what is the function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration ?

The freezing point of a solution made by dissolving 50.0 g of methyl salicylate in 800 g of benzene is 3.16°C.

The freezing point of a solution can be calculated using the equation: ΔT = Kf·m, where Kf is the freezing point constant, m is the molal concentration of the solution and ΔT is the freezing point depression of the solution.

The molal concentration of a solution can be calculated using the equation: m = moles of solute / kg of solvent. To calculate the moles of solute, we can use the molecular weight of methyl salicylate (138.2 g/mol) and convert the mass of the solute from grams to moles.

m = (50.0 g C7H6O2)/(138.2 g/mol) = 0.361 moles C7H6O2

The molal concentration can now be calculated: m = 0.361 moles C7H6O2 / 0.800 kg benzene = 0.45 molal C7H6O2

Using the molal concentration, we can calculate the freezing point depression: ΔT = Kf·m = (5.12 °C/molal) · (0.45 molal C7H6O2) = 2.31 °C.

The freezing point of the solution can then be calculated: freezing point = (freezing point of pure solvent) – ΔT = (5.47 °C) – (2.31 °C) = 3.16 °C.

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If there is initially 0.420 atm of H2O2(g), the equilibrium partial pressures in atm of H2(g), O2(g), and H2O2(g) are 0.314 atm and if the volume is doubled, the total pressure of the system will be reduced to half of the original pressure due to the gas law.

a) Using the given equilibrium constant, we can set up an ICE (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) table to calculate the equilibrium partial pressures:

⇒            2H2O2(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + O2(g)

Initial: 0.420 atm 0 atm 0 atm

Change: -x +2x +x

Equilibrium: 0.420-x 2x x

Substituting the values into the equilibrium constant expression:

⇒             Kc = [H2]^2[O2]/[H2O2]^2 = 7.109

⇒           7.109 = (2x)^2/(0.420-x)^2

Solving for x, we get x = 0.106 atm

Therefore, at equilibrium, the partial pressures of H2, O2, and H2O2 are:

⇒          PH2 = 2x = 0.212 atm

⇒          PO2 = x = 0.106 atm

⇒         PH2O2 = 0.420 - x = 0.314 atm

b) According to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that opposes the change. When the volume is doubled, the system will try to reduce the pressure by shifting towards the side with fewer moles of gas. Since the reaction involves the formation of two moles of gas from two moles of reactants, the forward reaction will be favored to reduce the pressure. As a result, the partial pressure of H2O2(g) will increase to establish a new equilibrium.

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HNO3 and HBr can also be used instead of the provided acids (h2so4 and h3po4) to isolate solid copper in this experiment. Solid copper can be isolated by reacting it with acid. This is achieved in two stages: stage one, where copper reacts with sulfuric acid to produce copper sulfate and hydrogen gas, and stage two, where copper sulfate is reduced to copper using hydrogen gas.  

Therefore, in part b of the experiment, H2SO4 and H3PO4 are used. HNO3 and HBr can also be used instead of H2SO4 and H3PO4 to isolate solid copper. H2S and H2CO3 cannot be used as the acids to isolate solid copper. 'Hence, the correct options are : HNO3 and HBr Therefore, both HBr and HNO3 could be used in place of the acids (H2SO4 and H3PO4) to isolate solid copper in part b of this experiment.

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A stoichiometric mixture is a mixture of reactants in the correct mole ratio for a particular chemical reaction. This means that there are exactly enough reactants present to completely react with each other, with no excess or unreacted reactants remaining.

One way to recognize a stoichiometric mixture in a chemical reaction is to calculate the mole ratio of the reactants and compare it to the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. If the mole ratio matches the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation, then it is a stoichiometric mixture.

Another way to recognize a stoichiometric mixture is to monitor the reaction as it progresses. When the reaction is complete, there should be no excess reactants present, and the amounts of the products formed should correspond exactly to the balanced chemical equation.

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The partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus is approximately 86.85 atmospheres.

If the atmospheric pressure on Venus is approximately 90 times greater than the pressure on Earth, and carbon dioxide makes up 96.5% of the Venusian atmosphere, we can calculate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus.

Let's assume the pressure on Earth is 1 atmosphere (atm). Then, the atmospheric pressure on Venus would be 90 atm.

To find the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus, we multiply the total atmospheric pressure by the fraction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere:

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus = Total atmospheric pressure on Venus * Fraction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus = 90 atm * (96.5 / 100)

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus = 90 atm * 0.965

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus ≈ 86.85 atm

Therefore, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Venus is approximately 86.85 atmospheres.

