?
a.Reproductive Potential
b.Small Size
c.Flight
d.Metamorphosis
The factors that are required by an insect for survival are the small size of the insect. So the correct option is Option B.
Insects adapt to their environment in many ways. An adaptation is an adjustment to the environment so that an animal can fit in better and for a opportunity for a better survival of a individual. Animals with heavy fur coats are adapted for cold environments. Animals that have webbed feet are adapted for living in the water. Insects can also be adapted to their environment. There small size helps them requirement of less food as compared to others. Also they can avoid predation with the help of this feature itself. Insect antennae can be adapted to their environment.
Insects though have large eyes, it do not need extra help seeing and so they have short antennae. Insects with long antennae are considered to have very little eyes.
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An area distinguished by one or more unique characteristics is a...A)biomeB) landscapeC) regionD) uniform unitE) ecosystem
In this following question, An area distinguished by one or more unique characteristics is a region.
What are the Great Plains?The Great Plains are a huge area of level grasslands that encircle most of central North America, including sections of both the United States and Canada. A semi-arid environment with scorching summers and chilly winters distinguishes this area, which is largely devoid of trees. The region includes a wide range of grasses and fauna, such as bison, pronghorns, and prairie dogs, and it has historically been a significant location for ranching and farming. The Great Plains area is abundant in energy resources, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and has contributed significantly to the growth of the US energy sector.
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Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because Select one: a. the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum.
b. a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella
c. perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendon and periosteum to the cortical surface of the bone
d. elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle
Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendon and periosteum to the cortical surface of the bone. Option C is correct.
Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, and they are designed to withstand the tension and stress generated by muscle contractions. The collagen fibers that make up tendons are arranged in a highly organized manner, providing strength and stability to the tendon.
Perforating fibers of collagen are bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate the periosteum, which is the dense connective tissue that covers the surface of bones. These fibers attach the tendon to the cortical surface of the bone, anchoring the muscle to the bone and providing a strong connection that resists tearing.
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Does a terrestrial telescope have an objective?
Yes, a terrestrial telescope has an objective of focal length 120cm and diameter 5cm.
A terrestrial telescope is a tool that makes it simple to observe objects on the ground without flipping the image. The greatest approach to examine terrestrial things during the day, it gives you a clean, accurate image without any distortions. A correct-image diagonal will allow you to see the thing exactly as it is, without any distortions or inversions. This is a necessary condition for a terrestrial telescope.
Your experience using the telescope can be significantly altered by its eyepiece. The strength of the image depends on the eyepiece. To safeguard your eyesight when staring into the lens, the eyepiece should ideally also contain coated glass optics. While seeing terrestrial objects during the day, the image can frequently be fairly bright.
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at the same temperature and pressure, balloons of equal volume always contain. true or false?
At the same temperature and pressure, balloons of equal volume always contain same amount of gas True.
The correct option is True
True. At the same temperature and pressure, balloons of equal volume will always contain the same amount of gas.
The amount of gas contained in a balloon is determined by the volume of the balloon and the pressure of the gas inside, as described by the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT).
If two balloons have the same volume and are at the same temperature and pressure, they will contain the same amount of gas, regardless of the type of gas or the material the balloons are made of.
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A ball, starting from rest at Position 1, rolls down and then up a curved track towards Position 5. The ball speeds up as it rolls from Position 1 to Position 3, and it slows down as it rolls from Position 3 to Position 5. When it reaches Position 5, it rolls back down the track. At which point is gravitational potential energy being transformed into kinetic energy? O Only when the ball rolls from Position 1 to Position 3. Only when the ball rolls from Position 3 to Position 5. O When the ball rolls from Position 1 to 3, and from Position 5 to 3. The entire time the ball is rolling from Position 1 to Position 5. URGENTE
The point at which the gravitational potential energy being transformed into kinetic energy is The entire time the ball is rolling from Position 1 to Position 5. Therefore, the correct option is D.
What is gravitational potential?The energy that an item has or acquires when its location changes as a result of being in a gravitational field is known as gravitational potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy may be defined as an energy that has a connection to gravity. It is denoted by V.
In the case given here, at all times the ball is in motion as it changes its position from 1 to 5. Therefore, the correct option is D.
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Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence because of what ?
The cartilage heals slowly after adolescence because gradually decreasing bone health and chondrocytes no longer are able to divide and form new bone matrix.
A flexible connective tissue, cartilage is distinct from bone in that it lacks blood vessels and has a disorganized microarchitecture. The matrix is reinforced by collagen and elastic fibers, and the cells (chondrocytes) are dispersed and securely set in place. As cartilage does not have an innervation, it must get nutrients by diffusion. It heals quite slowly as a result. The primary cell types in cartilage are chondrocytes, chondroitin sulfate is the ground material, and perichondrium is the fibrous covering.
