The time it takes for the celestial sphere to rotate once relative to the earth is called synodic day.
What is meant by synodic day?Synodic day or synodic rotation period is the period for a celestial object to rotate once in relation to the star it is orbiting which is the basis of solar time.
Synodic day is the period it takes for planet to rotate once in relation to body it is orbiting. For Earth, synodic day is known as a solar day, and it is about 24 hours long. Reason that the synodic month is longer than the sidereal month is because the earth orbits the sun at the same time that the moon goes through its phases.
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If an atom has an atomic number of 87 and a mass number of 223, how much is the number of neutrons?.
The atomic number of francium is 87. This indicates that each francium atom has 87 protons and the equal amount of electrons in its nucleus. Francium has an atomic mass of 223 and 136 neutrons.
Mass is what?In physics, mass is a quantitative expression of inertia, a basic characteristic of all matter. It essentially refers to a body of matter's resistance to changing its speed or location in response to the applying of a force.
How is mass determined?A balance is the instrument you'd use to calculate mass. A triple beam balanced or a measuring cylinder may be used in the lab to measure mass, but the traditional balance shown below could help you understand what mass is.
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An astronaut who fell into a black hole would be stretched be-
a. the gravity is so strong.
b. the gravity changes dramatically over a short distance.
c. time is slower near the event horizon.
d. black holes rotate rapidly, dragging spacetime with them.
An astronaut who fell into black hole would be stretched be : b. the gravity changes dramatically over short distance.
What is meant by black hole?Black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out and the gravity is so strong as the matter has been squeezed into tiny space. This can happen when star is dying. As no light can get out, people can't see black holes and they are invisible.
Black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or electromagnetic waves, has energy to escape its event horizon.
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what is grandfather paradox alteration?
The grandfather paradox alteration is a concept in the field of time travel that explores the consequences of a person traveling back in time and altering events in such a way that it prevents their own existence.
The paradox arises when a person travels back in time and kills their own grandfather before their father or mother is conceived, thereby preventing their own birth. This creates a paradox because if the person never existed, they could not have traveled back in time to alter events in the first place.
The grandfather paradox alteration is often used to explore the potential dangers and implications of time travel, as well as the concept of causality and how it relates to time. It is also used to examine the idea of alternate timelines and how changes in the past can create a different present or future.
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In Wikipedia, look up "Kelvin" and answer this question: The Kelvin scale is a temperature scale like the Celsius temperature scale (1 deg C = 1 deg K), but they are shifted from each other. Kelvin is the predominantly used for scientific purposes. What is the lowest theoretical temperature that can exist in the universe on the Kelvin scale?
the lowest theoretical temperature that can exist in the universe on the Kelvin scale is zero kelvin (0 K)
Absolute zero, technically known as zero Kelvin, corresponds to -273.15 degrees Celsius or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit and marks the point on the thermometer where the system reaches the lowest possible energy or thermal motion. However, there is a catch.
Absolute zero cannot be reached.
Two of the most commonly used temperature measurement scales in the thermometer industry are the Kelvin and Celsius scales. A value of 1 degree on the Kelvin scale is the same as a value of 1 degree on the Celsius scale. That is, the temperature difference or temperature change is the same on both scales.
You can use this relationship to convert Celsius to Kelvin.
Celsius = (Kelvin - 273.15)
0r
Kelvin = (Celsius + 273.15)
The Kelvin to Celsius formula is used to convert temperature expressed in Kelvin to Celsius.
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Two large, charged plates with charge density ±30µC/m^2 face each other with a separation of 5.0 mm. The negative plate is grounded, and defined as 0 potential. Find the electric potential at a location 8.0mm from the negative plate, 3.0mm from the positive plate.
The potential at the given location is 72.5 V higher than the potential at the negative charged plate.
To find the electric potential at the given location, we need to use the formula for the electric potential due to a charged plate, which is:
V = σ/(2ε₀) * [tex]((1 + d)/\sqrt{d^2 + a^2} )[/tex]
where V is the electric potential, σ is the charge density, ε₀ is the electric constant, d is the distance from the plate, and a is the distance between the plates.