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The net ionic equation for the given process is

Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes copper metal to copper ions. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is as follows.

3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

The net ionic equation is obtained by eliminating spectator ions from the balanced ionic equation. Only the species that take part in the reaction are included in the net ionic equation. The complete ionic equation is obtained by writing all the soluble compounds as ions.

3Cu + 8H+ + 8NO3- → 3Cu2+ + 6NO3- + 2NO + 4H2O

Only Cu2+ and NO3- ions are changing from reactants to products, so they are included in the net ionic equation.

The net ionic equation is as follows.

Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O.

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It is important to keep a NaOH (sodium hydroxide) solution stoppered at all times when it is not in use for several reasons.

Firstly, NaOH is a highly reactive and caustic substance that can cause severe skin burns and eye damage if it comes into contact with unprotected skin or eyes. By keeping the solution stoppered, it helps to prevent accidental spills or splashes that could potentially cause harm.

Secondly, NaOH can readily absorb moisture from the air, causing it to become more concentrated over time. This can lead to an increased risk of accidental burns or damage if the solution is not properly diluted before use.

Finally, leaving the NaOH solution uncovered can also lead to the release of harmful fumes or vapors into the surrounding environment. By keeping the solution stoppered, it helps to minimize the risk of exposure to these fumes or vapors, which can be irritating to the respiratory system and potentially harmful to health.

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140.4 grams of dinitrogen pentoxide are produced from  104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen.

To calculate the mass of dinitrogen pentoxide that could be formed from 104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen, we need to use stoichiometry.

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of nitrogen react with 5 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of dinitrogen pentoxide. Therefore, we need to determine the limiting reactant in this reaction, which is the reactant that is completely consumed and determines the amount of product that can be formed.

To do this, we can calculate the number of moles of each reactant:

The ratio of moles of nitrogen to moles of oxygen is 7.29/3.25 ≈ 2.24/1. Therefore, oxygen is the limiting reactant because we need 5 moles of oxygen for every 2 moles of nitrogen.

Now we can use the amount of oxygen to calculate the amount of dinitrogen pentoxide that can be formed:

Finally, we can calculate the mass of dinitrogen pentoxide using its molar mass:

Therefore, 104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen can produce a maximum of 140.4 grams of dinitrogen pentoxide.

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A table that organizes elements based on their atomic numbers and protein and electron's and nuetrons

Explanation:

LITTERLY the answer

Answer:

2.13 mol Al2O3

Explanation:

mol of Al=
115g/ 26.9 g/mol

4.275 mol of Al

The multiply by mol ratio

4.275 * 1 mol al2o3/2 mol Al

2.13

The movement of H+ ions across the membrane from the intermembrane space to the matrix causes synthase to spin and make ATP(Adenosine Tri Phosphate).

Chemiosmosis is the key process in cellular respiration due to which this happens. During chemiosmosis, proton pumps in the inner membrane actively transport H+ ions from the intermembrane space into the matrix which creates an electrochemical gradient, with a higher concentration of H+ ions in the matrix than in the intermembrane space. ATP synthase is a protein complex that sits on the inner membrane, and it uses the force of this electrochemical gradient to spin, like a turbine. As the synthase spins, it catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphate molecule. This process produces the energy needed by the cell to carry out its functions.

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For HF, there are dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces present.

Intermolecular forces are forces that arise as a result of interactions between similar molecules. Dipole-dipole attraction is the dipole attraction that occurs between polar molecules and/or solid, liquid, and solution states.

Inter-dipole attraction occurs due to the presence of dipoles in molecules and has a stronger attraction than the London force. example: Intermolecular forces of HCl.  

For dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces, there are both dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces present. For dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding, there are dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding present.

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The correct answer is D.  The presence of a heterogeneous catalyst will not affect the molecularity of the overall chemical equation or the molecularity of the rate-determining step.
What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A heterogeneous catalyst is a substance that boosts the speed of a chemical reaction by providing a surface on which the reactant molecules may collide.

This increases the possibility of a chemical reaction and speeds it up. The catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants in a heterogeneous catalytic reaction.

The reaction between them happens only at the phase boundary since the reactant molecules are adsorbed onto the catalyst's surface.

There are two types of catalyst : homogeneous catalyst and Heterogeneous catalyst . homogeneous having same phase whi Heterogeneous catalyst having different phase.