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17. Pilihan ganda1 minute1 ptQ. How does comparing the anatomies of living species with those from the fossil record help biologists to understand life on Earth better?Pilihan jawabanIt helps reconstruct the evolutionary history of various speciesIt helps determine the habitat most suitable for various species.It helps predict the time when various species will become extinct.It helps modify various species for future environmental conditions.
It assists in identifying the habitat that is best for different species. It aids in estimating when different species will go extinct. It helps to determine which environment is ideal for various animals.
It helps in predicting the extinction dates of certain species. Comparing the anatomy, embryos, and DNA of living things helps scientists better understand how they came to be. The existence of homologous structures supports evolution. These are structures that have been passed down from a common ancestor and are shared by related organisms.
Similar structures provide more proof of evolution. Evolutionary adaptation is the process through which organisms adapt to their surroundings to increase their chances of surviving there. Scientists and environmentalists have depended on indirect methods because there are few direct ways for estimating extinction rates.
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Correct Question:
How does comparing the anatomies of living species with those from the fossil record help biologists to understand life on Earth better?
Kira and Latonya are going to have a watermelon-rolling contest. Each girl has to push her watermelon 8 meters to the finish line. Kira's watermelon has a mass of 2 kg. Latonya's watermelon has a mass of 3 kg.
If each girl pushes her melon with the same amount of force, which girl will cross the finish line first?
A.
There is not enough information to tell who will win.
B.
Latonya will cross the finish line first.
C.
Kira will cross the finish line first.
D.
Both girls will cross the finish line at the same time.
Kira will be the first to finish the race, based on the question.
What are weight and mass?A measurement of an object's inertial characteristic, or how much matter it contains, is the entity's mass. The force of gravity acting on something or the force required to support it is quantified by the weight of the thing. An object's downward acceleration due to gravity on earth is roughly 9.8 m/s2.
Is kg a weight or even a mass?mass
The kilo is the group of materials unit that is used almost globally as the SI mass unit. Under normal circumstances, 1 kilogram weighs 9.8 Newtons, the related SI unit of strength and weight.
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the myelin sheath around the axon on neurons is made of which cell?
The primary component supporting the communications neurons give and receive throughout the body are glial cells. Myelin, a membraneous coating formed by glial cells around axons, acts as an insulator, similar to the insulation around the wires in electrical circuits.
Myelin is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds nerve cell axons, the "wires" of the nervous system, to insulate them and speed up the transmission of electrical impulses (known as action potentials).
The myelinated axon can be compared to an electrical line having insulation surrounding it (the myelin). Myelin does not, however, cover the full length of the axon in a single continuous sheath way the plastic wrapping on an electrical wire does.
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What scientist concluded that plants are made up of cells?
The scientist concluded that plants are made up of cells was Matthiass Jakob Schleiden
Matthiass Jakob Schleiden, a German botanist, stated that all plants are made up of cells. In his statement explained that all aspects of the function of the plant body are basically a manifestation of cell activity. The discovery by Schleiden in the year known as the cell doctrine, officially marked the birth of the branch of cell biology.
The cell is the smallest unit that makes up the body of living things which consists of three main parts, namely the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus. In plant cells there are organelles inside which are separated by membranes that have their respective functions. The characteristic feature of plant cells is that they have a cell wall, chloroplasts and large vacuoles.
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Nodal cells in the SA initiate a heartbeat by spontaneously _____ to generate an action potential
Depolarizing. The cells of the SA node possess unique electrical properties that enable them to independently depolarize and generate an action potential.
How is the constant heart rate maintained by the spontaneous SA node action potential?The heart's electrical conduction system is depolarized by the action potential produced by the SA node, which causes the AV node and other potential pacemaker cells to initiate action potentials before they can produce their own spontaneous action potentials. Other cells contract as a result.
What typically initiates the action potential in a SA node cell?Only potassium can get through because potassium concentrations are higher inside cells. The slight increase in membrane potential caused by the elevated potassium in the cell next to it causes the sodium channels to be triggered and this cell to initiate an action potential.
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A biological membrane is a bilayer that contains lipids with? a.) hydrophilic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophobic tail groups pointing inward.
b.) hydrophilic head groups pointing inward and hydrophobic tail groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol).
c.) hydrophobic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophilic tail groups pointing inward.
A.) Hydrophobic tail groups pointed bilayer inward and hydrophilic head groups orientated towards the solvent (cytosol and extracellular fluid).
A biological membrane made up of two layers of lipid molecules is called a lipid bilayer. The heads of lipid molecules, also known as phospholipids, are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. The tail regions gather together because they are drawn to each other and slightly repulsed by water. All of the lipid molecules found in cell membranes were amphipathic (or amphiphilic), which means they each have a polar hydrophilic end and a nonpolar hydrophobic end. A few protein parts are placed into in the bilayer, and the majority of them span it.
