On bacteriophages, also known as bacteria-infecting viruses, Hershey and Chase conducted their experiments that were later known as the Hershey-Chase experiments.
The tests came after decades of scepticism among scientists regarding the composition of genetic material, which was either made up of DNA or proteins.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase carried out a series of experiments in 1952 that helped to establish that DNA is genetic material. These experiments are known as the Hershey-Chase experiments.
Martha Chase, a scientist, and Alfred Hershey
Although DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, many scientists at the time still believed that proteins carried the genetic information for inheritance because DNA appeared to be an inert molecule and because it was thought to be phosphorus storage due to its location in the nucleus.
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Below is a list of steps for performing a Northern blot. Place them in the correct order.
1. Size fractionate RNA by gel electrophoresis
2. Expose membrane to X-ray film
3. Wash off probe that is not bound by complementary base pairing.
4. Isolate cellular RNA
5. Incubate membrane with radioactive GAL gene
6. Grow yeast in galactose or glucose medium
7. Transfer RNA to an absorbent membrane by capillary action
The correct order of the steps for performing a Northern blot is: (6) Grow yeast in galactose or glucose medium; (4) Isolate cellular RNA; (1) Size fractionate RNA by gel electrophoresis; (7) Transfer RNA to an absorbent membrane by capillary action; (5) Incubate membrane with radioactive GAL gene; (3) Wash off probe that is not bound by complementary base pairing; (2) Expose membrane to X-ray film.
Northern Blot is the molecule biology technique used to detect the RNA molecules and study the process of gene expression. A specific RNA molecule can be detected by this technique among the mixture of RNAs.
Gel electrophoresis is another technique used to separate and visualize the DNA, RNA or proteins strands. The separation is done on the basis of size of the strands.
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Classify each of the following diagnostic procedures based on whether it identifies an Individual with increased susceptibility to cancer. or detects cancer that is present in the body The determination of whether an Individual has an increased Cancer detected in the body DNA microarrays susceptibility to cancer Complete blood count Imaging scan Blood tests Genetic testing Biopsies
Identifies an individual with increased susceptibility to cancer:
DNA microarraysGenetic testingDetects cancer that is present in the body:
Imaging scanBlood testsBiopsiesWhat is the diagnostic procedures?Diagnostic procedures are medical tests, exams, or procedures performed to identify a medical condition or disease in a patient. These tests can include physical exams, laboratory tests, imaging tests, and other procedures that help diagnose a condition or disease.
Therefore, The goal of a diagnostic procedure is to provide doctors and other healthcare providers with information that can help them diagnose a condition or disease, determine its severity, and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
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Which statement best describes the maximum parsimony approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees?
a. A pathway is constructed that requires the minimum number of changes to arrive at the modern species from a common ancestor.
b. The tree is based on relationships that show the maximum probability of obtaining a set of characteristics.
c. Relationships on the tree are based on overall similarity between species.
d. Branches on the tree are constructed from the predicted date of speciation, measured in millions of years.
e. The best phylogeny is selected by comparing models representing random mutation and adaptive radiation.
The road to the contemporary species from a common ancestor is designed to require the fewest alterations possible (option A). The most accurate description of maximum parsimony is this one since it is consistent.
Why is phylogeny important?The study of relationships between various groupings of species and their evolutionary development is known as phylogeny. Phylogeny makes an effort to retrace the evolutionary path of all living things on the earth. Its foundation is the phylogenetic theory, which states that all living things have a common ancestor.
What is a good phylogenetic illustration?A unique illustration of phylogeny is the animal phylogenetic tree, which shows how animal organs have evolved. It illustrates animal phylogeny through the development of animal organs. In a diagram like this.
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You performed a blood typing activity as described in the lab manual. You observed agglutination (clumping) with anti-B and anti-Rh serum. Based on the test results you can conclude that the blood type you tested was ________.
a. B b. B+ c. A+ d. A-
B+ is the blood type. The red blood cells' cell membrane contains proteins called antigens that aid in cell identification and communication, which determine the blood type.