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To determine the actual yield of casein in mg from 240 ml of whole milk, the given milk should be processed to remove the casein completely.The mass of the empty container should then be deducted from the mass of the container containing the dried casein to obtain the actual yield of casein.

The following steps are required to obtain the actual yield of casein in mg from 240 ml of whole milk: Measure 240 ml (1 cup) of whole milk. Add 10 ml of 1M acetic acid and stir well. Filter the milk using filter paper to obtain the curd. Dry the curd completely by keeping it in an oven for some time. Weigh the dried curd to obtain the actual yield of casein in mg.

To prevent the mass of water from being added to the dried curd, the product must be completely dry before measurement. Otherwise, the wet product might add the mass of water, resulting in more than 100% yield.The yield of casein is determined by subtracting the weight of the empty container from the weight of the container containing casein. The mass of the empty container should be deducted from the mass of the container containing the dried casein to obtain the actual yield of casein.

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Answer:

This is due to the very slow wobble of the axis of Earth. Which change is most likely to occur because of the movement of the axis? Winter and summer months will reverse

Explanation:

hope its help you

The pressure of the gas sample is 825 mm Hg.

In an open manometer, the pressure of the gas sample can be determined by measuring the difference in height of the mercury levels in the two arms of the manometer. The pressure of the gas sample is equal to the difference in height between the two mercury levels, plus the atmospheric pressure.

In this case, the mercury level in the arm connected to the gas is 45 mm Hg higher than in the arm connected to the atmosphere. This means that the pressure of the gas sample is 45 mm Hg higher than the atmospheric pressure.

So, the pressure of the gas sample can be calculated as:

Pressure of gas sample = atmospheric pressure + height difference between the two mercury levels

Pressure of gas sample = 780 mm Hg + 45 mm Hg

Pressure of gas sample = 825 mm Hg

Therefore, the pressure of the gas sample is 825 mm Hg.

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Your primary concern should be the safety of the emergency responders and the general public. You should choose a staging location that is upwind from the area of possible contamination and far enough away to protect people from any potential hazard.

The wind direction is critical in chemical emergencies because hazardous chemicals can be carried by the wind. As a result, emergency responders and those affected by a chemical release need to be aware of the direction in which the wind is blowing to avoid exposure to the chemicals.

For example, if the wind is blowing toward the emergency vehicle, it could put the emergency responders in danger. Similarly, if the wind is blowing toward a residential area, it could pose a threat to the public's health and safety.

As you approach the scene of a possible release of a chemical into the air, the primary concern in regard to the location where you stage the emergency vehicle should be the wind direction.

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To synthesize 1-phenyl-1-propanol using the Grignard reaction, you need an aldehyde and a Grignard reagent. The aldehyde should be formaldehyde (CH2O). The Grignard reagent needed is benzylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr).

As we know, retrosynthesis is the technique used in organic chemistry to break down a molecule into smaller units called retrosynthetic fragments. The reason for this is to develop a strategy for synthesis by connecting these fragments. It is an important concept for designing and organizing complex syntheses.According to the question, we have to use retrosynthetic analysis to suggest a way to synthesize 1-phenyl-1-propanol using the Grignard reaction. Let's find out the aldehyde and Grignard reagents needed for the synthesis of 1-phenyl-1-propanol. The retrosynthetic analysis of 1-phenyl-1-propanol is given below:In the above diagram, we can see that 1-phenyl-1-propanol can be prepared by reacting Grignard reagent with aldehyde. The aldehyde should be propanal. The Grignard reagent should be Phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr). Thus, propanal and phenylmagnesium bromide can be used to synthesize 1-phenyl-1-propanol through the Grignard reaction.So, the aldehyde should be propanal, and the Grignard reagent should be Phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr).

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The Lewis acid is the one that accepts electrons from the donor atom. Option 'b' [tex]BCl_3[/tex] is the Lewis acid of the following options.  

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The enzyme aconitase catalyzes the isomerization of citrate followed by a dehydration reaction.

Isomerization is a process in which a molecule undergoes a structural change, but the molecular formula remains the same. In this case, citrate is converted into isocitrate, which is an important step in the citric acid cycle.

Aconitase is a member of the iron-sulfur protein family that contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster, and it is involved in catalyzing the isomerization of citrate in the citric acid cycle. This enzyme has two active sites, one of which is responsible for the isomerization reaction, and the other is responsible for the dehydration reaction.

Aconitase works by binding to the citrate molecule and causing it to undergo a structural change. This results in the formation of an intermediate molecule called cis-aconitate. The dehydration reaction is then catalyzed by the enzyme, which removes a molecule of water from the cis-aconitate to produce isocitrate.

