The CYTOSKELETON of a cell is generally made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. The cytoskeletal structure generally gives the cell its shape and helps organize the cell's parts.
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of protein filaments that is interlinked with each other and present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea bacteria. In eukaryotes, it generally extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and they are composed of similar proteins in the various organisms. There are usually three major types of filaments make up the cytoskeleton: actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.It is the ability of a eukaryotic cell to resist deformation and to change shape during movement is helped by the cytoskeleton which is an interconnected network of filamentous polymers and regulatory proteins.
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Professor Dr. Utpal Pal studied the Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium at the University of Maryland. Dr. Pal found that Lyme disease is caused by your immune system. When the body is infected with Lyme disease, it overreacts causing inflammation in the joints. Although antibiotic resistance has not been observed for B. burgdorferi, create an argument defending the control of antibiotic use to the public.
If diseases are being caused by your immune system. Utilizing antibiotics to treat this and recover is a fantastic idea is a to argument defending the control of antibiotic use to the public.
What is the immune system's four components?
The thymus and bone marrow, lymph nodes and veins, spleen, skin, and other organs and tissues are vital to the immune system's normal operation.
What purposes do antibiotics serve?
They treat bacteria by either killing the bacteria or by making it difficult for them to grow and multiply. Germs are bacteria.
Antibiotics are crucial medications. Numerous medicines are effective in treating bacterial infections (bacterial infections). Disease can be stopped from spreading by antibiotics. And antibiotics can lessen the dangerous side effects of illness.
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accelerated build-up of nutrients caused by humans.
a. thermal pollution
b. bio-magnification
c. Water pollution
d. artificial Eutrophication
Artificial eutrophication is a cycle that expands the number of supplements in a waterway through human exercises, like garbage removal and land seepage.
Eutrophication is a state wherein enormous waterways, for example, lakes, portions of the sea, and different repositories have an overflow of algal development because of unreasonable supplements like phosphorus and nitrogen. Eutrophication happens normally however can be seriously advanced because of human movement.
Supplement contamination is the interaction where such a large number of supplements, for the most part, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are added to waterways and can carry on like compost, causing over-the-top development of green growth. Supplements can run off of the land in metropolitan regions where grass and nursery composts are utilized.
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why doesn’t the surface of a wooden boat reflect light as the surface of water does?
Wood is not a reflective material, so wooden boats do not reflect light in the same way that water does.
Water has a smooth, flat surface that reflects light from all directions, making it extremely reflective.
The surface of wood, on the other hand, is more rough and absorbs light better than it reflects. All wood surfaces are rather evenly permeable to water vapour.
Again, liquid water penetrates wood particularly readily near the ends of the wood, parallel to the grain. Perpendicular to grain is less common.
The "cell pipe model" makes this very evident. A pipe receives water from the ends rather than through the wall.
By releasing water vapor, wood dries. The surface of the wood contains vaporize water.
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Which of the following questions would be most useful to researchers trying to determine the role of meiosis in the F2 phenotypic frequencies based on Figure 5-1 and Table 5-1?
A) What is the molecular mechanism underlying the dominance of erect petals and long pollen?
B) Which phenotypes give pea plants the highest level of fitness: erect or hooded petals and long or round pollen?
C) How do the phases of meiosis differ between sweet pea plants and other organisms?
D) What is the recombination frequency between the genes for petal shape and pollen shape?
D) How frequently do the genes that control pollen and petal shape recombine?
Recombination frequency = amount of recombination offspring / total number of offspring multiplied by 100%.
Therefore, the greatest recurrence of the problem that can be seen is 50%, which is a sign of loci which are either on different chromosomes or that are spread out widely on the very same pollen.
The recombination frequency can never exceed 50% and is always smaller than the mapping distance. - Recombination frequency will be below or equal to 50% if the yellow body gene (a) and bobbed hair gene (b) are located at opposite ends of the 66 units that make up the Drosophila X-chromosome linkage map.
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If a DNA sample were composed of 20% guanine, what would be the percentage of cytosine? B) 30 C) 60 D) 20 (A) 40
According to Chargaff's rules, If a DNA sample was composed of 20% guanine, the percentage of cytosine would be D) 20.