Which compounds are some examples?A substance is defined as matter with a certain composition and particular qualities. Everything that is pure is a substance. A substance is every pure compound. Several chemicals are: Since iron is an element, it qualifies as a material. Methane is a substance since it is a compound.
What do you mean by substance?"Matter with a given composition and specific qualities is referred to be a substance." A substance is every unit or pure compound. No physical technique can separate a substance. The elements' characteristics.
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According to one study, which three of the following represent the largest gaps in career readiness employers see in college students applying for employment? (Choose every correct answer.)written communication, critical/analytical thinking, organizing/evaluating information
According to the study, three largest gaps in career readiness employers see in college students applying for employment are: written communication, organizing/evaluating information and critical/analytical thinking.
What represents the largest gaps in career readiness?Foundation from which to demonstrate requisite core competencies that broadly prepare college educated for success in workplace and lifelong career management is called career readiness.
According to text, skills listed above are very important in the work environment for successful business operations. But most of the employers do not agree that college graduates who recently left school are well suited for the jobs.
Although graduates rate themselves high in these skills and only less than 3 in 10 employers agree with their claim.
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A pod of Orca whales hunting for fish and surfacing for air in the Gulf of Alaska is an example of a(n).
A. Niche. B. Environment. C. Ecosystem.
Some refer to orcas as the "wolf of the sea" because they hunt in packs, forcing their prey into a confined space before striking.
What kind of hunting methods do orcas use?These predators pursue their food in a variety of methods, one of which is by herding salmon before stunning it with tail strikes. Orcas are very sophisticated hunters that collaborate to launch planned strikes that can send waves into the ocean, knocking prey off floating ice.
What makes it a killer whale?Some species of killer whales hunt on other whales, hence the common moniker. When they attacked larger cetaceans, sailors who observed the incidents used to refer to them as "whale killers." The name has gradually changed to "killer whale" over time.
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How do trees transport nutrients to the leaves?
¿How do trees transport nutrients to the leaves?
CONCEPT: Trees grab or capture water, nutrients through the roots have to transport it against gravity to the aerial part.
These have mechanisms of capillarity and evapotranspiration, and other factors that contribute to the water potential.
With this we can say that the leaves transport the nutrients through their roots, since the roots depend on the whole plant.
an example of a post-translational modification v in this model of ligand binding to proteins* it is assumed that complementary s - v in this model of ligand binding to proteins, conformational changes may ocau ~ in hemoglobin, this state has lower affinity for o2 than the r state ~ triggers a t to r conformational change in hemoglobin
A worldwide change in conformation results from the effector's reversible binding to a specific location on one of the protein's subunits.
Why is hemoglobin low, and what does that mean?Your levels of hemoglobin may fall if an illness or condition impairs your body's capacity to make red blood cells. You'll experience extreme fatigue and weakness if your hemoglobin level is low, which suggests your body isn't getting enough oxygen.
What results in a high or low hemoglobin level?When your body needs a higher capacity for carrying oxygen, which typically happens because: You smoke, a high hemoglobin count occurs. Since there is less oxygen available where you live because of the high altitude, your body produces more red blood cells naturally.
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To determine if the type of agar affects bacterial growth, a scientist cultures E. coli on four different types of agar. Five petri dishes are set up to collect results:
One with nutrient agar and E. coli
One with mannitol-salt agar and E. coli
One with MacConkey agar and E. coli
One with LB agar and E. coli
One with nutrient agar but NO E. coli
Usually, one or more of the sample attribute categories serve as the experimental variable. It details the variables you are comparing between the test and control samples.
Common experimental variables include things like:
Disease combination genotype growth condition time. As it aids in identifying the precise experimental circumstances you are interested in, Array Express requires that at least one experimental variable be supplied for each experiment.Experimental Variable - The kind of agar is an independent variable. Bacterial proliferation is a dependent variable.Controls: The petri dish containing nutrient agar but not E. coli (negative control).The "experimental variable" is a crucial component that is specified in each experiment's metadata.Learn more about genotype here:
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the cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?