First, we need to find the potential at the negative plate, which is defined as 0. This means that the potential difference between the negative plate and the given location is equal to the potential at the given location. So, we only need to calculate the potential difference between the positive plate and the given location.
Using the formula above, we can calculate the potential at the given location as:
V = ([tex]30 microC/m^{2}[/tex]) / (2ε₀) * [tex]((1 + 8 mm)/\sqrt{8^2 + 5^2} )[/tex] - ([tex]30 microC/m^{2}[/tex]) / (2ε₀) * ([tex](1 + 3 mm)/\sqrt{3^2 + 5^2})[/tex]
where ε₀ is approximately[tex]8.85 * 10^(-12) F/m.[/tex]
Plugging in the numbers and solving, we get:
V ≈ 72.5 V
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what does the change in the period with respect to the eccentricity tell you about the dependence of the period on the eccentricity?
When the period of an orbit varies with regard to the eccentricity, it indicates that the period is reliant on the eccentricity and that the period will vary as the eccentricity changes.
The period of an object in orbit around another object is the time it takes for the object to complete one full orbit. The period depends on several factors, including the distance between the two objects and the eccentricity of the orbit.
In general, the period of an orbit is longer for orbits with higher eccentricity. This is because an orbit with higher eccentricity spends more time at its furthest distance from the central object, and therefore has a longer distance to travel to complete one full orbit.
The relationship between the period and eccentricity of an orbit is described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Kepler's third law states that the square of the period of an orbit is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the orbit. Since the semi-major axis of an elliptical orbit depends on the eccentricity, this means that the period also depends on the eccentricity.
Specifically, the period of an elliptical orbit increases as the eccentricity of the orbit increases. This means that a change in the eccentricity of an orbit will result in a corresponding change in the period of the orbit. If the eccentricity of an orbit increases, the period will increase, and if the eccentricity of an orbit decreases, the period will decrease.
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if the solution exhibits a maximum absorbance at 445 nm from the spectrometer, the color of the solution is mostly
if a solution's maximum absorbance is measured at 445 nm from The hue of the solutions is mostly determined by the visible region of the spectrum Blue
What is the spectrophotometer's maximum absorbance?The useful absorbance range for the majority of spectrometers and colorimeters is between 0.1 and 1. Values of absorbance more than and similar to 1.0 are excessive. Your solution is overly concentrated if the absorbance readings you are getting are 1.0 or higher.
What shade of light has a wavelength between 450 and 500 nm?wavelength From 390 to 500 nm, blue light represents visible light. Blue light is divided into blue-violet light and blue-turquoise light (380–450 nm) (450 to 500 nm). Blue light is around yet another of all visible light.
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what is the washer method for calculating volume?
The washer method for calculating volume uses the formula V = integration sign (πR² - πr²)dx.
Washer method is the method aimed to calculate volume of the solid shape using calculus. Washer is a shape which obtained on rotating the functions around x-axis or y-axis on the graph. The washer formula is derived by firstly calculating the area followed by more further calculations moulding it for volume.
So, the formula is -
V = integration sign (πR² - πr²)dx, where R is the external radius and r is the internal radius. Remember that volume is the capacity of any object or shape to contain it's constituents.
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A skateboarder on a ramp is accelerated by a nonzero net force. For each of the following statements, state whether it is always true, never true, or sometimes true.a. The skateboarder is moving in the direction of the net force.a. Always trueb. Sometimes truec. Never true
The given statement "The skateboarder is moving in the direction of the net force." is , b. Sometimes true.
The acceleration of the skateboarder depends on the net force acting on them and the mass of the skateboarder. The direction of the acceleration is in the same direction as the net force. However, the direction of the skateboarder's b may not always be in the same direction as the net force. For example, if the skateboarder is moving up a ramp, the net force may be acting downward due to gravity, but the skateboarder's motion is still upward. Therefore, statement a is not always true, but it can be true in certain situations.
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A system containing 1 atm of an ideal gas is doubled in temperature and halved in volume. What is the new pressure? 2 atm 1 atm 0.5 atm 4 atm
The new pressure is 2 atm. So the correct answer is (A).
