The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ________. a prezygotic barrier a postzygotic barrier the impact of mutations sympatric speciation

Redford considers species that have had their densities reduced to the point that they can no longer function as keystone species as ecologically extinct.

It is possible that he may refer to them as "functionally extinct" or "ecologically extinct." These terms are sometimes used to describe species that are still technically present in an ecosystem, but have been so drastically reduced in population that they no longer play their important ecological roles. Keystone species are particularly important in maintaining the structure and function of an ecosystem, so the loss of such species can have far-reaching effects.

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If both parents are heterozygous (Aa x Aa), there is a 50% chance that individual 1 is heterozygous (Aa). - If one parent is homozygous dominant (AA) and the other is heterozygous (Aa), there is a 100% chance that individual 1 is heterozygous (Aa).

To determine the probability that individual 1 is heterozygous, we need to consider the information provided and use the concepts of genotypes and phenotypes. A genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while a phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristic resulting from the genotype and the environment.

Step 1: Identify the genotypes of the affected XY sibling and XY partner.
Since individual 1 has an affected XY sibling, we can infer that at least one parent is a carrier. We don't have enough information about the XY partner, so we cannot make any assumptions about their genotype.

Step 2: Determine the possible genotypes of the parents.
Assuming the trait follows a simple autosomal recessive pattern, one parent must be heterozygous (Aa) while the other could be either heterozygous (Aa) or homozygous dominant (AA).

Step 3: Calculate the probability of individual 1 being heterozygous.
- If both parents are heterozygous (Aa x Aa), there is a 50% chance that individual 1 is heterozygous (Aa).
- If one parent is homozygous dominant (AA) and the other is heterozygous (Aa), there is a 100% chance that individual 1 is heterozygous (Aa).

Without more information about the parents' genotypes, we cannot provide a definitive probability of individual 1 being heterozygous. However, based on the available information, the probability would range between 50% and 100%.

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An example of "aneuploidy" is a zygote that is unable to proceed through mitosis because its chromosomal count is off.

When a zygote contains an aberrant number of chromosomes—either too many (polyploidy) or too few (monosomy or trisomy) than the typical number of 46 chromosomes—this condition is known as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy, which can cause a number of developmental defects or disorders, can be caused by mistakes made during meiosis or fertilisation. Aneuploidy can be life-threatening or benign depending on the situation.  

The zygote produced during conception will have an aberrant number of chromosomes if it combines with an egg or sperm that has undergone defective meiosis and has an abnormal number of chromosomes.

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If Meghan has an abscessed tooth, an elevated number of neutrophils would be a likely finding in a differential white blood cell count.

If Meghan has an abscessed tooth, a bacterial infection, you would expect to see an elevated number of neutrophils in a differential white blood cell count.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the body's immune response to bacterial infections. They are typically the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection and work to engulf and destroy invading bacteria.

During an infection, the number of neutrophils in the blood can increase rapidly, as the body ramps up its immune response to the invading bacteria. This increase in neutrophils is often referred to as a "left shift," as it causes a shift in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils in the blood.

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In RNA-Seq, next-generation sequencing is used to find the order of nucleotides in RNA molecules.

This method involves the conversion of RNA molecules into complementary DNA (cDNA), which is then sequenced using high-throughput technologies. The resulting sequence data can be used to identify and quantify gene expression levels, as well as to detect alternative splicing events and novel RNA transcripts.

RNA-Seq has revolutionized the field of transcriptomics by allowing for the study of gene expression at an unprecedented level of resolution and sensitivity. Unlike microarray-based methods, which are limited by the pre-selected probes included on the array, RNA-Seq is able to detect all expressed transcripts in a sample, including those that may be previously unknown.

The sequencing data generated by RNA-Seq can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to obtain information on transcript abundance, differential expression, and isoform usage.

Overall, RNA-Seq has become an essential tool for transcriptome profiling and has enabled numerous discoveries in the fields of genetics and molecular biology.

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NMDA receptors induce LTP when glutamate stimulates them. The correct option is a.

NMDA receptors are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor found in the central nervous system. They play a key role in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.

When glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, binds to NMDA receptors, the receptor's ion channel opens and allows for the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and the release of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) that were previously blocking the channel. This influx of Ca²⁺ is what triggers the downstream signaling pathways that lead to LTP induction.