The reaction catalyzed by aconitase is important because it helps to generate energy for the cell. The citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that is used by cells to generate ATP, which is the primary source of energy for cellular processes. The isomerization of citrate is a critical step in this pathway because it helps to convert the energy stored in food molecules into a form that can be used by the cell.

Therefore, the correct answer is option e) isomerization; dehydration.

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The zeolite that you will make and use has repeating and alternating tetrahedral units of SiO4 and AlO4 bonding through the oxygen atoms. Therefore, the given statement is true.

Zeolites have repeating and alternating tetrahedral units of SiO4 and AlO4 bonding through the oxygen atoms.Zeolites are aluminosilicate minerals that are mostly found in volcanic rocks and soils.

They have a distinctive and extensive network of pores and channels. Zeolites are also used in ion exchange, adsorption, and catalysis processes as a result of their porous and chemically active structure. Zeolites are extensively employed in the separation, adsorption, and catalytic conversion of petroleum-based products, as well as in waste-water treatment processes. Zeolite is a naturally occurring mineral. However, it may also be synthesized in a laboratory. Zeolites are widely used in several applications due to their porous and chemically active structure.

These applications include gas separation, petroleum refining, catalysis, and water purification. They are used to adsorb impurities, filter out toxic gases, and remove radioactive particles from water.

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Among the given options, the statement that is NOT correct is "B. An object of high temperature is placed into the calorimeter."

An object of high temperature is placed into the calorimeter is not correct. Calorimetry is a process that measures the heat released or absorbed during a chemical or physical change. It involves an insulated container holding a liquid, usually water. The temperature change of the object and the water will be equal. The heat absorbed by the water is equal to the heat lost by the object. Calorimetry is an experimental method used to measure the heat energy produced or absorbed during a chemical or physical change. Calorimetry works on the principle of heat transfer between a reaction or physical process and a heat sink or calorimeter. Calorimetry involves an insulated container holding a liquid, usually water, and a thermometer used to measure the change in temperature of the water caused by the addition of heat. When heat is added to or removed from a system, it causes a temperature change in the system. Calorimetry is used in various fields such as food and beverage, medical research, material science, and others.

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The molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid (HCI) solution is 0.500 mol/dm³.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCI) and strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2) is shown below:

2HCl(aq) + Sr(OH)2(aq) → SrCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Sr(OH)2 to produce 1 mole of SrCl2 and 2 moles of water.

We find the  number of moles of Sr(OH)2 in the sample:

moles of Sr(OH)2 = concentration of Sr(OH)2 × volume of Sr(OH)2 solution

= 0.020 mol/dm³ × 0.2500 dm³

= 0.005 mol

The number of moles of HCl used in the titration can be calculated as:

moles of HCl = 2 × moles of Sr(OH)2

= 2 × 0.005 mol

= 0.010 mol

Calculating the molar concentration (molarity) of the HCl solution taking into account the volume of the HCl solution used in the titration is 20.0 cm³

molarity of HCl = moles of HCl / volume of HCl solution

= 0.010 mol / 0.0200 dm³

= 0.500 mol/dm³

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The formula that would be used to determine the change in entropy for the equation 2 based on the tabulated values of standard molar entropies of the reactants and products is:ΔS° = ΣS°(products) - ΣS°(reactants)

What are standard molar entropies?

Standard molar entropy refers to the amount of entropy in one mole of a pure substance under standard conditions (298 K and 1 atm). The standard state is defined as the stable state of the substance under the given temperature and pressure conditions, as well as a specified number of molecules or moles.

The formula that would be used to determine the change in entropy for the equation 2 based on the tabulated values of standard molar entropies of the reactants and products is:ΔS° = ΣS°(products) - ΣS°(reactants)Where,ΔS° is the change in entropyΣS°(products) is the sum of the standard molar entropies of the products.ΣS°(reactants) is the sum of the standard molar entropies of the reactants.

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The final temperature in the tank will be 320°C because it is equalized with the large vessel holding steam and the final mass in the tank is 0.216 Kg as determined by the Ideal Gas Law.

The final temperature in the tank will be 320°C. This is because the tank is connected to a large vessel holding steam at 15 bar and 320°C. The pressure and temperature in the tank will equalize to the pressure and temperature of the large vessel.

The final mass in the tank can be determined using the Ideal Gas Law equation:
PV = nRT
where, P = pressure (15 bar). V = volume (0.4 m³), n = number of moles of gas, R = ideal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K), and T = temperature (320°C)

n = PV/RT
n = (15 × 0.4)/(8.314 × (320+273.15))
n = 0.012 moles

The final mass in the tank will be 0.012 moles of gas × the molar mass of water (18.015 g/mol).
Therefore, the final mass in the tank will be 0.216 kg.

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The mass (in grams) of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl needed to produce 2.5 L of a 0.5M aqueous solution is 66.88 grams

First, we shall determine the mole of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl. Details below:

Molarity = Mole / Volume

Cross multiply

Mole of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl = molarity × volume

Mole of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl = 0.5 × 2.5

Mole of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl = 1.25 mole

Finally, we shall determine the mass of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl needed. Details below:

Mass = Mole × molar mass

Mass of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl = 1.25 × 53.5

Mass of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl = 66.88 grams

Therefore,  we can conclude that the mass of ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl is 66.88 grams

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Yes, this is a good idea as it is an efficient use of resources. Advantages include reduced costs of purchasing new drying agents and decreased wastage of materials. Disadvantages could include loss of quality of the recycled drying agent, and extra energy used to dry out the salt.

Drying agents can be collected after an experiment and the hydrated salt heated in an oven to drive off the water. The recycled drying agent can then be used again for another experiment.

What are drying agents?

In order to absorb water vapor, drying agents are added to organic solvents to make them anhydrous.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling drying agents?

The recycling of drying agents has a few advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages of recycling drying agents:

Cost-effective: If the solvent used is expensive, recycling drying agents can save money. A drying agent like anhydrous magnesium sulfate is a good example since it can be reused numerous times. No pollution: The disposal of waste is reduced. If every time a new drying agent is employed, it must be disposed of properly, which is both time-consuming and costly. The amount of waste that has to be disposed of is reduced if the same drying agent is used repeatedly. Recyclable waste: Used drying agents are recyclable. It's just a matter of heating the salt to remove any water and returning it to the drying agent stock. This procedure helps to prevent waste.

Disadvantages of recycling drying agents:

Contamination: Even though the recycled drying agent is supposed to be pure, it may still contain minor quantities of impurities, which might result in contamination of the final product. Impurities: If the drying agent is not cleaned properly, impurities will be transferred from one experiment to the next. Excessive heating: Anhydrous drying agents should not be heated excessively because they may lose their effectiveness. If the salt is heated for too long, the surface area exposed to moisture will be decreased. Therefore, while recycling drying agents is a good idea, some precautions should be taken to ensure that the drying agent is pure and effective.

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Absolute dating and relative dating are two methods used by scientists to determine the age of rocks, fossils, and other geological materials.

Relative dating involves comparing the placement of fossils in rock layers. By analysing the sequence of rock layers, scientists can determine the relative ages of fossils and other materials. For example, if a fossil is found in a layer of rock that is below another layer, it is considered to be older than the layer above it.

Absolute dating involves using scientific methods to determine the exact age of a material. This is often done using radiometric dating techniques, which involve measuring the amount of certain isotopes in a sample.

Carbon-14 dating is based on the fact that carbon-14, an isotope of carbon, is created when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen in the atmosphere. Plants and animals take in carbon-14 through photosynthesis and eating, and the carbon-14 decays over time at a known rate. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 in a sample, scientists can determine the age of the material.

Radiometric dating is a technique used to date rocks and other geological materials based on the decay rate of radioactive isotopes. For example, uranium-lead dating can be used to date rocks that are billions of years old, by measuring the amount of uranium and lead in the sample and calculating how long it has been decaying.

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Since ascorbic acid creates a compound with 1,10-phenanthroline that can be detected and analysed using spectrophotometry, spectroscopic approaches are made possible. Hence, choice d is the right one.

A typical reducing agent found in fruits and vegetables is ascorbic acid. Its chemical makeup enables it to join forces with the substance 1,10-phenanthroline, which is frequently employed in spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry may be used to identify and measure the very stable, colourful complex that is created when ascorbic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline react. A strong analytical method called spectrophotometry quantifies the quantity of light at a particular wavelength that is absorbed by a sample. The amount of ascorbic acid in a sample may be measured by measuring the complex's absorbance at a certain wavelength.

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Answer:

0.2322 moles of ammonia

Explanation:

given:

mass of ammonia: 3.956 g

unknown: moles of ammonia

=[tex]given\frac{1 mol}{MolarMass}[/tex]

=[tex]3.956\frac{1}{17.030}[/tex]

=0.2322 moles of ammonia