Answer: 60% or 0.60
Explanation:
Sharpe ratio shows the risk adjusted return of an asset and then compares it to a risk-free asset to see if its returns are higher after it has been adjusted for risk.
Formula is:
= (Expected return - Risk free rate) / Standard deviation
= (16% - 4%) / 20%
= 12% / 20%
= 60% or 0.60
At the present time, Water and Power Company (WPC) has 10-year noncallable bonds with a face value of $1,000 that are outstanding. These bonds have a current market price of $1,495.56 per bond, carry a coupon rate of 10%, and distribute annual coupon payments. The company incurs a federal-plus-state tax rate of 25%. If WPC wants to issue new debt, what would be a reasonable estimate for its after-tax cost of debt (rounded to two decimal places)? (Note: Round your YTM rate to two decimal place.)
a. 3.53%
b. 3.38%
c. 2.35%
d. 2.94%
Answer:
d. 2.94%
Explanation:
First, Calculate the Yield to maturity of the bond using the following formula
Use the following formula to calculate the YTM
P = [ C x ( 1 - ( 1 + r )^-n ) / r ] + [ F / ( 1 + r )^n ]
Where
F = Face value = $1,000
P = Price = $1,495.56
C = Coupon payment = Face value x Coupon rate = $1,000 x 10% = $100
n = numbers of periods = Numbers of years to maturity = 10 years
r = YTM = ?
Placing values in the formula
$1,495.56 = [ $100 x ( 1 - ( 1 + r )^-10 ) / r ] + [ $1,000 / ( 1 + r )^10 ]
r = 3.916%
Now calculate the after-tax cost of debt
After-tax cost of debt = YTM x ( 1 - Tax rate )
After-tax cost of debt = 3.916% x ( 1 - 25% )
After-tax cost of debt = 2.937%
After-tax cost of debt = 2.94%
Payne Company provided the following information relevant to its inventory sales and purchases for December 2013 and the first quarter of 2014:
Dec. 2013 Jan. 2014 Feb. 2014 Mar. 2014
(Actual) (Budgeted) (Budgeted) (Budgeted)
Cost of goods sold $80,000 $140,000 $180,000 $120,000
Desired ending inventory levels are 25% of the following month's projected cost of goods sold. The company purchases all inventory on account. January Year 2 budgeted purchases are $180,000. The normal schedule for inventory payments is 60% payment in month of purchase and 40% payment in month following purchase.
Budgeted cash payments for inventory in February 2014 would be: __________
Answer:
$171,000
Explanation:
Purchases in February = ($120,000 * 25%) + ($180,000 -$180,000*25%)
Purchases in February = $30,000 + $135,000
Purchases in February = $165,000
Payment in February = ($180,000 * 40%) + ($165,000 * 60%)
Payment in February = $72,000 + $99,000
Payment in February = $171,000
So, the bdgeted cash payments for inventory in February 2014 will be $171,000.
American Industries' outstanding bonds have a 25-year maturity and $1,000 par value. Their nominal yield to maturity is 9.25%, they pay interest semiannually, and they sell at a price of $850. What is the bond's nominal coupon interest rate
Answer:
7.71%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the bond's nominal coupon interest rate
First step is to determine the PMT using Financial calculator
FV = $1,000
N= 25 × 2 = 50 periods ( semi-annual)
i/y=9.25/2=4.63
PV= - 850
PMT=?
Hence,
PMT=38.55
Second step is to calculate the Annual coupon Payment
Annual coupon Payment =38.55x2
Annual coupon Payement= 77.10
Now let determine the bond's nominal coupon interest rate using this formula
Nominal coupon rate= Annual coupon payment/par value
Let plug in the formula
Nominal coupon rate=77.10/1000
Nominal coupon rate=7.71%
Therefore the bond's nominal coupon interest rate is 7.71%
Assuming the required-reserve ratio is 20%, after a $5 billion purchase of securities (government bonds) from the non-bank public by the Fed, if all banks make loans until excess reserves equal zero and there are no cash leakages, checkable deposits can expand as a result of new lending by a maximum of _____.
Answer: $25 billion
Explanation:
The increase in cash as a result of a deposit into the banking system, no cash leakages and a required-reserve ratio is:
= Deposit into banking system * Money multiplier
Money multiplier = 1 / Required reserve ratio
= 1 / 20%
= 5
Checkable deposit increase:
= 5 billion * 5
= $25 billion
List three ways in which individual debt differs from government debt.