The movement of Mg²⁺ is not the only factor necessary for LTP, but it is a critical step in the process. The other answer choices (c and d) are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect. Therefore, the correct option is a.

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One scientific study in your state could be focused on the issue of water pollution. The problem is that water pollution negatively impacts the environment, aquatic life, and human health.

To solve the problem, researchers are conducting a study that includes the following steps:

1.  Identifying the sources of pollution, such as industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage discharge.
2. Monitoring water quality by collecting samples and measuring pollutant levels.
3. Analyzing the data to determine the severity of the pollution and the most affected areas.
4. Developing and implementing strategies to reduce or eliminate the sources of pollution, such as stricter regulations for industries and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
5. Continuously monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies to ensure improvements in water quality.

In this scientific study, the problem is water pollution. Researchers are working to solve it through a combination of monitoring, data analysis, and effective pollution-reduction strategies.

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If the bottom-up model applies in this grassland ecosystem with five trophic levels, releasing additional bobcats would have an indirect effect on plant biomass. Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. The trophic levels are plants (producers), grasshoppers (primary consumers), snakes (secondary consumers), raccoons (tertiary consumers), and bobcats (quaternary consumers).

2. According to the bottom-up model, the productivity and biomass at each trophic level are primarily determined by the availability of resources and energy from the level below.

3. When you release additional bobcats, they will increase the predation pressure on raccoons, causing a decrease in the raccoon population.

4. With fewer raccoons, there will be less predation pressure on snakes, leading to an increase in the snake population.

5. A larger snake population will increase predation on grasshoppers, resulting in a decline in grasshopper numbers.

6. Finally, with fewer grasshoppers consuming plants, plant biomass is likely to increase.

So, in this grassland ecosystem, if the bottom-up model applies, releasing additional bobcats would lead to an increase in plant biomass indirectly through a cascade of effects on the other trophic levels.

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The given statement, The extinction of dinosaurs impacted a small percentage of all the genera of dinosaurs that ever lived is True because the extinction of dinosaurs had a significant impact on the diversity of dinosaurs that ever lived.

While the exact percentage of dinosaur genera affected is unknown, paleontologists have concluded that it was a small portion. This is due to the fact that there were a large number of dinosaur genera that lived for millions of years before the extinction.

Many of these genera had gone extinct long before the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs. Furthermore, it is believed that the extinction event did not affect all dinosaur genera equally. Some genera may have been more resilient to the effects of the extinction event, while others were not so lucky.

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The meninges are a group of three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, including the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

The meninges are an important part of the central nervous system and provide protection to the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges and is composed of tough fibrous tissue.

The arachnoid mater is the middle layer and is thin and delicate.

The pia mater is the innermost layer and is tightly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

The epicardium, on the other hand, is not a meningeal layer. It is a thin layer of tissue that covers the outer surface of the heart and is also known as the visceral pericardium.

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The heapify function in Scheme takes a list of numbers as input and constructs a heap from the numbers in the list. The function then returns the constructed heap.

To implement the heapify function in Scheme, we can follow these steps:

1. Define a helper function called sift-down, which takes three arguments: a list of numbers (heap), the index of the node to sift down (index), and the size of the heap (size). The function compares the value of the node at the given index with its children and swaps it with the larger child if necessary. The function then recursively calls itself on the swapped child until the heap property is satisfied.

2. Initialize a variable called index to be the floor of the size divided by 2.

3. While the index is greater than or equal to 0, call the sift-down function with the heap, the current index, and the size of the heap.

4. Decrement the index by 1 and repeat step 3 until the index is negative.

5. Return the heap as the constructed heap.

Here's the code for the heapify function:

```
(define (heapify numbers)
 (define (sift-down heap index size)
   (let ((left (* 2 index + 1))
         (right (* 2 index + 2)))
     (cond ((and (< left size) (< (list-ref heap left) (list-ref heap index)))
            (let ((temp (list-ref heap left)))
              (list-set! heap left (list-ref heap index))
              (list-set! heap index temp)
              (sift-down heap left size)))
           ((and (< right size) (< (list-ref heap right) (list-ref heap index)))
            (let ((temp (list-ref heap right)))
              (list-set! heap right (list-ref heap index))
              (list-set! heap index temp)
              (sift-down heap right size)))
           (else heap))))

 (let ((size (length numbers)))
   (let ((heap (list-copy numbers)))
     (let ((index (floor (/ size 2))))
       (while (>= index 0)
         (set! heap (sift-down heap index size))
         (set! index (- index 1)))
       heap))))
```

To use the heapify function, we can simply call it with a list of numbers as input:

```
(heapify '(4 10 3 5 1 2 7))
```

This will return the heap represented as a list:

```
(10 5 7 4 1 2 3)
```

Note that the heap property is satisfied, where the parent node is always greater than or equal to its children nodes.