Chargaff's rule states that the amount of guanine and adenine in the DNA of any species or organism should be the same as the amount of cytosine and the amount of thymine. Additionally, purine and pyrimidine bases should be in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio.
Cytosine is a pyrimidine, while guanine is a purine. Guanine and cytosine are always paired in DNA, so Chargaff's rule says that the concentration of guanine should be the same as that of cytosine. Therefore, the percentage of cytosine ought to also be 20 if the guanine content is 20 percent.
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What is shin spints?
the periodontal examination includes all of the following, except: group of answer choices a) inspection of tissues b) determination of extent of attachment loss c) periodontal instrumentation d) levels of plaque and calculus
The periodontal examination includes all of the following, except, Periodontal instrumentation. the correct answer is C.
The periodontal examination includes inspection of tissue, determination of the extent of attachment loss, and levels of plaque and calculus, but does not include periodontal instrumentation.
Periodontal instrumentation is the use of specialized tools to clean and remove plaque and tartar from teeth. This is usually done during a professional dental cleaning, and is done to maintain healthy gums and promote good oral hygiene.
The process involves scraping and scaling the teeth to remove plaque and tartar buildup, as well as polishing the teeth to remove any surface staining.
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Do antioxidants form stable radicals?
The answer is no that a antioxidants form stable radicals because antioxidants are thus molecules which help prevent oxidation of the other molecules.
The radicals formed during oxidation are largely reactive and unstable, and can beget damage to the cells. Antioxidants are suitable to contribute electrons to the revolutionaries, therefore negativing them and precluding farther damage.
The antioxidants themselves can also be come with other redicals, but these revolutionaries are snappily killed by the antioxidants themselves, or by other motes in the cell. therefore, the antioxidants don't form stable revolutionaries and rather help to cover the cell from radical damage.
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Can someone please help me for 50 pts
A slump is a form of mass wasting that is when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope, hence for questions 1- 4, 2- 8, 3- 11, 4-1, 5-3, 6-7, 7- 10, 8-5, 9- 2, 10-6 and 11-9.
What are the different terms used in geology?
> Mechanical weathering also called physical weathering braks the rock without changing their composition.
> Runoff water flows over the earth surface.
> Soil - a mixture of organic matter, weather rock, water, and air.
Therefore, chemical weathering, is a process in which the composition of the rock changes.
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How long does it take the specific immune system to become active?
It takes 1 to 2 weeks for the particular immune system to become activated.
The adaptive (active) immune response takes 1 to 2 weeks to fully activate, which is substantially longer than the twelve hours necessary to fully activate innate immunity. With the development of a adaptive immune response comes a phenomena known as immunologic memory, which is an immunological defence that may endure a lifetime and give future protection if the same antigen is re-exposed.
Active immunity can be developed spontaneously or by vaccinations. A youngster infected with chickenpox or varicella-zoster is one example of this. The child's immune system will create a specialized response to the virus during this sickness, and the youngster will have immunity going forward. This is a normal, vigorous immunological response. Vaccination with both the live attenuated varicella vaccine is an example of acquired immunity against varicella. The individual has never been infected with the pathogen by this approach.
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What is the primary function of homeostasis?
The major function of homeostasis is to maintain the internal conditions that an organism needs to survive and function at its best.
What is Homeostasis?The capacity of an organism or system to maintain a steady internal environment in response to changes in environmental factors is known as homeostasis.
What is the function of Homeostasis?For instance, homeostasis assists animals in maintaining proper body temperature, fluid balance, blood sugar levels, and other physiological processes. The body will activate cooling processes, such as perspiration and increased blood flow to the skin, if the temperature rises owing to a fever or outside heat. Similar to this, when blood sugar levels fall, the body releases hormones like insulin to bring them back to normal.
Homeostasis controls physiological processes as well as preserving population and ecosystem stability. For instance, in an ecosystem, predators and prey as well as other elements like resource availability and competition for those resources manage the populations of various species.
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what were the two major plans that were presented to deal with the population and representation issue?
Explanation:
The two major plans presented to deal with the population and representation issue in the United States prior to the drafting of the Constitution were the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
The Virginia Plan - This plan, presented by James Madison, proposed a bicameral (two-chamber) legislative system, with representation in the lower house based on population and in the upper house based on equal representation for each state.
