The role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle are:
Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to make carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis is a natural process performed by autotrophs, including plants
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and certain microorganisms transform carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen using energy from the sun. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the plant's leaves throughout the process and turned into chemical energy. This energy is utilised to mix carbon dioxide and water, resulting in the formation of glucose and other organic compounds. The created oxygen is discharged into the atmosphere. The plant uses glucose as its energy source, and any surplus is stored as starches or other organic compounds. When the plant respires, the carbon dioxide collected from the atmosphere is released back into the atmosphere.
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for each of these genes, give the genotype that would be homozygous dominant (hd), heterozygous (he), and homozygous recessive (hr).
Without knowing which genes you are referring to, it is impossible to provide the specific genotypes for homozygous dominant (hd), heterozygous (he), and homozygous recessive (hr).
What is genotypes?I can, however, explain these concepts generally and how they apply to genetic inheritance.
A person receives two copies of each gene, one from each parent, according to genetics. These duplicates may be of the same allele (homozygous) or a different allele (heterozygous). A gene's unique form, or allele, can result in various variations of a trait.
A person who has two copies of the same dominant allele is said to be homozygous dominant (hd). The recessive allele is concealed by the dominant allele, which is expressed in the phenotype, or the individual's observable traits.
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otosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 2
in the Item Bank are some key terms and expressions associated with the categories seen in the Venn Diagram. To find out more i
Lick on them. Drag and drop each item onto the proper area of the diagram. If an item describes more than one category, be sure to
ITEM BANK:
The features of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are given below:
Only producers/autotrophs - photosynthesisReactants are carbon dioxide and water - photosynthesisProducts are carbon dioxide and water - cellular respirationReactants are glucose and oxygen - cellular respirationProducts are glucose and oxygen. - photosynthesisWhat is the difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process plants and algae make food from carbon dioxide and water using the energy of the sunlight.
Cellular respiration is the process food molecules are broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which are turned into energy.
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Favored individuals will generally have ______ surviving offspring than those who are not favored. This is referred to as ______.
Favored individuals will generally have more surviving offspring than those who are not favored. This is referred to as natural selection.
Natural selection is a concept which was given by the naturalist Charles Darwin according to which only the organisms which possess characteristics or traits which give them a survival advantage are passed on to the next generation and only these species survive. The individuals which do not possess such traits which gives them a survival advantage do not survive.
Such an individual who possesses favorable traits also have more number of offspring which are able to survive as compared to those individuals who do not possess such traits.
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Show how the alleles for tall plant height and short plant height are segregated from each other during gamete formation.Tall pea plant Short pea plantTT ttGamatess ................ .......................
During gamete formation, the alleles for tall plant height and short plant height segregate from each other through a process known as meiosis. This process involves the division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, each containing only one copy of each chromosome.
Let's use the example of a cross between a homozygous tall pea plant (TT) and a homozygous short pea plant (tt). The Punnett square for this cross would be:
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
All of the resulting F1 plants would be heterozygous tall (Tt). During the formation of gametes, the two alleles (T and t) segregate from each other and end up in separate haploid cells. This occurs during the first division of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes (each containing one allele of each gene) pair up and then separate, with each resulting daughter cell receiving only one chromosome from each pair. In the case of our example, the Tt plant would produce two types of gametes, each containing only one allele: T or t. These gametes would then combine with gametes from another plant (in a subsequent generation), resulting in the expression of the dominant trait (tall) in the offspring if at least one of the parents has a dominant allele.
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Which of the following describes the portion of the total energy cost of exercise that must be supplied through anaerobic mechanisms due to the slow response of the aerobic system to the initial increase in the demand for energy?
a. oxygen debt b. recovery O2 c. oxygen deficit d. EPOC
The fraction of the overall energy cost of the exercise which must be provided by anaerobic mechanisms is known as the oxygen deficit. Hence option 'c' is correct.
What is a deficiency in oxygen?The total of the minute discrepancies between the detected oxygen uptake & the oxygen uptake happening throughout steady flow work at a certain rate was used to define the oxygen deficit.