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Bone, or osseous tissue, provides protection for our vital organs through its inorganic ground substance. This substance is made up of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which make up the majority of the tissue.

This gives the tissue its hard, strong, and durable nature that is able to withstand physical pressure and trauma. The inorganic ground substance also forms a barrier that helps protect organs from potential damage, such as pathogens, toxins, and other external sources.

Furthermore, the inorganic ground substance provides structure and support for the body, allowing us to move and stay upright. The inorganic ground substance also helps to store essential minerals that are important for maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and teeth.

Thus, the inorganic ground substance of osseous tissue plays an important role in protecting our vital organs.

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It is important to use a myeloma cell as a fusion partner in producing monoclonal antibodies because it provides a continuous cell line that can be immortalized, allowing for the production of large quantities of monoclonal antibodies.

Myeloma cells are cancerous plasma cells that have lost the ability to produce their own immunoglobulin due to mutations in the genes responsible for this process. By fusing these cells with antibody-producing cells from the immune system, such as B cells, the resulting hybrid cell or hybridoma can produce monoclonal antibodies with specificity for a particular antigen.

If a myeloma cell that still produced its own immunoglobulin was used, it would produce its own antibodies in addition to the monoclonal antibodies, making it difficult to purify and isolate the desired product. Therefore, using a myeloma cell that cannot produce its own immunoglobulin is crucial in the production of pure and specific monoclonal antibodies.

Overall, the use of a myeloma cell as a fusion partner in producing monoclonal antibodies allows for the generation of a continuous cell line that can produce large quantities of pure and specific antibodies, which is important for research and therapeutic applications.

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The frequency of the dominant allele increased and the frequency of the recessive allele decreased. Option A

When an individual's genotype contains at least one copy of the dominant allele, that allele is expressed. In other words, the attribute determined by a dominant allele will manifest in a person's phenotype if they have one or two copies of it.

Only when an individual's genotype contains two copies of a recessive allele will it be manifested. The dominant allele will be expressed and the recessive trait won't show up in a person's phenotype if they only have one copy of a recessive allele.

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With a phenotypic variance of 10 mm, a selection gradient of 0.5, and a narrow-sense heritability of 0.8, the selection differential is 4 mm.

To find the selection differential, we use the formula S = h² * β * σ²(P), where h² is the narrow-sense heritability, β is the selection gradient, and σ²(P) is the phenotypic variance. Plugging in the given values, we get:
S = 0.8 * 0.5 * 10 mM
S = 4 mm
the selection differential for a trait with a phenotypic variance of 10 mm, a selection gradient of 0.5, and a narrow-sense heritability of 0.8 is 6.25 mm.

This measure represents the difference between the mean phenotype of the selected individuals and the mean phenotype of the entire population, and can be calculated using the formula selection differential = selection gradient * (phenotypic variance / narrow-sense heritability).

Summary: With a phenotypic variance of 10 mm, a selection gradient of 0.5, and a narrow-sense heritability of 0.8, the selection differential is 4 mm.

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The total body energy is the sum of energy ingested minus the energy used, plus stored energy.

Here, correct option is D. Stored energy.

In other words, the total body energy is the net energy balance of our bodies. This net energy balance is determined by the energy we consume from our food, the energy we expend in activities such as exercise, and the energy our bodies produce in the form of heat. Our food contains energy in the form of calories.

Our bodies use this energy for all of our activities. When our bodies are at rest, we produce energy in the form of heat, known as resting metabolic rate. In addition, the energy we consume that is not used is stored in the form of fat and glycogen, which can be used later when needed.

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Protoplast technology involves the removal of the cell wall from plant cells, resulting in a membrane-bound cell that can be used for genetic manipulation. The first step would be to isolate protoplasts from strawberry leaves or other tissues.

The protoplasts can then be transfected with the gene of interest, using a method such as electroporation or particle bombardment. Once the gene has been successfully inserted into the protoplasts, they can be induced to regenerate cell walls and form new plants.

The resulting plants should contain the desired gene and exhibit the desired trait of improved freezing tolerance. However, it is important to note that genetic engineering of plants is a complex process that requires careful consideration of ethical, safety, and regulatory issues. Therefore, any research involving genetic engineering should be conducted in accordance with established guidelines and ethical principles.

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The term that describes bacteria that can promote a healthy gut and potentially benefit mental health as part of the gut-brain axis is "psychobiotics". Psychobiotics are live organisms, usually bacteria, that, when ingested in adequate amounts, confer mental health benefits through interactions with the gut microbiome.

These beneficial bacteria produce compounds that can affect neurotransmitter and hormone production, immune function, and brain development. Research has shown that psychobiotics can improve symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, as well as cognitive function and memory. They are often used as a complementary therapy for mental health conditions or as a preventive measure to promote overall wellbeing.

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In a missense mutation, a single amino acid is altered. The correct option is B.

A missense mutation is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide change in DNA results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein. This can result in altered protein structure or function.

Missense mutations are often caused by single nucleotide substitutions, where one nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide, resulting in a different codon and therefore a different amino acid in the protein. This type of mutation can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to mutagenic agents, errors in DNA replication, or natural genetic variation.

Missense mutations can have a wide range of effects, from benign to severe, depending on the location and function of the affected protein. Therefore, in a missense mutation, a single amino acid is altered. The correct option is B.

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In the uvr excision repair system of E. coli, long patch repair replaces up to 12 nucleotides, and a short patch repair replaces up to 5 nucleotides.

In the uvr excision repair system of E. coli, the damaged DNA strand is removed by a nuclease that cuts at the damaged site and a few nucleotides on either side. This generates a gap in the DNA strand, which is then filled by the DNA polymerase. The type of repair pathway used by the system determines the length of the patch that is synthesized to fill the gap. In long patch repair, more than 10 nucleotides are replaced, while in short patch repair, only one or a few nucleotides are replaced. The choice of repair pathway depends on the type and extent of DNA damage, as well as other factors.

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The regions of the chromatin containing numerous, short, tandemly repeated sequences that are located near the centromeres and at the telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes are called constitutive heterochromatin.

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The integral part of cell-to-cell communication among neurons is Action Potential. It involves the propagation of electrical signals along the neuron's membrane and allows for efficient communication between neurons.

A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system. It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, which allows it to communicate with other neurons or target cells.

An action potential is a brief, rapid change in the electrical potential of a neuron's membrane, resulting in the transmission of an electrical signal down the length of the neuron's axon to communicate with other neurons or target cells.

According to the given information:

The integral part of cell to cell communication among neurons is the action potential, which is a brief electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron. This signal is initiated by the opening of voltage-gated ion channels, allowing for an influx of positively charged ions such as sodium and calcium. This triggers a depolarization of the neuron and propagates the signal down the axon to the next neuron or target cell. Hormonal firing and neural combustion are not terms commonly used in neuroscience, while calcium ionic channels are important in modulating the strength and duration of the action potential.
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Damage to the first-order neuron in the right side of the fasciculus gracilis can result in sensory deficits on the left side of the body.

The fasciculus gracilis is a tract in the dorsal column of the spinal cord that carries sensory information from the lower extremities, including touch, pressure, and vibration sensations, to the brain.

The left side of the body is represented by the right side of the brain, and the sensory information from the left side of the body is processed in the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain.

Damage to the first-order neuron in the right side of the fasciculus gracilis can interrupt the transmission of sensory information from the left side of the body to the brain, leading to sensory deficits such as numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the left leg and foot.

Other symptoms may include difficulty with balance and coordination, as the fasciculus gracilis also plays a role in proprioception, or the sense of body position and movement.

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A person has damage in the first order neuron in the right side of the fasciculus gracilis. What are the potential consequences of this damage?

G proteins are a family of proteins that bind guanine nucleotides and are involved in intracellular signaling pathways. They can either stimulate or inhibit downstream enzymes, such as adenylyl cyclase, depending on the specific G protein and its associated pathway.