Answer:
Government debt is larger.
Government usually borrows significantly more debt than an individual can because it is to be used to run many more things than an individual would be able to.
Government debt is less risky.
The government is able to fall back on the assets of the entire country as well as print money to be able to pay off debt. There are therefore less chances of the government defaulting so its debt is less risky.
Government debt can keep borrowing even though it is in debt.
There is a certain level of debt that individuals are allowed to have and then credit holders would refuse to give them more. This is not the case for the government which can keep on borrowing even though it already owes a significant amount of debt.
If $4000 is invested at 2% interest, find the value of the investment at the end of 6 years.
An investment of $4000 is deposited into an account in which interest is compounded continuously. Complete the table by filling in the amounts to which the investment grows at the indicated interest rates.
t = 5 years
Rate per year Amount
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Answer:
a. Value of investment at the end of 6 years = $4,504
b. Table Completion:
Rate per year Future Value Factor Amount
1% 1.051 $4,204
2% 1.104 $4,416
3% 1.159 $4,636
4% 1.217 $4,868
5% 1.276 $5,104
6% 1.338 $5,352
Explanation:
Data and Calculations:
Investment = $4,000
Interest rate = 2%
Period of investment = 6 years
Future value factor at 2% for 6 years = 1.126
Value of investment at the end of 6 years = $4,504 ($4,000 * 1.126)
b) Investment = $4,000
Interest rates = from 1% to 6%
Period of investment, t = 5 years
Future value factors are as follows:
Rate per year Future Value Factor Amount
1% 1.051 $4,204 ($4,000 * 1.051)
2% 1.104 $4,416 ($4,000 * 1.104)
3% 1.159 $4,636 ($4,000 * 1.159)
4% 1.217 $4,868 ($4,000 * 1.217)
5% 1.276 $5,104 ($4,000 * 1.276)
6% 1.338 $5,352 ($4,000 * 1.338)
Which of the following statements about inflation is true? A. Inflation is not a problem because it is just another way for the government to collect revenuelong dash an alternative to the income tax or the sales tax. B. Inflation is a tax on spending money. C. Inflation is a tax on holding money. D. Inflation occurs when real GDP grows more rapidly than the quantity of money.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Inflation is a persistent rise in the general price levels
Inflation occurs when quantity of money grows faster than real GDP
Types of inflation
1. demand pull inflation – this occurs when demand exceeds supply. When demand exceeds supply, prices rise
2. cost push inflation – this occurs when the cost of production increases. This leads to a reduction in supply. Higher prices are the resultant effect
Shoe leather cost is when people try to spend money immediately so they would not be holding money for a long time. This is because money loses its value in an inflation.
Because inflation causes money to lose its value, it can be viewed as a form of tax on holding money This is because, tax reduces the amount of money a person has. Also, does inflation reduce the value of money a person has
Xinhong Company is considering replacing one of its manufacturing machines. The machine has a book value of $45,000 and a remaining useful life of 5 years, at which time its salvage value will be zero. It has a current market value of $55,000. Variable manufacturing costs are $33,400 per year for this machine. Information on two alternative replacement machines follows.
Alternative A Alternative B
Cost $ 119,000 $ 112,000
Variable manufacturing costs per year 23,000 10,200
Calculate the total change in net income if Alternative A, B is adopted. Should Xinhong keep or replace its manufacturing machine? If the machine should be replaced, which alternative new machine should Xinhong purchase?
Answer and Explanation:
The computation is shown below;
For Alternative A
Cost to buy new machine -$119,000.00
Cash received $55,000.00
Reduction in variable manufacturing cost ($33400 - $23000) ×5 $52,000.00
Total change in net income -$12,000.00
For Alternative B
Cost to buy new machine -$112,000.00
Cash received $55,000.00
Reduction in variable manufacturing cost ($33400 - $10200) × 5 $116,000.00
Total change in net income $59,000.00
So here Xinhong should purchase a machine that belong from Alternative B.
Watters Umbrella Corp. issued 20-year bonds 2 years ago at a coupon rate of 6.2 percent. The bonds make semiannual payments. If these bonds currently sell for 105 percent of par value, what is the YTM
Answer:
12%
Explanation:
the YTM of the Bond is 12 %
The risk that cannot be diversified away is Group of answer choices unique risk and non-systematic risk. market and non-systematic risk. unique and idiosyncratic risk. systematic risk. firm-specific risk. g
Answer:
firm-specific risk.