What is ideal gas law?The ideal gas law states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.
Since the gas is ideal, the number of moles and the gas constant remain constant, so we can write:
[tex]P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2[/tex]
where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.
We are given that the initial pressure is 1 atm, the final volume is half the initial volume, and the final temperature is double the initial temperature. Since temperature is measured in Kelvin, we need to convert the initial temperature of 273 K to 546 K for the final temperature.
Plugging these values into the equation above, we get:
[tex](1 atm)(V1)/(273 K) = (P2)(V1/2)/(546 K)[/tex]
Simplifying, we get:
[tex]P2 = (1 atm)(273 K)/(V1/2)(546 K)[/tex]
P2 = 2 atm
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what is the reading w2 of the scale when the ball is held in this submerged position? assume that none of the water that spills over stays on the scale.
The reading W2 of the scale when the ball is held in this submerged position is 1.00 N.
As the ball is held up mainly by the rod, the fluid pressure on the bottom of the cylinder is entirely the same as before.
The scale doesn't "know" the ball is there ever.
That's why it still reads 1 N.
Thus, the reading is 1 N
The extra force that is exerted by the ball on the water is equal to the force that the water exerts on the ball, i.e., the weight of the displaced water.
Therefore, the reading does not change.
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Which one of the following properties most fundamentally distinguishes mechanical waves from electromagnetic waves? a. Mechanical waves have crests and troughs. b. Mechanical waves require a medium for propagation. c. Mechanical waves have well-defined wavelengths
b. Mechanical waves require a medium for propagation.
What are mechanical waves?Mechanical waves, such as sound waves and ocean waves, require a physical medium, such as a solid, liquid, or gas, for their propagation. This means that they can only travel through a material and cannot exist in a vacuum. On the other hand, electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves, do not require a medium for propagation and can travel through a vacuum.
Both mechanical and electromagnetic waves can have crests and troughs and well-defined wavelengths, but the requirement of a medium for propagation is what fundamentally distinguishes them. This property of mechanical waves has important implications for their behavior and interaction with matter, such as the way they can be absorbed, reflected, refracted, or diffracted by different materials.
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What are the 5 stages of the allegory of the cave?
The five stages of the allegory of the cave are: (1) the prisoners' initial state of ignorance, (2) the introduction of a new reality, (3) the prisoners' resistance to the new reality, (4) the prisoners' acceptance of the new reality, and (5) the prisoners' transformation and enlightenment.
The first stage is their initial state of ignorance. In the second stage, one of the prisoners is freed and shown the outside world. This introduces a new reality that the other prisoners are unaware of. The third stage is the prisoners' resistance to this new reality.
They refuse to believe that what they see is true. The fourth stage is their acceptance of the new reality, and the fifth stage is their transformation and enlightenment, where they understand the truth and become enlightened. The allegory represents the journey from ignorance to knowledge and the difficulties one faces in accepting and understanding new truths.
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Why do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?
A
Weak VanderWaals force of attraction between molecules.
B
Strong VanderWaals force of attraction between molecules.
C
Large amount of energy required to break the force of attraction.
D
None of the above
The correct option is c. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points due to the large amount of energy required to break the force of attraction.
What is a covalent compound?A covalent compound is a chemical complex that is bound together by covalent bonds. These compounds are made up of two or more atoms of the same or different elements that share electrons. Water ([tex]H_{2} O[/tex]), carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]), methane ([tex]CH_{4}[/tex]), and ammonia are examples of covalent molecules ([tex]NH_{3}[/tex]).
Because of the modest Vander Waals force of attraction between molecules, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points. As a result, just a little amount of energy is required to break the force of attraction and separate the molecules, resulting in a low melting and boiling point.
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The moon is brightest during which of these events?
a.Total solar eclipse
b.Penumbral lunar eclipse
c.Annular eclipse
d.Total lunar eclipse
The moon is brightest during which of these events b.Penumbral lunar eclipse
What may be seen during a total solar eclipse?
The Sun has now been entirely obscured, showing the full splendor of the solar corona. The corona, the Sun's upper atmosphere, which pours out into space above the sun's surface, is visible only during the few minutes of complete solar eclipse.