G proteins are activated by exchanging their bound GDP for GTP, which induces a conformational change and allows the G protein to interact with downstream effectors.

The G protein remains active as long as it is bound to GTP, and is inactivated when it hydrolyzes GTP to GDP. This activity cycle allows G proteins to tightly regulate signaling pathways in response to extracellular stimuli.

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The experimental technique that could be used to test the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees have significantly different patterns of gene expression is hybridization of RNA from various human and chimpanzee tissues to a DNA microarray containing all 21,000 human genes.

DNA microarrays, also known as gene chips, allow researchers to simultaneously measure the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment. In this case, researchers could use a microarray containing all 21,000 human genes to measure the expression levels of those genes in both human and chimpanzee tissues. By comparing the expression levels of each gene between the two species, researchers could identify genes that are expressed at significantly different levels in humans and chimpanzees, providing evidence for differences in gene expression patterns.

Other techniques, such as comparison of human disease alleles to chimpanzee homologs, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human and chimpanzee populations, and comparison of promoter DNA sequences, could provide valuable information about genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees, but they would not directly measure differences in gene expression patterns.

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The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence or absence of membrane-bound organelles.The correct option is B.  

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

Instead, they have a simple, single circular chromosome of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm, along with ribosomes, and other smaller structures. Prokaryotes also have a cell wall, which provides structural support and protects the cell.

In contrast, eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA, surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Additionally, they have a variety of membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, which are responsible for energy production, and lysosomes, which are responsible for cellular digestion.

Eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton, which provides structural support and helps with cell movement.

Overall, the presence or absence of membrane-bound organelles is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The correct answer is B) membrane-bound organelles.

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Hematocrit is the volume fraction of the formed elements in blood. The correct option is a).

Hematocrit is a clinical measurement that expresses the percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the total volume of blood. It is typically measured by centrifuging a blood sample in a hematocrit tube and determining the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of the blood sample.

The remaining volume of the blood sample is made up of plasma and other formed elements, such as white blood cells and platelets. Therefore, hematocrit reflects the volume fraction of the formed elements, specifically red blood cells, in the blood.

A normal hematocrit range varies depending on age, sex, and other factors, but it generally falls between 40-50% for men and 35-45% for women. Hematocrit values that are higher or lower than these ranges may indicate certain medical conditions or disorders. Therefore, the correct option is a).

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Hematocrit is ___ in blood. Group of answer choices

a) The volume fraction of the formed elements

b) The weight fraction of plasma

c) The weight fraction of the formed elements

d) The volume fraction of plasma

The mechanism of microevolution that is acting on the population of pocket mice hit by the viral epidemic is natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time based on their effect on survival and reproductive success.

In this case, the viral epidemic is acting as a selective pressure on the population of pocket mice.

The mice that are most susceptible to the virus will die off, leaving behind only those mice that have some level of resistance or immunity to the virus.

As a result, the frequency of the resistance gene in the population will increase over time.

This is an example of directional selection, where the selection pressure is favoring one extreme of the trait distribution (in this case, resistance to the virus) over the other.

Over time, as the resistant mice reproduce and pass on their resistance genes to their offspring, the population as a whole will become better adapted to the viral epidemic.

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The different prevalence of polydactylism and Tay-Sachs disease in different human populations in the United States is due to differences in the frequency of specific alleles (alternate forms of a gene) within those populations.

Polydactylism is a dominant trait caused by a mutation in the GLI3 gene, and the population with a higher prevalence of this trait likely has a higher frequency of the mutant allele.

In contrast, Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the HEXA gene, and the population with a higher prevalence of this disease likely has a higher frequency of carriers for the disease-causing allele. This difference in allele frequencies is likely due to genetic drift, migration, and/or differences in selective pressures between the populations over time.

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The pneumococcal vaccine to protect against pneumonia and meningitis is made from Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide with a protein is used to generate an immune response.

The pneumococcal vaccine is an effective tool to protect against the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause serious illnesses such as pneumonia and meningitis. This vaccine is made from the capsular polysaccharide of the bacteria combined with a protein, which is used to generate an immune response in the body.

When a person receives the vaccine, the body recognizes the polysaccharide and protein as foreign invaders and works to produce antibodies to fight against them. The antibodies produced will protect the person from becoming infected by the bacteria when exposed in the future.

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