The New Jersey Plan - This plan, presented by William Paterson, proposed a unicameral (one-chamber) legislative system with equal representation for each state, regardless of population.
Both plans were discussed during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and a compromise was eventually reached in which representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population, and each state would have two senators in the upper house of the legislative branch, the Senate. This compromise was enshrined in the Constitution as the Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise.
Sally's teacher asked her to classify the organisms in a sample of pond water. Sally believed that they all belonged to the same kingdom but there were both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Sally could be correct. The organisms could belong to the kingdom.
The organisms could belong to the kingdom Protista.
In traditional biological classification, there are five kingdoms:
1. Monera: This kingdom includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria.
2. Protista: This kingdom includes single-celled eukaryotic organisms such as algae, amoebae, and protozoa.
3. Fungi: This kingdom includes multicellular heterotrophic organisms such as mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
4. Plantae: This kingdom includes multicellular autotrophic organisms such as mosses, ferns, flowering plants, and trees.
5. Animalia: This kingdom includes multicellular heterotrophic organisms such as sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, mammals, and birds.
Protista is a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that includes both unicellular and multicellular forms. Protists can be either photosynthetic, like algae, or heterotrophic, like some amoebae. Since the sample of pond water could contain both unicellular and multicellular organisms, it is possible that all the organisms in the sample belong to the kingdom Protista.
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What are the two types of simple machines in this compound machine?lever, wheel and axlelever, pulleyscrew, incline planescrew, lever
a screw and lever. Modern screws and screwdrivers are thus a mix of the inclined plane and the lever, two simple mechanisms.
The wheel evolved from a potter's tool to a carnival ride over the previous 5,000 years. The six simple machines are the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, screw, inclination plane, and wedge. The fixed axle of this cart allows for a tight turning radius while spokes make wheels less heavy. By crossing a rope over a wheel or wheels, pulleys are created. They are frequently employed to hoist large objects since pulling downward on one end of the rope causes an upward force to be applied to the other.
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From the answers below, what is the most likely reason for the large number of tyrosinemia cases in Chicoutimi?Explain the reason for your choice. This means explain why you chose your answer and explain why you did not choose the other answers.
(A)A high mutation rate.
(B)A selective advantage for tyrosinemia in this part of Quebec.
(C)Founder effect.
(D)Nutritional patterns in the people; large quantities of tyrosine in the diet.
(E) Pleiotropy where the allele for tyrosinemia has beneficial effects as well as harmful effects.
From the answers below, the most likely reason for the large number of tyrosinemia cases in Chicoutimi is:
(B) A selective advantage for tyrosinemia in this part of Quebec.
Tyrosinemia, also known as tyrosinaemia, is a metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to adequately break down the amino acid tyrosine. Untreated tyrosinemia can cause liver and renal problems. Tyrosinemia causes liver failure if left untreated. Tyrosinemia is increasingly being found on newborn screening tests prior to the onset of symptoms.
People with tyrosinemia develop normally, are healthy, and live normal lives with early and lifetime care that includes a low-protein diet, special protein formula, and sometimes medication. Tyrosinemias are inherited in an autosomal-recessive pattern and are caused by gene malfunction in the phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolic pathway. Treatment varies depending on the kind; in most situations, a low-protein diet combined with the use of a specifically formulated protein formula is necessary.
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A noncompetitive inhibitor of an enzyme-catalyzed reactionO increases KM and reduces VmaxO increases KM and increases VmaxO reduces KM and reduces VmaxO reduces KM and increases Vmax
A noncompetitive inhibitor of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction would A.) increases KM and reduces Vmax.
TYPES OF INHIBITORIn the process, these inhibitors are divided into two types, namely competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors.
Competitive InhibitorsCompetitive inhibitor is a chemical compound that resembles the structure of the substrate and will compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme. If the active site of the enzyme is occupied by a competitive inhibitor of the substrate, the substrate cannot be associated with the active site of the enzyme.
Non Competitive InhibitorsA non-competitive inhibitor is a chemical compound that inhibits the active action of an enzyme, namely the alloateric side. The binding causes a change in the active site of the enzyme. As a result, the substrate cannot be associated with the active site of the enzyme.