[Biological membranes are present in all cells, and they make up the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. They have many functions, including acting as barriers that selectively allow the transport of small molecules and ions into and out of the cell or organelle.]
(A biological membrane is a bilayer that contains lipids with
a.) hydrophilic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophobic tail groups pointing inward.
b.) hydrophilic head groups pointing inward and hydrophobic tail groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol).
c.) hydrophobic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophilic tail groups pointing inward.)
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which two of these terms are better applied to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella?
Bacterial flagella are driven by rotary motors that use a flow of protons to generate torque. Here options B and D are the correct answer.
In contrast, eukaryotic flagella are powered by motor proteins, which use ATP hydrolysis to move along microtubules or microfilaments. Therefore, motor proteins are a better term to apply to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella.
Eukaryotic flagella are composed of microtubules, which are long, thin tubes made of tubulin protein. In contrast, bacterial flagella are composed of a protein called flagellin, arranged in a helical shape. Therefore, microtubules are a better term to apply to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella.
Complete question:
Which two of these terms are better applied to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella?
A. Helical shape
B. Motor proteins
C. Proton motive force
D. Microtubules
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the ribosome ______ subunit has ______ binding sites for trna molecules.
The ribosome's large subunit has three binding sites for tRNA molecules.
Ribosome subunitsRibosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They consist of two subunits, the large and small subunits, that are made up of RNA and protein molecules.
The large subunit is composed of 3 RNA molecules and about 50 proteins, while the small subunit is made up of one RNA molecule and about 33 proteins. The two subunits come together during protein synthesis to form a functional ribosome.
The large ribosomal subunit has three main binding sites that are involved in protein synthesis: the A (aminoacyl-tRNA) site, the P (peptidyl-tRNA) site, and the E (exit) site.
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All of the following describe transport proteins EXCEPT
a. they are very specific in the type of molecule they transfer.
b. they are embedded in the cell membrane.
c. they allow large molecules to pass across the cell membrane.
d. they help small hydrophobic molecules to pass across the cell membrane.
d. there are hundreds of types in the human body.
EXCEPT FOR d. they facilitate the passage of tiny hydrophobic molecules across the cell membrane, the following statements all describe transport proteins.
A transport protein is which of the following?Because it transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the human body, Haemoglobin protein is a transport or carrier protein.
What three varieties of transport proteins are there?Three different classes of transport proteins are involved in assisted diffusion: channel proteins, gated channel proteins, and carrier proteins. A channel protein, a subclass of transport protein, functions as a pore in the membrane by rapidly allowing water molecules or tiny ions to pass.
Transport proteins, also referred to as transmembrane proteins, are membrane proteins that support the active or assisted passage of ions across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.
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What are the factors that have lead to environmental awareness?
Some factors that have led to environmental awareness are Scientific research and discovery, Media coverage, Environmental activism etc,
Scientific research and discovery: Advances in scientific research and technology have helped us to better understand the natural world and the impacts of human activities on the environment. For example, research on climate change, air and water pollution, and habitat destruction has helped to raise awareness about the urgent need for conservation and sustainable development.
Media coverage: Increased media coverage of environmental issues has helped to raise awareness and inspire action. Coverage of environmental disasters, such as oil spills or toxic waste contamination, as well as documentaries and news reports on climate change and habitat destruction, have helped to educate the public about the severity and urgency of these issues.
Environmental activism: The growth of environmental movements and organizations has also played a significant role in raising awareness and promoting action on environmental issues. Grassroots organizations and advocacy groups have helped to mobilize public opinion and put pressure on governments and businesses to adopt more sustainable practices.
Environmental education: Education programs at all levels, from primary schools to universities, have helped to raise awareness and encourage people to take action on environmental issues. By teaching people about the natural world, the impact of human activities, and the importance of conservation and sustainability, education has helped to inspire a sense of responsibility and a commitment to action.
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dr. emori grows squash in her garden. she notices that only about 50% of the flowers on her squash develop into zucchini. the other 50% shrivel up and fall off. assuming this is a perfectly healthy plant, what can best explain this phenomenon?
Squash is a crop grown in Dr. Emori's garden. She observes that only about half of her squash's flowers turn into zucchini. The remaining 50% shrivel up and detach. assuming this plant is in perfect health.
Monoecious will be the phenomenon that is best described.
Monoecious refers to a plant that has both male and female reproductive organs. Examples include charka, cucurbita, etc. The same plant has various flowers, some of which are male and others of which are female. Typically, squash is monoecious. Squash flowers typically have a tiny fruit at the base, so if we look closely, we can identify which are female.
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dna is copied every time a cell reproduces. the system for copying dna is very accurate, but sometimes errors creep in. what is most likely to result from an error in a codon?
A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Errors in the sequence of codons due to mistakes during DNA replication can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein that is being produced. This can have different effects on the structure and function of the protein, depending on the location and nature of the error.
If a single error in a codon results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein, it can affect the protein's structure and function. This can cause the protein to be less effective in carrying out its normal function or lead to the production of a non-functional protein.
In some cases, an error in a codon can result in a premature stop codon, which leads to the production of a truncated protein. This can also have a significant impact on the structure and function of the protein, as it is likely to be non-functional or has altered activity.
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the enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
What is acetylcholine?The neurological system is dependent on acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter or chemical messenger. It is released by neurons to send messages across synapses (junctions between neurons) and is involved in a variety of processes, including learning, memory, and attention as well as muscle contraction, heart rate, digestion, and learning.
Acetylcholine causes a reaction when it attaches to receptors on the postsynaptic cell and is released into the synaptic cleft. However, acetylcholine must be eliminated from the synapses for the signal to end. Acetylcholinesterase is useful in this situation. Acetylcholine is broken down into acetic acid and choline, which are then carried back into the presynaptic neuron where they are used to create new acetylcholine molecules. This procedure is essential for signal termination and ensuring proper nervous system operation.
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walking along a large city park on a hot summer day, you look for a cool resting place and sit down on a large rock under a willow tree, at the quiet edge of a stream. you have searched for and found an example of a _____.
Walking along a large city park on a hot summer day, you look for a cool resting place and sit down on a large rock under a willow tree, at the quiet edge of a stream. you have searched for and found an example of a microclimate.
What is a microclimate?
A park, garden, or even a single city block might include a microclimate, which is a confined environment. Due to many elements like geography, vegetation, and human activity, it differs from the climate of the wider area.
For instance, the urban heat island effect might cause a city's core to be hotter than the nearby rural areas. Similarly to this, the presence of plants and artificial heating may cause a garden or greenhouse to have a warmer and more humid atmosphere than the surroundings. Plant and animal species can also be impacted by microclimates because some may thrive in one while faltering in another.
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what chemical does your brain release when you are kind?
Your brain releases the chemicals oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins when you are nice.
What is the human brain?The brain is the most complex part of the human body. This three-pound structure functions as the seat of cognition, the major movement controller of the body, the interpreter of the senses, and or the foundation of thought. All the features to make us human begin inside this brain, which is enclosed in a bone shell and coated in a protective fluid.
Which area of the brain is in charge of happiness?The vintage, the left amygdala, the left insula, the right cortex, and other brain regions are all stimulated by happiness. The "feeling center" (insula) of the brain and consciousness (locus coeruleus and insula) are connected in this action.
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Where on a DNA strand does replication begin?
on the closed end of the DNA strand
on both ends of the DNA strand
on the middle of the DNA strand
on one end of the open part of the DNA strand
The DNA replication begins at both the ends which are close to the replication fork. Replication fork is the site where the unwinding of DNA begins. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is DNA replication?DNA replication is the biological process of producing two new identical replicas of the DNA molecule from one original parent DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all types of living organisms which are acting as the most essential part for the biological inheritance.
DNA replication initiates at the specific points called as origins, where the structure of DNA double helix is unwound. A short segment of the RNA molecule, called as a primer, is then synthesized and acts as the starting point for the new DNA synthesis. An enzyme called as DNA polymerase then begins replicating the DNA molecule by matching bases to the original strand.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Answer: on one end of the open part of the DNA strand.
Explanation: i put b like the person above me said the answer was and it was wrong !
is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages called?
A glucose molecule and a glucose particle are joined together to form malt sugar. A crucial disaccharide in the production of alcoholic drinks.
Explain what carbohydrate is.When two carbs (simple sugars) are linked together via glycosidic linkage, a disaccharide (also known as a double sugar) is produced. Carbs are soluble in water, just like monosaccharides are. Fructose, lactose, and maltose are three examples that really are typical.
Disaccharides – are they all carbohydrates?Disaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates that are produced by joining two single sugar molecules. The main sugar in milk, lactose, is a disaccharide that contains both galactose and glucose atoms. Another example is table sugar, which is made from cane sugar and is also referred to it as sucrose.
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Species in which both megasporangia and microsporangie flowers occut on the same plants are called?A. perfectB. dioeciousC. monoeciousD. imperfectE. sterile
Species in which both megasporangia and Microsporangia flowers occur on the same plants are called : C. monoecious.
What do you understand by monoecious?In most angiosperms, flowers are perfect and each has both microsporangia and megasporangia. Some angiosperms are imperfect, that is having either microsporangia or megasporangia but not both. Monoecious plants have both types of imperfect flower on same plant. Examples are :cucurbits and coconuts.
Monoecious refers to both when male and female reproductive organs are present in same organisms or plants. Dioecious plants is when male and female reproductive organs are distinct, which means that they are present in two separate organisms or plants.
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