The Moon is still visible during totality. Sunlight travelling through the Earth's atmosphere gives an orange or reddish hue on the lunar surface. Despite the lack of direct sunshine, the Moon will be visible at totality, glowing orange or reddish.
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Under favorable circumstances, including reaction time, a motor vehicle going 50 mph can be stopped within:A) about 550 feetB) about 229 feetC) about 143 feetD) about 78 feet
A car traveling at 50 mph can be stopped in roughly 229 feet under ideal conditions, including reaction time.
How do you define reaction?When several atoms or molecules with the proper orientation and the least amount of energy efficiently collide, a reaction happens. Rate of reaction are the molecules that commence a chemical change, whereas products are the molecules that are formed as a consequence of the reaction.
Why would reactions occur?Two features of nuclear reactions are the formation of new bonds between carbon molecules in resultant particles and the establishment of molecular links amongst individual atoms (particles) (molecules). The quantity of structures changes despite the fact the number of atoms is the same before and after the chemical transition.
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the best long-term solution to the pressing energy problems in the united states is:________
The best long-term solution to the pressing energy problems in the United States is a combination of different strategies that aim to increase the use of renewable energy sources, reduce energy consumption, and improve energy efficiency.
Some of these strategies are:
Transitioning to renewable energy sources: The United States needs to shift its reliance on fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal. This will not only help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also create jobs and stimulate economic growth.
Improving energy efficiency: Another important step is to improve energy efficiency in buildings, industries, and transportation. This can be achieved by using energy-efficient technologies, building design, and better transportation planning.
Investing in research and development: There is a need for more investment in research and development of new energy technologies that can help to address the pressing energy problems. This can include new battery technologies, advanced nuclear power, and carbon capture and storage.
Encouraging behavior change: Another crucial step is to encourage behavior change in individuals and businesses to reduce energy consumption. This can be achieved through education, awareness campaigns, and incentives for energy-efficient behavior.
Overall, the best long-term solution to the pressing energy problems in the United States will require a comprehensive approach that integrates these and other strategies to create a more sustainable and resilient energy system.
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What is the uncertainty of a cm ruler?
The ±0.05 cm means that your measurement may be off by as much as 0.05 cm above or below its true value. This value is called the uncertainty or the precision of the instrument.
In physics, uncertainty refers to the degree of doubt or error that is associated with a measurement or calculation. Uncertainty can arise from a variety of factors, such as limitations of measurement equipment, inherent randomness in physical systems, or the limitations of mathematical models.
Uncertainty is an important concept in physics because it is impossible to make perfectly precise measurements or predictions, and understanding the degree of uncertainty associated with a measurement is critical for evaluating the reliability of experimental results and theoretical models. By accounting for uncertainty, physicists can determine the level of confidence that can be placed in a measurement or calculation and make more accurate predictions and decisions.
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What is the ratio of the fraction of helium atoms that have a speed between 999 m/s m / s and 1001 m/s m / s to the fraction of neon atoms in the same range of speeds?
The ratio of the fraction of helium atoms that have a speed between 999 m/s and 1001 m/s to the fraction of neon atoms in the same range of speeds can be calculated using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function is given by:
[tex]f(v) = (m / 2πkT)^(3/2) * 4πv^2 * e^(-(mv^2) / (2kT))[/tex]
Where m is the mass of the gas molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and v is the speed of the gas molecule.
To find the fraction of helium atoms that have a speed between 999 m/s and 1001 m/s, we need to integrate the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function from 999 m/s to 1001 m/s with respect to v:
[tex]∫_(999)^(1001) f(v) dv[/tex]
Similarly, to find the fraction of neon atoms that have a speed between 999 m/s and 1001 m/s, we need to integrate the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function from 999 m/s to 1001 m/s with respect to v, but with the mass of neon instead of the mass of helium:
[tex]∫_(999)^(1001) f(v) dv[/tex]
The ratio of the fraction of helium atoms that have a speed between 999 m/s and 1001 m/s to the fraction of neon atoms in the same range of speeds is then given by:
[tex](∫_(999)^(1001) f(v) dv) / (∫_(999)^(1001) f(v) dv)[/tex]
Where the first integral is with respect to the mass of helium and the second integral is with respect to the mass of neon.