In addition, the inhibition can also be caused by the substrate. and products. The substrate can inhibit the enzymatic reaction if the substrate concentration is very high, and the product can inhibit the enzymatic reaction if the product form has the same confirmation as the substrate and can be a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor.
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How does modern food production benefit from the use of gmos?
Answer:GMO crops have significantly increased crop yields and simultaneously decreased pesticide use. By doing these two things combined, we are producing more food with less inputs. Decreased use of pesticides, means less pesticide production demand and also less energy use on the farmers' end, too.
Explanation:
) what kind of chromosomal aberration is shown? (c) this woman is phenotypically normal. does this surprise you? why or why not? under what circumstances might you expect a phenotypic effect of such a rearrangement?
Balanced translocation chromosomal aberration is shown in this case. The woman is phenotypically normal. This is surprising.
B) This is showing balanced translocation.
C) In the event that the child inherits the mother's derived chromosome, a phenotypic consequence is anticipated.
Since the woman carries a balanced translocation and the amount of genetic material in her genome has not changed, it is not surprising that her phenotype is normal.
If a child receives a derivative chromosome from the mother and a normal chromosome from the father, phenotypic effects of a balanced translocation may be anticipated because the child will either lack a portion of chromosome 2 (genes C and D) and possess an additional portion of chromosome 3 (genes G and H), or the opposite may occur.
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when a pollen grain sticks to a stigma of a different plant of the same species
When a pollen grain sticks to a stigma of a different plant of the same species the pollination is referred to as (A) geitonogamy.
Pollination is the process by which pollen grains are transferred from the anther of one bloom to the stigma of another blossom, whether on the same plant or one that is different. Wind, water, and so-called pollinating insects can all move pollen grains from the flower's stigma to the flower's stigma. Depending on the origin of the pollen grains, pollination can be split into three categories.
Geitonogamy is the process by which pollen from one flower's anther moves to the stigma of another blossom on the same plant. In terms of functionality, geitonogamy is known as cross-pollination, but in terms of genetics, it is known as self-pollination since the pollen grains of the same plant are transmitted to the same plant's stigma.
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write the scientific name of the catbird?
Answer: Dumetella carolinensis
Explanation:
5. An extreme heat wave hit San Francisco Bay in August 2017. Between August 21st5 and 28th, air temperature increased by 16 degrees Celsius. How did water temperature change during the same period of time?
A. water temperature did not change water
B. temperature increased by more than 2 degrees Celsius
C. water temperature decreased by more than 1 degree Celsius
6. which statement best describes the apparent relationship between air temperature and water temperature?
A. Air temperature and water temperature are directly related
B. When air temperature increases, water temperature decreases.
c. There is no relationship between the two.
7. What might reasonably cause water temperature in an estuary to become warmer or colder than normal?
A. an extended period of unusually cold weather
B. a heat wave
C. Global climate change
D. all of the above
Answer:
5 B. temperature increased by more than 2 degrees Celsius
6 A. Air temperature and water temperature are directly related
7 D. all of the above
In general, air temperature and water temperature are related and can influence each other. An extreme heat wave, such as the one that hit the San Francisco Bay area in August 2017, can cause both air and water temperature to increase. Conversely, an extended period of unusually cold weather can cause both air and water temperature to decrease. Additionally, global climate change can also have an impact on water temperature in an estuary by affecting the overall temperature of the region.
Which of the following would NOT contribute to the level of organization seen within a protein?
-pH
-None of these. All of the choices contribute to the level of organization of a protein.
-Denaturation of protein
-Amino acid sequence
-Temperature
Denaturation of protein does not contribute to the level of organization seen within a protein.
Amino acid sequence, pH and temperature all of theses contribute to confirmation of proteins. It is the primary sequence of amino acids that provide all of the information needed for folding of a protein.
What is denaturation of protein?The unfolding of native structure of protein and all its bonds to its primary structure that is nonfunctional is called denaturation of protein.
What is amino acid?Amino acids are building blocks of proteins.
What is temperature?Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
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What feelings does the reward pathway in the center of our brain drive?
The mesolimbic system, also known as the reward system, is made up of regions in the brain that is in charge of mediating the physiological and cognitive processing of reward.
Additionally, this system is also known as the reward system. The pathway in the brain that processes rewards is connected to regions that are responsible for behavior and memory respectively. It all starts in the ventral tegmental region, which is where neurons that are responsible for pleasure release dopamine into the system. The brain starts to form connections between the activity and the pleasure, which makes it more likely that we will engage in the behavior again in the future.