Cranial bones almost entirely surround brain and protect it, the following terms best describes the relationship between cranial bones and the brain: -Cranial bones are anterior to the brain.
What is the function of cranial bones?The main function of the cranium is protecting brain, which consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. It also provides surface for the muscles of face to adhere to. They protect the brain and facial bones form framework of face and protect and provide support for nerves and blood vessels in that area.
The cranium is made up of cranial bones and facial bones (bones that form eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of face). Opening at the base of cranium is where the spinal cord connects to brain.
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in a lake, mineral nutrients accumulate at the bottom while dissolved oxygen is greater near the surface. these nutrients can be mixed during water turnover that occurs with annual temperature changes. which one of the following properties of water explains this turnover?
The property of water that explains the annual turnover in a lake is its density. Water is at its highest density at 4°C and becomes less dense as it either cools or warms above this temperature
When a lake undergoes seasonal temperature changes, the surface water cools in autumn and winter, becoming denser and sinking to the bottom of the lake. This sinking of surface water and its replacement by warmer, less dense water causes a mixing of water and nutrients, which is known as a lake turnover.
As the density, cooler water sinks to the bottom, it brings oxygen to the bottom layers of the lake, which is necessary for aerobic respiration of organisms living there. The nutrient-rich bottom water, in turn, becomes mixed with the oxygenated surface water, creating a more homogenous distribution of both nutrients and oxygen throughout the lake.
The process of lake turnover is crucial for the survival of aquatic organisms in the lake, as it ensures that there is an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients available to all organisms throughout the lake, regardless of their depth. It is also an important process for maintaining water quality and ecological balance in lakes.
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Can you please help me?
Answer:
I know how to do this but can you tell what it say's
which landform is created by a river pouring into a larger body of water
Answer:
Land-forms that are created by a river includes - River deltas are triangular shaped land-forms that form from sediment deposited when a river flows into a larger body of water.
Explanation:
Please match the cell arrangement to the statement that most accurately describes that arrangement and how it was formed in order to test your understanding of the arrangements of bacteria.
diplococciThis arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached.
1. Arrangement: Diplococcus
Description: Two cocci attached together after division on a single plane.
2. Arrangement: Tetrad
Description: Four cocci arranged in a square after division on perpendicular planes.
What are the various types of bacteria?Bacteria are classified into different types based on their shape, size, structure, mode of nutrition, and other characteristics. Here are the most common types of bacteria:
Cocci: Examples include Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.
Bacilli: Examples include Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus.
Spirilla: Examples include Helicobacter pylori and Treponema pallidum.
Spirochetes: Examples include Borrelia burgdorferi and Leptospira.interrogans.
Gram-positive bacteria: Examples include Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.
Gram-negative bacteria: These bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall and stain pink when subjected to the Gram stain test.
3. Arrangement: Palisade
Description: Bacilli arranged side by side in a vertical row after division on a perpendicular plane followed by a folding back on each other.
4. Arrangement: Streptobacillus
Description: Two rod-shaped bacteria attached end-to-end after division on a transverse plane.
5. Arrangement: Streptobacilli
Description: Chains of rod-shaped bacteria attached end-to-end after multiple divisions on their own transverse planes.
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1) The seed color in a species of flowering plant can be either green or white, with the trait determined by two independently assorting loci. At one locus, the G allele produces green color and is dominant to the recessive g allele for white. At the other locus the dominant, C, allele code for color production and its recessive counterpart, c, codes for colorless or white seeds. A pure-breeding green seeded plant is crossed with a white-seeded plant homozygous for both loci.
a) Identify all possible genotype(s) for the white-seeded parent and the F1 genotype(s) that each would produce when crossed with the true-breeding green seeded plant.
b) Assume that the genotype of the original white-seeded parent is gg, cc, F1 plants from the cross described in a. are crossed to produce the F2. Identify the F2 phenotypes and their expected ratio.
c) What would be the probability of producing a white-seeded plant in a cross between two F2 plants of the genotypes Ggcc and ggCc.
a) All gg C- and G- cc genotypes for white seeded parents.