Explanation:
Firm-specific risk can be regarded as unsystematic risk tht is associated with a specific investment in a particular firm, and as regards to theory of finance this is completely diversifiable.
Under this risk, It is possible for an investor to lower their risk through increament of the number of investments that they are having in their portfolio. As regards investor,
specific risk can be regarded as hazard which applies to a specific company.
It should be noted that The risk that cannot be diversified away is firm-specific risk.
Fraser Company will need a new warehouse in five years. The warehouse will cost $500,000 to build. Click here to view Exhibit 12B-1 and Exhibit 12B-2, to determine the appropriate discount factor(s) using tables. Required: What lump-sum amount should the company invest now to have the $500,000 available at the end of the five-year period? Assume that the company can invest money at: (
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Future value (FV)= $500,000
Number of periods= 5 years
We were not provided with an interest rate, I will assume an interest rate of 7% compounded annually.
To calculate the initial investment, we need to use the following formula:
PV= FV / (1 + i)^n
PV= 500,000 / (1.07^5)
PV= $356,493.1
Assume that consumers' incomes and the number of sellers in the market for good A (a normal good) both decrease. Based upon this information we can conclude, with certainty, that equilibrium:
Answer:
Quantity will Increase
Explanation:
As we know that when market is in equilibrium so the demand curve should be intersected the supply curve. At the time when there is an increase in suppliers so supply curve shift rightward due to which the consumer income would increase and this result in more demand. So the demand could be shift in rightward
So here the price should be the same but the quantity is increased
Last year Ace charged $1,469,867 Depreciation on the Income Statement of Andrews. If early this year Ace purchased a new depreciable asset, the effect on Andrews's financial statements would be (all other items remaining equal):
Answer:
Increase Net Cash from operations
Explanation:
Note that the purchase of another depreciable asset means that annual depreciation expense would increase( increase on the old asset which is $1,469,867 plus the depreciation on newly acquired asset), hence, assuming that net income remains the same as last year(the meaning of all other items remaining equal), when the amount of increased depreciation is added back to the net income in the cash flow statement, the amount of net cash flow from operations would increase compared to last year.
In essence, the correct option in this case is that there would be an increase in net cash from operations not just an increase in amount of asset in the balance sheet
A firm's total output is 1500 units. The same firm's average variable cost is equal to $5 while its average fixed cost is equal to $15. How much is the firm's total cost of production
Answer:
$30,000
Explanation:
Total cost of production = Total unit cost x units produced
hence,
Total cost of production = ($5 + $15) x 1500 units
= $30,000
The firm's total cost of production is $30,000
For each of the regions, use the midpoint method to identify whether the supply of this good is elastic or inelastic. Region Elastic Inelastic Between W and X Between Y and Z True or False: For high levels of quantity supplied where firms have reached near maximum capacity, supply becomes less elastic because firms may need to invest in additional capital in order to increase production further.
Answer:
a-1. Elasticity of supply between W and X is elastic.
a-1. elasticity of supply between Y and Z is inelastic.
b. The statement is true.
Explanation:
Note: This question is not complete. The complete question is therefore provided before answering the question. See the attached pdf file for the complete question.
The explanation of the answers is now provided as follows:
a. For each of the regions, use the midpoint method to identify whether the supply of this good is elastic or inelastic.
The midpoint formula is as follows:
Elasticity of supply = ((Q2 - Q1)/ (Q2 + Q1) /2) / ((P2 - P1) / (P1 + P2) /2) ……… (1)
Using equation (1), we have:
a-1. Between W and X
Q2 = 25
Q1 = 10
P2 = 20
P1 = 15
Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:
Elasticity of supply between W and X = ((25 - 10)/ (25 + 10) /2) / ((20 - 15) / (15 + 20) /2) = 3
Since 3 which is the calculated elasticity of supply between W and X is greater than 1, this implies that elasticity of supply between W and X is elastic.
a-2. Between Y and Z
Q2 = 90
Q1 = 80
P2 = 180
P1 = 90
Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:
Elasticity of supply between Y and Z = ((90 - 80)/ (90 + 80) /2) / ((180 - 90) / (180 + 90) /2) = 0.18
Since 0.18 which is the calculated elasticity of supply between Y and Z is less than 1, this implies that elasticity of supply between Y and Z is inelastic.
b. True or False: For high levels of quantity supplied where firms have reached near maximum capacity, supply becomes less elastic because firms may need to invest in additional capital in order to increase production further.