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Match these events of mitosis to the correct name of the stage.
metaphase
telophase
anaphase
prophase
1. The muscle membrane disappears; spindles appear
2. Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
3. Duplicated chromosomes separate and are pulled toward centrioles
4. Chromosomes elongate into chromatin threads; nuclear membranes and nucleoli appear
Rollers occur as muscular membrane slips. In the cell's metaphase, chromosomes line up to the equator. Chrom rework split or be tied to oocyte phase Nuclear coats & by all arise, & cells grow to dna threads.
Muscle is covered by what membrane?The epimysium, a connective tissue sheath, encases each muscle. Outside of the epimysium, connective tissue called fascia envelops and divides the muscles.
What leads to instability in the muscular membrane?The oscillations of a membrane potential, which oscillate and grow less negative until a threshold is achieved, are thought to be the cause of the instability of a muscle fiber membrane. A propagating AP, also known as a fibrillation potential, is induced after threshold is reached.
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What happens to the chloroplasts in the hypotonic solution, why do you think that happens?
what is not true of rna?
RNA does not possess a double-stranded -helix structure, claims the statement.
What is the main function of RNA?The preferred method through which RNA generates proteins is translation. Genetic information is transmitted by RNA as well as decoded via ribosomes into a range of proteins required during biological processes. mRNA, rRNA, as well as tRNA are the three main RNA subtypes in control of protein biosynthesis.
What RNA means?one of the two kinds of nucleic acid that cells produce. Information form DNA has been replicated into RNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Every type of RNA that is produced by cells performs a particular function within the cell. Many different types of RNA serve purposes in the production of proteins.
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Fill in the blanks...please. It is urgent.
A seed remains __________________ until it is warm and its
internal ______________ content reaches nine percent. Then,
respiration_________________ and stored starches are broken
down for energy. The root tip begins growing first, and then
the shoot tip, pushed onwards by the division happening in
the _____________. As the root tip grows, it starts
to_______________; meanwhile, the shoot tip grows upwards,
unfolding its leaves and starting the process of
___________________.
The words that best complete the sentences are underlined below:
A seed remains dormant until it is warm and its internal water content reaches nine percent.
What happens to the seed?Then, respiration increases, and stored starches are broken down for energy.
The root tip begins growing first, and then the shoot tip, pushed onwards by the division happening in the radicle.
As the root tip grows, it starts to elongate; meanwhile, the shoot tip grows upwards, unfolding its leaves and starting the process of photosynthesis.
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the most important contribution to the stability of a protein's conformation appears to be the: group of answer choices .Aentropy increase from the decrease in ordered water molecules forming a solvent shell around itBmaximum entropy increase from ionic interactions between the ionized amino acids in a proteinCsum of free energies of formation of many weak interactions between its polar amino acids and surrounding water moleculesDsum of free energies the hundreds of amino acids in a protein
The total of the free energy of numerous weak interactions between a protein's polar amino acids and surrounding water molecules appears to be the most essential contribution to the stability of its shape.
These interactions, known as hydrophobic and hydrophilic contacts, contribute to maintain a protein's three-dimensional structure, and their strength affects the protein's conformational stability. The hydrophobic effect, which occurs as a result of water molecules being ordered around non-polar groups of a protein, can also contribute to the stability of a protein's shape. However, the total of the weak interactions between polar groups in a protein and the surrounding water molecules plays the most important function in protein conformation stabilization.
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difference between eating a banana and drinking a banana?
The vitamins and nutrients found in bananas help to maintain and enhance your general health when you consume them frequently. In other words, if you want to stay healthy, eating a banana every day is the best option.
Some experts contend that fruit that has been blended lacks nutritional value compared to fruit that has been consumed intact. Blending can dissolve insoluble fiber, even while some qualities, like soluble fiber, are still intact.
Not only is it quite filling, but it is also regarded as nutritious. According to ayurvedic expert Dr. Nitika Kohli, "it is also a go-to drink for fitness fanatics who have it to replenish their nutrients and electrolytes post-workout." She said that many people enjoy drinking a glass of banana shake.
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which word best describes all organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus?