Answer:
Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce new individuals of the same species. It is a fundamental characteristic of life, and is essential for the survival and continuation of a species. Reproduction can occur through two main methods: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
In sexual reproduction, two individuals (usually of different sexes) combine their genetic material to produce offspring. This typically involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells (sperm and egg) during fertilization. The resulting offspring have a unique combination of genetic traits inherited from both parents.
In asexual reproduction, a single individual can produce offspring without the involvement of another individual. This can occur through various methods such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis, depending on the specific organism.
Reproduction can also be divided into two other categories: primary reproduction and secondary reproduction. Primary reproduction refers to the process of producing the first generation of offspring, while secondary reproduction refers to the process of producing subsequent generations.
Reproduction is important for the survival and continuation of a species. It allows populations to grow and adapt to changing environmental conditions, and helps to maintain genetic diversity within a species
Explanation:
Answer:
Reproduction is the production of offspring. There are two main forms: sexual and asexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring.
The image below shows a common blood pressure gauge.
A doctor examines a person's blood pressure by holding the stethoscope chest piece on his arm and reads the sphygmomanometer.
What does this device do?
A.
measures the electrical activity of the heart
B.
measures the pressure of blood when the lungs expand and compress
C.
measures the pressure of blood when the heart contracts and relaxes
D.
measures the level of oxygen present in the blood
Answer:
measures the pressure of blood when the heart contracts and relaxes
which of the following test is the most useful in differentiating listeria monocytogenes from erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
The test is the most useful in differentiating Listeria monocytogenes from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in the fermentation of glucose.
Listeriа monocytogenes аnd Erysipelothrix rhusiopаthiаe аre the importаnt pаthogenic species. Listeriа ivаnovii is the only species other thаn Listeriа monocytogenes thаt is frаnkly pаthogenic for аnimаls, including humаns. Both Erysipelothrix rhusiopаthiаe аnd Listeriа monocytogenes аre cаpаble of survivаl in the soil аnd existing in the аnimаl in commensаl аnd cаrrier stаtes.
Fermentаtion of glucose is the fermentаtion process thаt cаrried out by enzymes in yeаst which converts glucose into ethаnol. Listeriа monocytogenes is motile аt room temperаture incubаtion, hydrolyzes esculin аnd is cаtаlаse positive, reаctions of which аre аll negаtive for Erysipelothrix rhusiopаthiаe. Both species ferment glucose.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were
A. Hydrolysis of esculin
B. Motility
C. Catalase
D. Fermentation of glucose
Thus, the correct option is D.
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What are the symptoms of this disorder?
Importance of blowholes
A blowhole is a hole (or spiracle) at the top of the animal's head through which it breathes air. These are found in pairs in baleen whales.
It is homologous to other mammals' nostrils and evolved through gradual movement of the nostrils to the top of the head. The posterior placement of blowholes on cetacean heads is thought to reduce the amount of energy expended when breathing at the water's surface.
Whales forcefully expel air through the blowhole as they approach the water's surface to breathe. Exhalation is expelled into the lower-pressure, colder atmosphere, where any water vapor condenses.
This spray, known as the blow, can be seen from a long distance as a white splash, which can also be caused by water resting on top of the blowhole.
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PLEASE HELP I REALLY NEED TO FINISH THIS IN TIME!
Does the cell shown have a cell wall, a cell membrane, or both? Explain your reasoning.
Answer:Both
Explanation:
That is a plant cell. Plant cells have both cell membranes and cell walls. The cell wall is the dark green outer layer and the membrane is the white inner layer.
Why was the discovery of genes powerful support for Darwin's theory of natural selection
Edit- 7th grade biology not college
The discovery of genes is powerful to support Darwin's theory of natural selection because we can test how inherited features are transmitted across generations during natural selection processes.
What is the relationship between genes and natural selection?The relationship between genes and natural selection is based on the fact that genes are units of inheritance transmitted according to selective pressures of the environment and thereby increasing their frequencies in beneficial conditions.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the relationship between genes and natural selection is based on inheritance patterns.
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identify and describe similarities and differences between this group of medium ground finches on the following groups: the sample of 200 medium ground finches measured in 1976
The range of beak sizes increased between the 1976 population and the 1978 offspring of the 1977 survivors. The most common beak depth decreased between the 1976 population and the 1978 offspring of the 1977 survivors. The population size of the 1978 offspring is much lower than the original 1976 population. Here option A, C, and G are the correct answer.
These statements suggest that there have been some changes in the medium ground finch population between 1976 and 1978. The increased range of beak sizes suggests that there may have been greater variability in beak size in the 1978 offspring compared to the 1976 population.
The decreased most common beak depth may indicate that the 1978 offspring had a different average beak size than the 1976 population. The decrease in population size may be due to environmental changes or a shift in the availability of resources. However, without further data and analysis, it is not possible to definitively determine the causes of these changes.
Complete question:
Identify similarities and differences between this group of medium ground finches and the sample of 200 medium ground finches measured in 1976 (Figure 1). Check all that are correct.
a. The range of beak sizes increased between the 1976 population and the 1978 offspring of the 1977 survivors.
b. The range of beak sizes decreased between the 1976 population and the 1978 offspring of the 1977 survivors.
c. The most common beak depth decreased between the 1976 population and the 1978 offspring of the 1977 survivors.
d. The most common beak depth increased between the 1976 population and the 1978 offspring of the 1977 survivors.
e. The population size of the 1978 offspring is nearly the same as the original 1976 population.
f. The population size of the 1978 offspring is much higher than the original 1976 population.
g. The population size of the 1978 offspring is much lower than the original 1976 population.
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Review The following statements discuss events associated with meiosis. Determine which statements are true and which are false Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement Reset Help False Melosis occurs in both somatic (body) cells and sex cells. True In meiosis II, the daughter cells from meiosis I undergo a very simiar division to mitosis The second division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cel by hall Crossing over and synapsis occur after the homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis! The first division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by har
True: The first division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half. False: Crossing over and synapsis occur after the homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis.
The daughter cells from meiosis I go through a division process in meiosis II that is strikingly similar to mitosis. The first division of meiosis results in a halving of the chromosome count in each cell. These aspects of meiosis are true. During the initial round of cell division, known as meiosis I, homologue pairs split apart. Sister chromatids split apart during meiosis II, the second round. Crossing over, which occurs in meiosis I, is the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange pieces.
The cells produced during meiosis I are the ones that go through meiosis II. Even though these cells are haploid and only have one chromosome from each homologous pair, they nonetheless have two sister chromatids. The sister chromatids split during meiosis II, creating haploid cells with non-duplicate chromosomes. In meiosis II, the cells generally go into a mitosis for haploid cells, and thus the number of chromosomes is not reduced but is constant.
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If each person inherits two copies of any given gene from their parents, those who inherit two copies of the same gene variants are known as homozygous individuals. Those who inherit two different variants of the gene are known as heterozygous individuals. Determine the zygosity of samples 1, 2, and 3. DNA sample 1 DNA sample 2 DNA sample 3 Zygosity (homo/hetero) Allele contained (TNF1 and TNF 2)
Zygosity refers to the genetic composition of an individual with regards to a specific gene, indicating whether the individual is homozygous (inherits two identical copies of a gene) or heterozygous (inherits two different copies of a gene).
For the samples 1, 2, and 3, the zygosity can be determined based on the alleles contained in each sample. The alleles are variations of a gene and are indicated as TNF1 and TNF2.
If sample 1 contains two copies of TNF1, the individual is homozygous for TNF1. If sample 2 contains one copy each of TNF1 and TNF2, the individual is heterozygous for TNF. If sample 3 contains two copies of TNF2, the individual is homozygous for TNF2.
In summary, the zygosity of a sample is determined by the presence of different or identical copies of a gene. Homozygous individuals have two copies of the same gene variant, while heterozygous individuals have two different gene variants.
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In the following example, what is the DEPENDENT variable?
Hypothesis: Mice on a restricted low-caloric diet will live longer than mice that can eat as much as they want.
Experiment: A large population of genetically identical mice is divided into two groups. Half receive as much food as they care to eat each day. The other half receive 20% less food than a typical mouse eats each day. The lifespan is recorded for all mice. All mice live in the same room, in the same type of cage, with access to water.
Question 1 options:
genetic background of the mice
volume of water available
amount of food available
lifespan of each mouse
Answer:
low caloric diet
Explanation:
because I learned this
A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 chromosomes. A cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule, which is usually sterile. Using calculations of the numbers of chromosomes in the egg and the sperm, calculate the number of chromosomes that will be present in the mule formed by their fusion?
A donkey has 62 chromosomes, compared to 64 in a horse. A mule receives 63. For chromosomes to divide into pairs and replicate, there must be an even number of them.
When compared to the donkey, which horse has 64 chromosomes?The donkey has 62 chromosomes, compared to the horse's 32 pairs of 64. (31 pairs). The mule acquires 63 chromosomes after mating (32 from the horse and 31 from the donkey). Since the number of chromosomes decreases by half during meiosis, they are not paired throughout this process, leaving the sex cells without a full set of chromosomes.
64 chromosomes in one's body at birth?chromosomal counting A donkey has 62 chromosomes, while a horse has 64. A mule receives 31 donkey and 32 horse chromosomes from the father, for a total of 63 chromosomes.
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brenda is compiling a list of definable metrics and key performance indicators (kpi) that will be used to evaluate the final success of her ad campaign.
Success is measured by a KPI. To help Brenda establish a KPI, the following two statements can be used: "A KPI is clear, measurable, and has a set time limit" and "By definition, A KPI is a measurement of success."
What are KPIs and how are they defined?Key performance indicators (KPIs) gauge an organization's performance in comparison to a set of benchmarks, goals, or competitors. Financial KPIs include the current ratio, revenues less specific expenses, and net profit (or the bottom line, gross profit margin) (liquidity and cash availability).
What do managers refer to as a key performance indicator?The term "KPI" refers to a quantifiable indicator of performance over time for a particular goal. KPIs give teams goals to strive for, benchmarks to measure success, and insights to assist everyone in the organization in making wiser decisions.
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Scientific research titled "Complementary System"
Answer:The term complement was coined by Paul Ehrlich in 1899
Explanation:
Current intake recommendations for fat intake come from both the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 and the American Heart Association. From the list below, select all current fat intake recommendations.1. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake for adults is 20-35 percent of overall calories2. Saturated fat should be limited to less than 300 milligrams per day3. Keep trans fat intake as low as possible
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for the total fat intake for adults is 20-35% of overall calories
Saturated fat should be limited to less than 7 percent of daily caloric intake.
Keep the trans-fat intake as low as possible.
What are Macronutrients?Macronutrients are the three primary components of the human diet that provide us with energy and are required in large amounts. They include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each macronutrient has a different role in the body and contributes a different number of calories per gram:
Carbohydrates: 4 calories per gram, the primary source of energy for the body.
Proteins: 4 calories per gram, used for building and repairing tissues, enzymes, and hormones.
Fats: 9 calories per gram, a concentrated source of energy, essential for brain function, hormone production, and nutrient absorption.
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a punnett square is a tool that can be used to predict the expected ratios of a genetic cross. list the following steps in the correct sequence.
The percentages of phenotypes in a cross's progeny from known genotypes can be predicted using a Punnett square. Based on the other genotypes involved in the cross, a missing genotype can be identified using a Punnett square.
In a Punnett square, which one of the following is used to indicate the dominant trait?A gene's dominant form (allele) is denoted by a capital letter, and its recessive form is denoted by a lowercase letter (allele).
What is the Punnett square ratio?The genotypic ratio can be calculated by using the 1:2:1 Punnett square ratio. The following are the monohybrid cross-ratios: The 1:2:1 genotypic ratio applies to monohybrid crosses. There would be a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
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The genetic code essentially the same for all organisms. From this one can ogically assume which of the following statements to be true? Proteins were the first genetic material (before DNA) There is only one possible code that could work tor translation A gene from an organism could be expressed by any other organism The same codons in ditferent organisms translate into aitterent amino acids All of the above are true
The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms, thus the correct statement is that a gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.
Between species, genes can be transferred. The genetic code is universal, therefore the polymerases enzyme can precisely transcribe a gene from a different creature. For instance, some bacterial species can trade their plasmids, which are little chromosomes, to acquire genes for antibiotic resistance.
Recombinant DNA technology was created using this gene transfer method. It is possible to express the feature that is represented by a gene by physically taking it from one creature and putting it into another through genetic engineering, commonly known as transformation.
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Which of the following is the ideal method for processing wound swab specimens for a Gram stain and culture?
A. Specimen should be collected on a single swab that should be used to directly inoculate all media and prepare the smear.
B. Specimen should be collected on a dual swab collection device, in order to allow for one swab to be used to directly inoculate all media and prepare the smear, while the second swab should be stored in case additional testing is requested.
C. Specimen should be collected on a dual swab collection device, in order to prepare a smear with one swab, while the second swab should be centrifuged to create a concentrated specimen.
D. Specimen should be collected on a single swab that will be placed in 1.0 mL of saline and vortexed. The saline solution should then be used to inoculate all media and prepare the smear.
The ideal method for processing wound swab specimens for a Gram stain and culture is option "D. Specimen should be collected on a single swab that will be placed in 1.0 mL of saline and vortexed. The saline solution should then be used to inoculate all media and prepare the smear."
In this method, the specimen is collected on a single swab, which is then placed in 1.0 mL of saline. The saline solution serves as a transport medium, which helps to keep the microorganisms alive until they can be plated onto culture media. Vortexing the swab in saline helps to release and distribute the microorganisms evenly in the solution. This solution can then be used to inoculate all media and prepare the smear for Gram staining, which is an important initial step in the identification of microorganisms.
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In humans, both cystic fibrosis and the inability to taste phenylthiourea are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. Two parents without cystic fibrosis and without the ability to taste phenylthiourea have a daughter who can taste phenylthiourea and has the cystic fibrosis condition. What is the probability that their next two children will both be born without cystic fibrosis and both have the ability to taste phenylthiourea?
The likelihood of producing two kids that can taste phenylthiourea and don't have cystic fibrosis is (1/16) * (1/16) = 1/256.
What is cystic fibrosis?The lungs, digestive system, and other body organs are severely harmed by cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic condition.
The cells that make mucus, perspiration, and digestive fluids are impacted by cystic fibrosis. Normally, these produced fluids are slick and thin.
We need to take into account the likelihood of getting the AA combination in both genes in order to determine the likelihood of having a child without cystic fibrosis and with the capacity to taste phenylthiourea.
For each gene, the likelihood of this occuring is (1/2) * (1/2), which results in a probability for both genes of (1/4) * (1/4) = 1/16.
Therefore, the likelihood of producing two kids that can taste phenylthiourea and don't have cystic fibrosis is (1/16) * (1/16) = 1/256.
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Someone you know has vomited while in an alcohol induced sleep and now seems to be having great difficulty breathing. What do you suppose has caused this?
According to Dr. Lee, the liver converts alcohol into acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde levels that are too high cause your liver to react by making you vomit in order to get rid of the extra alcohol.
What does breathing trouble mean?You may experience breathlessness due to a variety of factors: lung ailments as pneumonia, emphysema, or asthma. issues with your airway system, specifically your trachea or bronchi. If your heart cannot pump enough blood to provide your body enough oxygen, heart disease may cause you to feel out of breath.
Is having trouble breathing normal?Mild breathing problems can occasionally be expected and are of no consequence. One illustration is an extremely congested nose. Another example is hard exercise, particularly if you don't exercise frequently.
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How does natural selection impact genetic variation?
Natural selection is the process by which species change over time as individuals with advantageous features survive and reproduce. Genetic differences frequently produce these advantageous characteristics
As some mutations grow more common, this might result in a decrease in genetic variation within a population. On the other hand, populations that are subjected to various selective pressures will evolve in diverse ways and can create distinctive genetic variants that are particular to that population. Natural selection can affect genetic variation in this way by influencing the frequency of various variations within populations.
. An individual will be more likely to pass on a genetic variant to their kids if it gives a survival or reproductive advantage. That variant will become more prevalent in the population over time.
What is genetic variation?
The difference in DNA between individuals or communities is known as genetic variation. Mutation and genetic recombination are two of the many processes that cause genetic variation. Genetic variety is primarily caused by mutations, although it is also influenced by other processes including genetic drift.
Genetic variation is the existence of distinct gene sequences among various members of a species.
Genetic diversity describes variations in an individual's genetic makeup, or DNA, within a species. Different gene combinations, mutations, or alterations to the structure or functionality of DNA can all contribute to this variety. The diversity of traits, behaviors, and physical qualities that make up a species is influenced by genetic variation, which also serves as the basis for evolution and adaptation.
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Solar cells would be more practical to use if they were....
larger.
pollution free.
nonrenewable.
less expensive.
Answer: Which of the following is a way the atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth?
OPTIONS
The atmosphere helps maintain a moderate temperature.
The atmosphere draws water vapor from outer space.
The atmosphere has air currents that rotate the planet.
The atmosphere contains some gases that are toxic.
Explanation:
Answer:
less expensive
Explanation:
Paleontologists have discovered mammal fossil specimens in both
Australia and India. They hypothesize that the animal lived during a time
when the two continents were connected by land. What aspect of
evolution are they studying?
Answer:
Paleontologists who study mammal fossils from Australia and India and hypothesize about their existence during a time when the two continents were connected are studying biogeography, which is the study of the geographic distribution of species and their evolutionary history. This field focuses on understanding the patterns of species' origins, dispersal, migration, and extinction through time and space, and how these patterns have influenced the current distribution of life on Earth. By studying the fossil records from these two continents, they are trying to understand the evolutionary history and the past distribution of these species, which can help shed light on the historical connections between the continents and the processes that have shaped the current distribution of species on Earth.
Example:
An example of a study in biogeography could be examining the fossil records of dinosaurs found in North America and Asia to determine if the two landmasses were once connected. By analyzing the similarities and differences in dinosaur species found in each location, scientists could deduce the patterns of migration, dispersal, and evolutionary history of these animals. This could help to shed light on the past connections between North America and Asia, and how these connections may have influenced the evolution of life on these landmasses. The study of biogeography is interdisciplinary and draws on fields such as geology, ecology, and evolution to provide a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of species and their evolutionary history.
Biological diversity on Earth today is directly related to
A.
steady climate over millions of years
B.
extinction
C.
speciation that occurs when empty niches are filled
D.
Both A and B
Which of the multi-subunit protein structures described below consists of individual protein subunits that are fibrous rather than globular in structure?
a. actin filaments
b. microtubules
c. collagen
d. collagen and actin filaments
e. actin filaments and microtubules
Among the multi-subunit protein structures described below consist of individual protein subunits that are fibrous rather than globular in the structure are (d) collagen and actin filaments
Proteins that are globular are typically round or oval in form, and they are very soluble. Albumin, globulin, protamines, g actin, and other similar proteins are all examples of this type. Proteins that are classified as fibrous tend to have an elongated or needlelike structure.
Collagen, elastin, and keratin are some examples of these types of proteins. Tubulin, which is globular in shape, is the building block of microtubules, while actin is made up of globular and fibrous actin (mostly).
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What levels of protein structure are affected when adding strong bases to them?
a) Only tertiary and quaternary levels
b) Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels
c) Only quaternary level
d) All protein structure levels
Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure are affected when adding strong bases to them. In this case option B is correct.
Proteins serve as both the building blocks and the engines for cellular processes. Because of their modular structure and reliance on the presence of particular functional domains, they interact with other molecules in the cell.
The function is determined by the specific shape of the domain created when non-covalent bonds between residues in a polypeptide chain are present.
The "key and lock" theory of enzymatic function is the most prominent illustration of the relationship between shape and function. The affinity and/or specificity of the enzyme are altered by a change in the enzymatic pocket caused by a mutation or modification of an amino acid residue.
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Which of the following statements about pattern formation are true? Select the four statements that are true.1) Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.2) Homeotic genes establish major body axes.3) Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.4)Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.5)Pattern formation begins in adult animals.6)The process of pattern formation involves segmentation of the body but does not involve the development of segment-specific body parts.7)Positional information controls pattern formation.
Positional knowledge influences pattern creation, homeotic genes encode transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts, and cells receive molecular signals that transmit their position in reference to other cells.
What exactly is pattern formation?Pattern formation science is concerned with the observable, (statistically) orderly outputs of self-organization as well as the shared principles behind similar patterns in nature. Pattern formation in developmental biology refers to the formation of complex organizations of cell fates in space and time.
The involvement of genes in pattern formation is a component of morphogenesis, the generation of various anatomies from similar genes, which is now being investigated in the field of evolutionary developmental biology, or evo-devo.
The mechanisms involved are clearly visible in the anterior-posterior patterning of embryos from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (a fruit fly), which was one of the first organisms whose morphogenesis was studied, as well as in the eyespots of butterflies, which develop in a variant of the standard mechanism.
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Compared to fish found in lower temperature habitats, fish that inhabit higher temperatures tend to have more ____
Compared to fish found in lower-temperature habitats, fish that inhabit higher temperatures tend to have more saturated fatty acids (phospholipids) to maintain synaptic membrane fluidity.
Their metabolic rate, and consequently their energy balance and activity, such as their locomotor and eating habits, are impacted by the temperature.
The ability and desire of fish to obtain food, as well as the manner in which they digest food, absorb nutrients through their gastrointestinal system, and store surplus energy, are all affected by temperature. Temperature also plays a role in how to fish process food through digestion.
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The image below illustrates a specific organ in a plant found below ground:
This organ provides more than one function to the plant. Which of the following is a function of this organ illustrated in the picture?
Question options:
O Releases water into the soil
O Transports carbon dioxide to the soil
O Anchors the plant in the soil
O Absorbs oxygen from the soil
Answer:
Anchors the plant to the soil
The height of spike weed is a result of polygenic inheritance involving three genes, for which "dominant" alleles can each contribute an additional 5cm to the base height (10cm) of the plant. The tallest plant (AABBCC) can reach a height of 40cm. If a tall plant (AABBCC) is crossed with a base-height plant (aabbcc), what is the expected height of the F1 plants?(A) 5cm(B) 15cm(C) 25cm(D) 30cm
If a tall plant (AABBCC) is crossed with a base-height plant (aabbcc), the expected height of the F1 plants is 25 cm.
Thus, the correct option is C.
Polygenic inheritаnce is where one trаit (for exаmple, eye color) is determined by multiple genes (two or more). This typicаlly hаppens when there is а wide vаriety of this trаit (e.g. height, eye color, hаir color, skin color, etc.).
From the information above, we know:
dominant alleles can each contribute an additional 5cm to the base height (10cm) of the plantParental cross → AABBCC x aabbcc
AA x aa BB x bb CC x cc
A A B B C C
a Aa Aa b Bb Bb c Cc Cc
a Aa Aa b Bb Bb c Cc Cc
F1 → AaBbCC
= 5 + 5 + 5 + 10
= 25 cm
Thus, the expected height of the F1 plants if a tall plant (AABBCC) is crossed with a base-height plant (aabbcc) is 25 cm.
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Do you believe that Watson and creek went about their research in an ethical way? Why or why not?
Yes, I believe that Watson and creek went about their research in an ethical way because they used X-ray crystallography to identify DNA properties and there was no risk of death or disabling injury occurring.
What is DNA?This is known as deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of almost all living organisms.
Watson and Crick are scientists who worked on different findings by others and were able to obtain a X-ray crystallography which showed DNA is made up of two strands wrapped around each other to produce a double-helical structure thereby making it ethical as there was no risk of death or disabling injury occurring.
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