Pure green seeded plant genotype: GG CC. b) The Gg Cc genotype would result from a cross between GG CC and GG CC. Crossing results in F2 generation as- 9: 7 phenotypic ratio
What does genotype say accounts for this?The term "genotype," which basically refers to an organism's genetic makeup, describes the gene pool as a whole.
What exactly are the three different genotype types?There are three distinct genotype types: homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, and heterozygous (Pp). The characteristics of homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes are the same.
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A pea plant has a genotype TtRr. The independent assortment of these two genes occurs at ___________________________, because chromosomes with the ___ and ___ alleles line up independently of the ___ and ___ alleles.
The allele-carrying chromosomes align independently during the following meiosis phases: a) metaphase of meiosis!, T and t, R and r b) metaphase in meiosis il, T as well as t, R and r b) the meiosis Tand Rt metaphase.
TT is either haploid or diploid.Explanation: During meiosis, the paternal diploid genotypes, like TT or Tt, will be divided into haploid gametes. The T allele can only be passed on to all of the gametes from a parent having the genotype TT.
What is the genotype of a pea?One of every third yellow pea plants has the dominant gene YY, while two of the remaining have the homozygous recessive Yy. The recessive allele plant's green genotype or phenotype is yy.
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which of the following is an unencapsulated tactile receptor? free nerve endings end bulbs lamellated corpuscles tactile corpuscles bulbous corpuscles
free nerve endings is an unencapsulated tactile receptor.
Unencapsulated receptors - these have no special structure and are basically free nerve endings. Examples are pain receptors, temperature receptors, Merkel disks (touch), hair root plexus. Encapsulated receptors have a special capsule which encloses a nerve ending. They are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. They respond to fine touch and pressure, but they also respond to low-frequency vibration or flutter. Tactile corpuscles are encapsulated myelinated nerve endings, surrounded by Schwann cells. The encapsulation consists of flattened supportive cells arranged as horizontal lamellae surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. The corpuscle is 30–140 μm in length and 40–60 μm in diameter. Merkel's disks are unencapsulated nerve endings in the epidermis. They align with the papillae that lie under the dermal ridges; one-fourth of these mechanoreceptors are in the hand. There is a high density in the fingertips, lips, and external genitalia.
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Which of the following symptoms would be expected from transverse damage at the T10 level of the spinal cord?a. Loss of motor function bilaterally from both upper and lower limbs (quadriplegia).b. Muscle hypertrophy of skeletal muscles of both lower legs.c. Spastic paralysis of both sets of hamstrings.d. Loss of the sense of pain from both lower limbs.e. Clasp-knife symptom of both arms.
Option a is Correct. Quadriplegia, or loss of motor function in both the upper and lower limbs on the same side, is a sign of transverse spinal cord injury at the T10 level of the spinal cord.
It may impact both sides or only one side (unilaterally) (bilateral). Paraplegia is the medical term for paralysis that affects both legs and the lower half of the body. Quadriplegia is the term used when it affects both the arms and the legs.
The paralysis becomes immediately life-threatening if it affects the muscles that control breathing. Quadriplegia can result from a variety of causes, the most frequent of which is a neck injury to the spinal cord. Although quadriplegia can occasionally be treated, the majority of cases—particularly those brought on by injuries—end in permanent paralysis.
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Blotting methods are used to detect some specific types of biological macromolecules. Match the application with the appropriate blotting technique.
Some specific types of biological macromolecules that match the appropriate blotting technique are
Southern blotting: Detect аbnormаl HBB аlleles in blood to determine if а person hаs sickle cell аnemiаNorthern blotting: Determine if there is SRYmRNА expression in testesWestern blotting: Detect Lyme diseаse by identifying IgG аntibodies in lymphаtic tissue, Detect gpl20 peptides in blood to determine if а pаtient hаs HIVDifferent blotting techniques аre used to identify unique proteins аnd nucleic аcid sequences. Southern, northern, аnd western blot protocols аre similаr, аnd begin with electrophoretic sepаrаtion of protein аnd nucleic аcid frаgments on а gel, which аre then trаnsferred to а membrаne (nitrocellulose membrаne, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrаne, etc.) where they аre immobilized. This enаbles rаdiolаbeled or enzymаticаlly lаbeled аntibody or DNА probes to bind the immobilized tаrget, аnd the molecules of interest mаy then be visuаlized with vаrious methods. Blotting techniques аre selected bаsed on the tаrget molecule: DNА, RNА, or protein.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question can be seen in the Attachment.
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Which of the following hormones acting on the collecting duct is most responsible for retaining sodium ions in the blood?A) antidiuretic hormoneB) parathyroid hormoneC) atrial natriuretic peptideD) aldosterone
The hormone that is most responsible for retaining sodium ions in the blood by acting on the collecting duct is D) aldosterone.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that regulates the balance of electrolytes in the body. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions. This helps to increase blood volume and maintain blood pressure. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, acts on the collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption and reduce urine output. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do not directly affect sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct. PTH regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism, while ANP promotes the excretion of sodium ions and water.
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Which statement best describes the environmental importance of conserving energy?
A. It allows us to keep taking what we need from the earth without concern for the environment.
B. It protects the environment and reduces our use of nonrenewable fossil fuels.
C. All sources of energy in the environment will run out one day.
D. Recourses are expensive, and it is important to save money.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Scientists can track the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system using an approach known as a pulse-chase experiment. This experiment involves ◦the "pulse" phase: Cells are exposed to a high concentration of a radioactively labeled amino acid for a short period to tag proteins that are being synthesized. ◦the "chase" phase: Any unincorporated radioactively labeled amino acids are washed away and large amounts of the same, but unlabeled, amino acid are added. Only those proteins synthesized during the brief pulse phase are radioactively tagged. These tagged proteins can be tracked through the chase period to determine their location in the cell. The data below were obtained from a pulse-chase experiment in which cells were examined at different times during the chase period. The numbers represent the radioactivity (measured in counts per minute) recorded at each of the indicated sites. The higher the number, the greater the radioactivity.
Time ER Golgi Cytoplasm Lysosomes Extracellular space
Time ER Golgi Cytoplasm Lysosomes Extracelular Space
3 min 162 7 21 5 4
20 min 73 110 17 10 8
60 min 9 35 14 12 88
120 min 11 23 18 15 110
Based on these data, what of the following is the most likely function of the cells in this experiment?
Select one:
secretion
detoxification
phagocytosis
muscle contraction
From the data that we have here, the most likely function of the cells in this experiment is phagocytosis.
What is Phagocytosis?Phagocytosis is a process by which certain cells in the body engulf and digest other cells, debris, or foreign particles. It is a form of endocytosis, in which the cell membrane invaginates, or folds inward, to surround and engulf a particle or cell.
The engulfed material is then internalized in a vesicle, which fuses with a lysosome where the contents are broken down and recycled or excreted. Phagocytosis is an important mechanism for the immune system to defend against pathogens and remove dead or damaged cells.
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identify the location of the thick and thin myofilaments, strands of proteins called myosin and actin
The location of myosin and actin can be found in eukaryotic cells. They are found in the A bands and a middle region called H band contains only Myosin.
identify the location of the thick and thin myofilaments, strands of proteins called myosin and actinThick myofilaments are composed of the protein myosin and are located in the center of a sarcomere (the basic functional unit of a muscle) in a striated muscle fiber.
Thin myofilaments are composed of the protein actin and are located at the ends of the sarcomere, overlapping with the thick myofilaments.
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What are the three major concepts of cell theory?
fill in the blanks to identify each substance as a nucleobase, a ribonucleoside, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleoside, a deoxyribonucleotide, or a dinucleotide
Identify the primary function(s) of hyaline cartilage. select all that apply. view available hint(s).- Provides elastic flexibility and recoil- Stores calcium- Provides strength- Houses various cell types such as fibroblast and white blood cells- Provides structural support
The primary functions of hyaline cartilage are:
Provides structural supportProvides elastic flexibility and recoilWhat are the functions of Hyaline Cartilage?Hyaline cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is found in several areas of the human body, including the joints, nose, and windpipe. It has several important functions, including:
1. Structural support: Hyaline cartilage helps to provide stability and support to joints and other structures in the body.
2. Elastic flexibility: The translucent, gel-like matrix of hyaline cartilage allows it to bend and deform slightly under pressure, and then return to its original shape. This gives it an important role in allowing joints to move smoothly and freely.
3. Shock absorption: Hyaline cartilage acts as a cushion in joints, helping to absorb shock and reduce friction between bones.
4. Lubrication: The matrix of hyaline cartilage contains a thick fluid that helps to lubricate joints and reduce friction.
5. Maintaining shape: Hyaline cartilage helps to maintain the shape of various structures in the body, such as the nose and windpipe, by resisting compression and distributing forces evenly.
Overall, hyaline cartilage is a crucial component of the body's musculoskeletal system, playing a vital role in supporting joints and maintaining the shape and function of various structures.
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the tca cycle incorporates an acetyl group from the transition step and releases two different precursor metabolites, two molecules of , and two molecules of
TCA cycle incorporates an acetyl group from transition step and releases two different precursor metabolites, two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) , and two molecules of ATP per turn of the cycle.
What is meant by TCA?The TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle. It is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells or in cytoplasm of prokaryotes. It plays key role in aerobic respiration and generating energy in the form of ATP.
During TCA cycle, acetyl group from the transition step combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is metabolized to release two different precursor metabolites: NADH and FADH2. NADH is a molecule that carries electrons whereas FADH2 is a molecule that carries both electrons and protons.
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In Leptosporangiate ferns, ________ are small structures with a wall that is a single cell-layer thick. They have a band of thickened cells called a(n) _____________, which changes shape with changes in humidity to throw _____________ into the air for dispersal. These structures are usually aggregated in clusters called ___________ on the bottoms of fertile leaves and these clusters are each protected by a flap of tissue known as a(n) ____________.
In Leptosporangiate ferns, sporangia are small structures with wall that is single cell-layer thick. They have band of thickened cells called annulus which changes shape with changes in humidity to throw spores into air for dispersal. These structures are usually aggregated in clusters called sori on the bottoms of fertile leaves and these clusters are each protected by flap of tissue known as indusium.
What is meant by Leptosporangiate ferns?The Polypodium is commonly called leptosporangiate ferns and formerly Leptosporangiate, are one of the four subclasses of ferns, and largest of these, being largest group of living ferns, including 11,000 species worldwide.
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When deprived of oxygen, yeast will perform glycolysis followed by fermentation. During glycolysis, the yeast take electrons from glucose and convert NAD+ to NADH. During this process the NAD+ is ____.
Reduced or Oxidized?
Answer:
NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis in yeast.
Explanation:
Which is a disadvantage of using wind as an energy source?
Answer:
It cost so much It maybe dangerous for wildlife It is noisy so people living in nearly areas will be affected.Answer:
1. Wind Reliability
Wind doesn’t generally blow reliably, and turbines usually function at about 30% capacity or so. In the event that the weather is not going to support you, you may wind up without power (or at any rate you’ll need to depend on the electric company to take care of you during those times). Serious storms or high winds may cause harm to your wind turbine, particularly when they are struck by lightning.
2. Wind Turbines Could Be Threat to Wildlife
The edges of wind turbines can actually be unsafe for wildlife, especially birds and other flying creatures that may be in the area. There isn’t really a way to prevent this, but it’s definitely something that you want to make sure that you are aware of being possible consequences that may come up as a result of it.