Without knowing the values of the mass of helium, the mass of neon, the Boltzmann constant, and the temperature, we cannot calculate the exact value of the ratio. However, we can say that the ratio will be smaller than 1, since the mass of neon is greater than the mass of helium and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function is inversely proportional to the mass of the gas molecule.
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If the torque required to loosen a nut that
is holding a flat tire in place on a car has a
magnitude of 44 N · m, what minimum force
must be exerted by the mechanic at the end
of a 23 cm-long wrench to loosen the nut?
Answer in units of N
If the torque required to loosen a nut that is holding a flat tire in place on a car has a magnitude of 44 N · m, 191.3 N of minimum force must be exerted by the mechanic at the end of a 23 cm-long wrench to loosen the nut.
The minimum force required to loosen the nut can be found using the formula: force= torque/lever arm,where torque is the torque required to loosen the nut, and the lever arm is the distance between the center of the nut and the point where the force is applied.
In this case, the torques are 44 N.m and the lever arm is 23 cm or 0.23 m. therefore the minimum force required to lose the nut is :
force=44 N.m/0.23 m =191.2 N, so the force minimum force that the mechanic must exert at the end of the 23 cm long wrench to loosen the nut is 191. N
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which of these illustrates potential energy due to gravity being converted into kinetic energy?a.a hammer dropped off a roof accelerates as it fallsb.a burning log heats a container of waterc.a rubber band becomes harder to pull as it is stretched fartherd.cell in the body convert food molecules.
The following illustrates potential energy due to gravity being converted into kinetic energy : a. hammer dropped off a roof accelerates as it falls.
What illustrates potential energy due to gravity being converted into kinetic energy?Hammer dropped off a roof accelerates as it falls illustrates potential energy due to gravity being converted into kinetic energy. When the hammer is dropped, potential energy due to its position above the ground is converted into kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, as it falls and accelerates towards ground.
If the rock falls from the cliff, the potential energy will be converted to kinetic energy, as the rock will be moving. When the elastic string in a longbow is released, it will cause the arrow to shoot forward.
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What is conduction in energy transfer?
Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between two objects or substances that are in contact with each other, due to a temperature difference between them.
Conduction is the transfer of heat or electrical energy through a material or substance, without any visible movement of the substance itself. It occurs in solids, liquids, and gases, but is most efficient in solids, where the molecules are tightly packed and can easily transfer energy from one to the other. In conductive materials, heat or electrical energy is transferred by the flow of electrons, atoms, or molecules from a region of higher energy to a region of lower energy.
The rate of conduction depends on several factors, including the temperature difference between the two regions, the physical properties of the material, and the distance between the two regions. Conduction is an important process in everyday life, and understanding its principles is crucial in many fields, including engineering, physics, and materials science.
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What kind of charge does each object have?
A. Both are negatively charged.
B. Both are positively charged.
C. A is positively charged, and B is negatively charged.
D. A is negatively charged, and B is positively charged.
Answer: The answer is D.
Explanation:
The way A is shooting arrows away means its a negative current. On the other hand B is taking them in making B positive. and that's why the answer is D.
The distribution of the heights of students in a large class is roughly bell-shaped. Moreover, the average height is 68 inches, and approximately 95% of the heights fall between 63 and 73 inches. State the approximate standard deviation of the height distribution to one place of decimal with no units.
Since approximately 95% of the heights fall between 63 and 73 inches, this means that the range of values within two standard deviations of the mean captures 95% of the data.
What is the average height ?The middle of the range (63, 73), which denotes two standard deviations from the mean, is the mean itself, 68 inches, because the average height is 68 inches. As a result, one standard deviation separates 68 inches from either end of the interval (63 or 73 inches).Therefore, the standard deviation can be roughly expressed as:
(73 - 68) / 1 5 is the standard deviation.
The height distribution's approximate standard deviation, when rounded to one decimal place, is 5 inches. The real standard deviation can be a little bit different from this figure because this approximation relies on the assumption that the height distribution follows a normal distribution.To know more about average height , check out :
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A 0. 400-kg rock is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0. 5-m length string. At the top of the path, the angular speed is 10. 0 rad/s. What is the tension in the string at that point?.
That location has a 16.72 N string tension.
The acceleration at the bottom of the circle is merely normal (because there are no forces acting in the horizontal direction) and equal to the centripetal acceleration as follows:
ac = v2/r = 2*r T- m*g = m*2*r
The following is how we can solve for T using the givens as replacements:
T = m* (2*r+g) = 0.4 kg*((8.00)2 rad/sec2*0.5m)+9.8 m/s2) = 16.72 N.
What does angular vs. linear speed mean?The pace at which something rotates is its angular speed, which is measured in terms like r.p.m, degrees per seconds, etc. The linear speed is how quickly a point on the edge of an object moves in a circle around the item's center.
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How does solar energy work? All energy must have a source; what is the source in this case? How do we take the power of the Sun and turn it into usable energy? What can we do with this energy?
a) Solar energy works when the sun shines on a solar panel and the PV cells in the panel absorb the energy from the sunshine.
b) The sun is where solar energy comes from.
c) Photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are found in solar panels, are used to collect solar energy and convert it into usable electricity.
d) A variety of appliances may utilize solar energy, and it can be used to generate power.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are found in solar panels, are used to collect solar energy and convert it into usable electricity.
As sunlight reaches the PV cells, it generates an electric field that flows as electricity.
This electricity may be used to power homes, businesses, and other electrical devices, as well as be stored in batteries for later use. The two main types of solar energy systems are photovoltaic and solar thermal.
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What name is given to product of force and distance?
The product of force and distance is known as work.
Work is defined as the result of the force exerted on an object and the distance it was applied over. In mathematics, work is denoted by the equation W = Fd, where W stands for work, F for force, and d for distance. The amount of work completed when a force of one Newton is applied over a distance of one metre is known as a joule (J), which is the SI unit of work.
A fundamental idea in both physics and engineering, work is a significant quantity in many real-world contexts, including energy conversion, mechanical systems, and thermodynamics. The word "labour" refers to the process of transferring energy, and it is closely related to the terms "power," "energy," and "force."
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What does storm signal number 1 mean?
Storm signal number 1 is a form of weather caution issued via the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to alert the public to the opportunity of a tropical cyclone entering the USA.
When a storm sign number 1 is raised, it method that a tropical cyclone, along with a tropical despair or tropical hurricane, is expected to affect a particular region within the next 36 hours.
The winds related to the cyclone aren't yet strong sufficient to cause widespread harm, but they may be sufficient to disrupt transportation and different outside sports.
Throughout storm sign number 1, the general public is cautioned to be vigilant and take precautions, which include securing loose items and staying indoors if feasible.
Fishermen are recommended to keep away from going out to sea, and small vessels are cautioned to take refuge. PAGASA issues hurricane signal warnings up to a wide variety of five, with better numbers indicating more intense climate situations.
The warnings are a crucial tool for helping the general public to put together for and stay safe throughout tropical cyclones, which could reason extensive damage and loss of life within the Philippines.
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What law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed?
Answer:
Law of conservation of energy
the particle, initially at rest, is acted upon only by the electric force and moves from point a to point b along the x axis, increasing its kinetic energy by 1.12×10−18 j . in what direction and through what potential difference vb−va does the particle move?
Particle moves from point a to point b in direction of increasing electric potential, and potential difference between point a and point b is positive.
Electric force is conservative, so work done by electric force is equal to change in potential energy. We know that ΔK = 1.12×10−18 J, and since the particle is initially at rest, its initial kinetic energy is zero. 1.12×10−18 J = -ΔU or ΔU = -1.12×10−18 J
Since electric force work on particle as it moves from point a to point b, the electric potential at point b is higher than point a. Therefore, particle moves from point a to point b in direction of increasing electric potential.
ΔV = [tex]Vb - Va[/tex]
ΔV = [tex]Vb - Va > 0[/tex]
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