This statement is true.
This is because, from part a above, it can be observed that elasticity of supply between W and X when quantity is low is elastic but the elasticity of supply between Y and Z when the quantity is high is inelastic. Therefore, it is true that for high levels of quantity supplied where firms have reached near maximum capacity, supply becomes less elastic because firms may need to invest in additional capital in order to increase production further.
What is the net effect on a firm's working capital if a new project requires: $41,375 increase in inventory, $35,370 increase in accounts receivable, $35,000.00 increase in machinery, and a $44,016 increase in accounts payable
Answer: $32,729
Explanation:
Net working capital for a period is the current assets of the company less the current liabilities.
Change in Net Working capital is:
= Increase in inventory + Increase in accounts receivable - Increase in Accounts payable
= 41,375 + 35,370 - 44,016
= $32,729
William's Co. is considering spending $15,000 at Time 0 to test a new product. Depending on the test results, the firm may decide to spend $58,000 at Time 1 to start production of the product. If the product is introduced and it is successful, it will produce aftertax cash flows of $45,000 a year for Years 2 through 4. The probability of successful test and investment is 62 percent. What is the net present value at Time 0 given a 14 percent discount rate
Answer:
$10,275.03
Explanation:
Years 0 1 2 3 4
Cash flow -15000 -58000 45000 45000 45000
Successful chance result (62%) -9300 -35960 27900 27900 27900
Considered cash flow -15000 -35960 27900 27900 27900
Discount factor (14%) 1 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592
Present value -15000 (31,543.86) 21,468.14 18,831.71 16,519.04
Net present value = -$15000 - $31,543.86 + 21,468.14 + 18,831.71 + 16,519.04
Net present value = $10,275.03
A trademark is a device that can take almost any form as long as it is capable of identifying and distinguishing specific products or services. Owens-corning fiberglas corporation's trademark is an example of a poduct that is protected by:__________
a. combination of letters and designs.
b. product shape.
c. picture.
d. logo.
e. color.
Answer:
E)color
Explanation:
Trademark can be regarded as one of intellectual property, it can be explained as recognizable insignia, symbol as well as phrase and word, which denotes a particular product and it's one that legally differentiates that particular Product from all other products of its kind. A trademark can also be regarded as one that exclusively identifies a product and allow the consumer to know specific company it belongs to and also allows them to know company that have the ownership of the brand.
It should be noted that trademark is a device that can take almost any form as long as it is capable of identifying and distinguishing specific products or services.
For instance Owens-corning fiberglas corporation's trademark is an example of a poduct that is protected by logo.
In a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, a class of creditors is considered to have accepted the bankruptcy plan when: Group of answer choices two-thirds of the class in dollar amount agree. at least 51 percent of the class in number agree. at least 90 percent of the members of the class agree. at least 51 percent of the class in dollar amount and two-thirds of the class in number agree. one-half of the class in number and two-thirds of the class in dollar amount agree.
Answer:
In a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, a class of creditors is considered to have accepted the bankruptcy plan when:
one-half of the class in number and two-thirds of the class in dollar amount agree.
Explanation:
In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the business assets are liquidated to pay the creditors. In a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the business assets are not liquidated. Instead, the business is refinanced as the assets and debts are reorganized, making it possible for the continued existence of the business. This is the reason the agreement of the creditors are usually paramount in the decision to undergo a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, unlike a Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
At February 1, 2022, the balance in Wildhorse Co. supplies account was $3780. During February Wildhorse purchased supplies of $3240 and used supplies of $4320. At the end of February, the balance in the Supplies account should be
Answer: $2,700
Explanation:
The balance in Supplies account at the end of February can be calculated using the formula:
= Beginning balance + Supplies purchased in the month - Supplies used in the month
= 3,780 + 3,240 - 4,320
= $2,700
Which of the following is a component of the talent acquisition function of HR management?
Group of answer choices
Recruiting
Training
Career planning
Orientation
Answer:
Recruiting
Explanation:
Recruitment is the process of hiring individuals in an organization to accomplish the tasks assigned. It is the process carried by the Human Resource Management in an organization. The HR management is responsible to organize and manage the human talents and recruit them respectively. The talent are recognized by the team and are hired to meet the goals of the organization.
n investment project has annual cash inflows of $4,000, $4,900, $6,100, and $5,300, for the next four years, respectively. The discount rate is 13 percent. a. What is the discounted payback period for these cash flows if the initial cost is $6,700
Answer:
the answer is 11,000
Explanation:
Preparing Adjusting Entries in a Worksheet
Following is the unadjusted trial balance of Skylar Gaming, Inc. at the end of its first year of operations, December 31, 20x7:
Account Name DR. CR.
Cash $71,550
Accounts Receivable $25,200
Supplies $550
Prepaid Insurance $12,000
Equipment $31,750
Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment $4,050
Accounts Payable $6,700
Salaries Payable $0
Unearned Revenue $2,200
Common Stock $45,700
Retained Earnings $23,850
Dividends $3,500
Revenue $80,750
Depreciation Expense-Equipment $2,000
Salaries Expense $4,750
Insurance Expense $3,100
Rent Expense $4,200
Supplies Expense $2,500
Utilities Expense $2,150
$163,250 $163,250
The following additional information is available:
Skylar Gaming, Inc. needs to accrue $2,000 in salaries that will not be paid until next month.
Skylar Gaming, Inc. has earned $2,000 of the services that were paid for in advance as included in the unearned revenue account.
At the end of the period, Skylar Gaming, Inc. has provided services in the amount of $500 to another customer (John Gartner). However, Skylar has not billed them yet since they only issue bills at the beginning of each month.
Skylar Gaming, Inc. needs to record the annual $1,025 of depreciation on the equipment.
One month of the 12-month insurance policy in prepaid insurance has been used up, and a journal entry is needed to reflect this.
At the end of the period, $125 in supplies are remaining.
Required:
Prepare all necessary adjusting entries at December 31, 20x7 Descriptions are not needed.
Using the below linked template prepare an adjusted trial balance at December 31, 20x7.
Using a worksheet template, prepare an income statement, statement of retained earnings, and a balance sheet.
Prepare closing entries including descriptions.
Answer:
Salaries Expense (Dr.) $2,000
Salaries Payable (Cr.) $2,000
Unearned revenue (Dr.) $2,000
Revenue (Cr.) $2,000
Accounts Receivable (Dr.) $500
Revenue (Cr.) $500
Depreciation expense (Dr.) $1,025
Accumulated Depreciation (Cr.) $1,025
Insurance Expense (Dr.) $1,000
Prepaid insurance (Cr.) $1,000
Supplies Expense (Dr.) $425
Office supplies (Cr.) $425
Explanation:
Adjusting entries are prepared for Skylar Gaming Inc., for the transactions that are already recorded. These transaction are adjusted for the change in effects at the month end. Skylar Gaming has prepared all necessary adjusting entries to reflect true accounting impact of every transaction.
An educational institution has total direct labor and material costs of $1964 per student. Its fixed costs are $352,800. Total revenues for the year were $1,800,000. It had 800 students in the past year. How many students should they accept in the next year to break even assuming the variable cost margins are equal to this year, and assuming fixed costs are to increase by $19,000 due to increased rent for expansion? (round to the nearest whole number).
Answer:
1300 students
Explanation:
The computation of the no of students to be accepted for break even is given below:
Fixed cost is
= $352,800 + $19,000
= $371,800
Revenue per student is
= $1,800,000 ÷ 800
= 2250
And,
Variable cost per student = 1964
So,
Contribution margin = Revenue - Variable cost
= $2,250 - $1,964
= $286
Break even point is
= Fixed cost ÷ Contribution margin per unit
= 371800÷ 286
= 1300 students
julie has just retired. Her company’s retirement program has two options as to how retirement benefits can be received. Under the first option, Julie would receive a lump sum of $127,000 immediately as her full retirement benefit. Under the second option, she would receive $14,000 each year for 10 years plus a lump-sum payment of $53,000 at the end of the 10-year period. Click here to view Exhibit 12B-1 and Exhibit 12B-2, to determine the appropriate discount factor(s) using tables. Required: 1-a. Calculate the present value for the following assuming that the money can be invested at 11%. 1-b. If she can invest money at 11%, which option would you recommend that she accept
Answer:
a. i. Present value of first option = $127,000
ii. Present value of second option:
= Present value of $14,000 annuity + Present value of $53,000 lump sum.
Present value of annuity:
= Annuity * Present value interest factor of annuity, 11%, 10 years
= 14,000 * 5.8892
= $82,448.80
Present value of lump sum:
= 53,000 / ( 1 + 11%)¹⁰
= $18,665.77
Present value of second option = 82,448.80 + 18,665.77
= $101,114.57
b. She should take the first option. It has a larger present value.
An investment offers $6,700 per year for 15 years, with the first payment occurring one year from now. a. If the required return is 6 percent, what is the value of the investment today
Answer: $65070
Explanation:
Based on the information given in the question, the value of the investment today will be:
= amount × pvaf , 1/(1+ rate )^t
= 6700 × pvaf (1/1+6%) ^15
= 6700 × pvaf (1/1.06)^15
= 6700 × 9.712
= $65070
Therefore, the value of the investment today is $65070
If the percentage increase in price is 15 percent and the value of the price elasticity of demand is -3, then quantity demanded?
a. Will increase by 45 per cent
b. Will increase by 5 per cent
c. Will decrease by 45 per cent
d. Will decrease by 5 per cent
Answer:
what is the question and where areu from
The weekly total cost of baking pies at Tasty Tortes is given by TC = 0.01 Q 1.5. Tasty’s marginal cost of producing 10,000 pies a week is:
Answer: $1.50
Explanation:
TC = 0.01Q⁰.⁵
You get marginal cost when you differentiate the total cost.
MC = dTC / dQ
= 1.5 * 0.01 * Q¹.⁵ ⁻ ¹
= 0.015 * Q⁰.⁵
When Q is 10,000, the marginal cost is:
= 0.015 * 10,000⁰.⁵
= $1.50
An outside supplier offers to provide Epsilon with all the units it needs at $64.50 per unit. If Epsilon buys from the supplier, the company will still incur 40% of its overhead. Epsilon should choose to:
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
The above is an incomplete question. However, the beginning part from similar question is
Epsilon co. Can produce a unit of product for the following costs. Direct material Direct labor overhead total cost per unit
$8.20 $24.20 $41 $73.40
Calculation to determine what Epsilon should choose
Relevant costs to make = $8.2 + $24.20 + [$41 × (100% - 40%)]
Relevant costs to make = $8.2 + $24.20 + ($41 × 60%)
Relevant costs to make = $8.2 + $24.20 + $24.6
Relevant costs to make = $57
Therefore, Epsilon should choose to:
Make since the relevant cost to make it is $57
Indicate weather the following transactions will be included in that is, directly increase the GDP of the United Sextes.
Treetopplers, a U.S. lumber company, produces wood at a plant in Oregon on September 19, 2020. It sells the wood to Buildit and Partners, a developer, for use in the production of a new house that will be built in the United States in 2020. (Note: Focus exclusively on whether production of the wood increases GDP directly, and ignore the effect of production of the new house on GDP.) An accountant starts a client's 2020 tax return on April 14, 2021, finishing it just before midnight on April 15, 2021.
Answer:
Treetopplers, a U.S. lumber company, produces wood at a plant in Oregon on September 19, 2020. It sells the wood to Buildit and Partners, a developer, for use in the production of a new house that will be built in the United States in 2020. - it will not be included
An accountant starts a client's 2020 tax return on April 14, 2021, finishing it just before midnight on April 15, 2021. - excluded
Explanation:
Gross domestic product is the total sum of final goods and services produced in an economy within a given period which is usually a year
GDP calculated using the expenditure approach = Consumption spending by households + Investment spending by businesses + Government spending + Net export
Consumption spending includes spending by households on goods and services. Consumption spending includes :
spending on durables - e.g. laptop
spending on nondurables - e.g. clothes, food
spending on services - e.g. payment of hospital bill
the purchase of a textbook by a student is an example of consumption spending on durable goods
Investment - It includes purchases of goods and services made by businesses in the production of goods and services
the airplane purchased by the airline would be used to provide services for airline customers. Also, the packing boxes bought by Amazon would be used in delivering goods to customers
Government spending - It includes government consumption expenditure and gross investment. The purchase of a new limousine for the president is an example of consumption expenditure
Items not included in the calculation off GDP includes:
1. services not rendered to oneself
2. Activities not reported to the government
3. illegal activities
4. sale or purchase of used products
5. sale or purchase of intermediate products
The wood sold is an intermediate good and would not be included in the GDP
The tax returns would be included in 2021s GDP and not in 2020