What symptoms and indicators indicate an oxygen deficit?You may experience headache, disorientation, or restlessness if your blood oxygen level drops below a specific point. Common cause of hypoxemia include the following: Anemia. 'ARDS' (Acute respiratory distress syndrome) A pulse oximeter enables you to monitor your oxygen levels at home.
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a. why are stresses or impacts to the side of the shaft in a long bone more dangerous than stress applied to the long axis of the shaft
The long axis of the shaft, which is parallel to the osteons and does not bend when forces are applied to either end, is rigid. A fracture can occur as a result of stresses or impacts to the shaft's side.
The presence of trabeculae, which are tiny bone plates aligned with the potential stress imposed, supports the long bone. As they thicken towards the core, the flexible plates distribute the pressure evenly throughout the bone to contain it.
Similar to a stress reaction is a deep bone bruise brought on by trauma or overuse. Stress injuries can be classified into two groups based on when they occur: early (stress reaction) and late (stress fracture). Untreated stress reactions can lead to stress fractures.
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Tascha is on medication that increases the pH if the stomach and make it alkaline. What is the effect of this medication
Answer:
A. The medication hampers bile production.
Explanation:
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02.03 Guided Notes: Muscle Contraction
Page 1: Muscle Contraction
KT = Key Terms; FQ = Focus Question; VR = Video Reflection
KT: Jot down terms and definitions that are new to you. You will see them used in the lesson.
Page 2: Muscle Contractions Create Movement
VR: What important information did you learn about from this video?
Page 3: Sliding Filament Theory
KT: muscle fascicles, muscle fibers
FQ: What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
VR1: What important information did you learn about from this video?
VR2: What important information did you learn about from this video?
How do muscle fascicles and muscle fibers differ from one another?
Page 4: Chemistry of Muscle Contraction
KT: myofibrils, sarcomeres, myofilaments, actin, myosin
FQ: Can you explain what happens in each step of a sliding filament muscle contraction?
Page 5: Sliding Filament Theory (Continued)
KT: ions, tropomyosin, troponin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, cross-bridge
VR: What important information did you learn about from this video?
Fill in the blanks below, replacing the "?" with the correct answer.
1. When the muscle cell is in a ? , the two strands are not in contact with one another.
2. When your nerves send a message to your muscles, these two protein strands reach out and touch one another. The movement that occurs gives us the name ? .
3. In addition to actin and myosin, your muscles also need ? to provide energy to fuel the sliding movement that occurs when the muscle contracts.
4. Proteins can change shapes when they come into contact with charged particles called ? .
5. When a muscle is at rest, there are two tiny proteins called ? and ? that are wrapped around the actin.
6. There are also ? molecules stuck to each one of the ? heads when the muscle is in a relaxed state.
7. It is the ? , ? , and ? which keep the myosin heads from extending and attaching to the protected actin strand.
8. During periods of rest, the muscle builds up an abundance of ? ions that will be used when it is time for the muscle to contract. The cell gets these ions through the calcium pumps of the ? , which is wrapped around each sarcomere.
9. When the muscle receives a signal from the nerves around it, the signal travels down the cells membrane in folds called ? .
10. When the signal reaches the SR, the calcium pumps ? wide and the ? ions begin to flow.
11. Calcium ions bind to the troponin. This causes the troponin to shape and ? around the actin, which moves the tropomyosin out of the way leaving binding sites exposed.
12. With the binding sites open, the myosin heads ? and ? to the actin.
13. This attachment is called a ? . The contact causes the myosin heads to bend toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the overall length. We call this sarcomere shortening a ? .
14. When there is no longer a nerve stimulus, the calcium ions ? back inside the SR, an ATP molecule ? the head of the myosin, and the troponin and tropomyosin return to their resting positions.
15. It is the energy that is released by the ATP molecule on the myosin head that fuels muscle ? .
Sample Question:
If a sarcomere's troponin molecules are damaged, what will most likely happen?
a) The sarcomere will break down.
b) The sarcomere will not be able to contract.
c) The sarcomere will have uncontrolled muscle contractions.
d) The sarcomere will die.
A sarcomere's troponin molecules are damaged, the sarcomere will have uncontrolled muscle contractions is most likely happen.
What is molecules?
The number of atoms that make up a molecule might vary. Pillows, sheets, and mattress toppers are now part of Molecule's growing line of sleep essentials. To give sleepers a cool, supportive surface, the Molecule AirTEC Mattress Topper blends three layers of open-cell memory foam, AirTEC foam, and polyfoam.
What is muscle?
Both people and animals have muscles, which are soft tissues. Actin and myosin protein filaments that slide past one another make up the muscle cells in muscles. This motion causes contraction and modifies the length and shape of the cell.
Therefore, A sarcomere's troponin molecules are damaged, the sarcomere will have uncontrolled muscle contractions is most likely happen.
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charismatic, cute, and cuddly flagship species may be used to promote a human connection to an environmental issue, but what are the disadvantage
Disadvantages includes that flag ship species often wastes resources and does not benefit broader biodiversity.
Conservation strategies are dependent on the charismatic flagship species, such as tigers, lions, and elephants, they helps in successfully attracting the funding raise from the corporate donors. While generally their utilization has an error and also limitations. They can change the management and conservation priorities, which may cause conflicts. And the donors may face loss when the species is lost .
Advantage of flagship species like pandas and elephants they can help in generating large revenue for the institutions where they are kept. The revenue helps in the protection and sustainability of species.
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Which bone do tear ducts pass through?
when nitrates or ammonium ions from the soil are converted into nitrogen compounds needed by plant cells, this is called .
The name of this process is nitrification. Plants may absorb substances from soils like nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and ammonium, which are subsequently utilised to create proteins in both plants and animals.
How is ammonia transformed into nitrate and then nitrogen gas?The nitrogen cycle involves a process known as nitrification, which transforms all ammonium ions or ammonia into nitrates. The nitrogen cycle is completed when nitrates are transformed back into atmospheric nitrogen during denitrification. Some microorganisms also participate in this process.
Which three primary methods are used to fix nitrogen in soil?Nitrogen can be fixed by the atmosphere, the Haber Process, or biological activities. Nitrogen gas is split by lightning's high temperature, which then interacts with oxygen or moisture in the air to generate nitrates, which eventually drop to the ground in rain.
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on january 15, jones consulting services issued a check for $3,000 to prepay rent for february and march. this transaction would be recorded with which of the following entries?
A. DEBIT $3,000 IN ADVANCED RENTAL B. CREDIT $3,000 IN CASH
Even if the customer receives the final payment, a business is regarded to have earned $2,000 in services.
The sum is recorded by the business as receivable accounts, which is listed as a current asset on the balance sheet. A thorough record of all a company's financial transactions is kept in an accounting journal. As the first place when transactions are recorded, it is sometimes referred to as the ledger of original entry.Even if the customer receives the final payment, a business is regarded to have earned $2,000 in services. It will be overstated in cash. Accounts payable would be debited and cash would be credited in the entry to record the settlement of an accounts payable.
(On Jan 15, Jones Consulting Services issued a check for $3,000 to repay rent for February and March. This transaction would be recorded with which of the following enteries?
A. DEBIT PREPAID RENT FOR $3,000
B. CREDIT CASH FOR $3,000
C. CREDIT RENT EXPENSE FOR $3,000
D. DEBIT CASH FOR $3,000
E. DEBIT RENT EXPENSE FOR $3,000
F. CREDIT PREPAID RENT FOR $3,000)
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What is defined as the number of children the average couple says they want to have?
Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Answer choices
desired fertility rate
actual fertility rate
total fertility rate
replacement fertility
Desired fertility rate defined as the number of children the average couple says they want to have
What is desired fertility rate?Fertility desire was the study's main finding. The urge for future children as expressed by married or cohabiting people at the time of the interview was characterized as this. Initially, when asked if they had any biological children, all of the respondents gave a positive answer.
The numerator divided by the denominator for each age group is used to produce the age-specific desired fertility rates (ASFWRs), which are then multiplied by 1000. The ASWFRs are an annual rate per 1000 women that represent the average rate over the preceding 36 months.
Therefore, option A is correct.
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Which of the following findings by early researchers is most true according to the basic principles of modern genetics?a. mother and father do not contribute to the genetic makeup of the childb. the father is more dominant contribute to the genetic makeup of a childc. the mother is more dominant in contributing to the genetic makeup of a childd. The mother and father contribute equally to the genetic makeup of a child
The correct answer is option D. The mother and father contribute equally to the genetic makeup of a child according to modern genetics principles.
According to basic principles of modern genetics while some aspects of growth may be greatly influenced by biology, other factors, such as the environment, may also play a substantial role. The timing of puberty, for instance, is significantly influenced by genetics, but environmental factors like nutrition can also be important. The interaction of a child's environment and genetics shapes their personality from the moment of birth. Even though the genetic instructions their parents pass on to them may give a road map for development, the environment can influence how a child's genetic instructions are expressed, moulded, or even inhibited.
The proper question is:
Which of the following findings by early researchers is most true according to the basic principles of modern genetics?
a. mother and father do not contribute to the genetic makeup of the child
b. the father is more dominant and contributes to the genetic makeup of a child
c. the mother is more dominant in contributing to the genetic makeup of a child
d. The mother and father contribute equally to the genetic makeup of a child
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Which of the following statements regarding Anfinsen's denaturing experiments with ribonuclease A are valid?1) Exposing the denatured protein to air oxidation and then dialysis to remove urea restored the protein to its original functionality.2) Removing urea by dialysis and then allowing air oxidation of the denatured protein restored the protein to its original functionality.3) Denaturing the protein with both urea and β-mercaptoethanol yielded an inactive protein.4) Protein folding is determined by its primary sequence.Statements 1, 2, and 4 are valid.Statements 1, 2, and 4 are valid.Only statements 2, 3, and 4 are valid.All of the listed statements are valid
Regarding Anfinsen's denaturing experiments with ribonuclease A, the statements A, B, and D are true.
Anfinsen discovered that the protein became inactive after being denaturized with urea and -mercaptoethanol.
The denatured protein was brought back to its original state by being subjected to air oxidation after urea was removed via dialysis.
In his opinion, the primary sequence of a protein controls how it folds.
'A' is untrue. Anfinsen first removed the urea, after which he let the enzyme solution gradually reoxidize in the air.
After pyrimidine residues, RNase A efficiently catalyzes the cleavage of the RNA P-O5' bond. This enzyme has been the focus of seminal studies in the fields of enzymology, protein folding, stability, and chemistry, as well as molecular evolution.
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all organisms use ____ to fuel growth and to sustain homeostasis, which is a process that maintains internal constancy.
All organisms use Energy to fuel growth and to sustain homeostasis, which is a process that maintains internal constancy.
For chemical energy, organisms primarily employ two types of molecules: glucose and ATP. Both compounds are used as fuels by all living things. Both chemicals are also important in the photosynthesis process. All life functions are powered by the stored energy in food.
Food is made up of organic molecules that serve as fuel and building material for all living things. Food molecule breakdown allows cells to store energy and carry out the various operations of the cell, and hence the entire organism. Secreted proteins and tiny molecules, which frequently operate as signals, govern homeostasis in an organism or colony of single celled organisms. The cell's homeostasis is maintained by control and the flow of resources and energy.
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What is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment that outline the rights and wrongs of human conduct and character? Type the answer in the textbox below.
Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment that outline the rights and wrongs of human conduct and character.
What is ethics?The study of ethics, often known as moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and endorsing conceptions of good and bad action. Normative, meta and practical ethics are the traditional divisions of ethics. Ethics is a creation of the human mind, it is not a natural science.
Thus, the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment that outline the rights and wrongs of human conduct and character is called ethics.
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page 134 5.4 the nucleoid and bacterial cell division complete the following passage about bacterial dna.
Membrane proteins have many functions. Which of the following cell functions are linked to membrane proteins?
- detect and respond to the environment
- secrete virulence factors
- maintain an electrical gradient
- attach to surfaces
- regulate homeostasis
All of the options are correct. Membrane proteins detect and respond to the environment, secrete virulence factors, maintain an electrical gradient, attach to surfaces and regulate homeostasis.
Membrane protein – what is it?Membrane protein is the protein molecule which is joined to or connected to an organelle's or cell's membrane. Depending on the way the protein is connected to the membrane, membrane proteins can divided into two categories. Integral membrane proteins are embedded permanently there in plasma membrane.
What is the membrane protein's structure?The most fluid, mobile region of the lipid bilayer is in the middle of a membrane, where a ring of densely packed headgroups on either side of the membrane comes into touch with the membrane protein in its natural environment.
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Imagine what you would want to tell the patient if you were their doctor, chromosomal difference present
A doctor can alert to another about chromosome abnormalities regarding the chromosomal features of a patient.
What are chromosomal abnormalities in a patient?The expression of chromosomal abnormalities in a patient makes reference to certain phenomena associated with the inheritance of abnormal chromosomes in the somatic cell of an individual such as the presence of an extra chromosome which is called trisomy.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that chromosomal abnormalities in a patient may be associated with the presence and or absence of extra chromosomes and it may lead to different problems in health.
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Suppose you are given a mixture of bacterial cells that have been lysed to release their contents into distilled water. You analyzed this mixture of cell contents and water and obtained the following results: Test Test result Benedict's test Positive IKI test PositiveBiuret test PostiveSudan red test Negative What types of molecules were present in the cells?Could other types of molecules have been present in the cells? Explain your answer in one sentence.
Based on positive results for Benedict's, IKI, and Biuret tests, it is likely that cells contained reducing sugars, starch, and proteins, respectively, while negative result for Sudan red test indicates absence of lipids; other types of molecules such as nucleic acids could also have been present.
What is Benedict's test?Benedict's test is chemical test that can be used to check for presence of reducing sugars in given analyte. Therefore, simple carbohydrates containing free ketone or aldehyde functional group can be identified with this particular test.
Benedict's reagent is the chemical reagent and complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.
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Which coordinates identify a location south of a city that has a latitude of 42.0°N and a longitude of 36.0°W
answer choices: 25.0°N and 36.0°W
45.0°N and 35.0°W
42.0°N and 32.0°W
0.0° and 0.0°
The coordinates that identify a location south of a city that has a latitude of 42.0°N and a longitude of 36.0°W is 25.0°N and 36.0°W
What is a coordinate?A coordinate is a set of numbers or values that locates a point on a map, chart, or globe. Coordinates are used to specify the position of an object or location in relation to a reference system or a set of reference points.
A latitude of 42.0°N means the city is located 42.0 degrees north of the equator. A longitude of 36.0°W means the city is located 36.0 degrees west of the prime meridian.
To identify a location south of this city, we need to look for a latitude that is less than 42.0°N.
Therefore, The only option with a latitude less than 42.0°N is 25.0°N and 36.0°W. Therefore, the coordinates 25.0°N and 36.0°W identify a location south of a city that has a latitude of 42.0°N and a longitude of 36.0°W.
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Which of the following hormones is released from the liver in response to increased levels of growth hormone?
a. Cortisol
b. Thyroid hormone
c. Somatostatin
d. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
The hormone that is released from the liver in response to increased levels of growth hormone is the Insulin-like growth factor (IGF). So, option d. is the correct option.
Considerably IGF is secreted by the liver and is transported to different tissues, acting as an endocrine hormone. Insulin-like growth factors or IGFs are peptide hormones secreted from numerous diverse cells. Their identification as "insulin-like" derived from experiments in which the remedy of serum with antibodies to insulin failed to eradicate all insulin activity; the remaining activity was eventually ascribed to the IGFs. There are two prevalent IGFs referred to as IGF-1 and IGF-2.
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Which of the following membrane types is often lined by simple epithelium that performs absorptive or secretory functions?a. Mucous membranesb. A serous membranec. Synovial membrane
The membrane type that is often lined by simple epithelium that performs absorptive or secretory functions is A) Mucous membranes.
Mucous membranes, also known as mucosae, line various cavities and structures in the body that open to the exterior, such as the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts. They are composed of a layer of simple epithelium, which can be specialized for absorption, secretion, or both. For example, the lining of the small intestine contains numerous microvilli, which increase its surface area and aid in the absorption of nutrients. In addition to the epithelial layer, mucous membranes also contain a layer of connective tissue known as the lamina propria, which supports the epithelium and contains blood vessels, nerves, and immune cells. Mucous membranes secrete mucus, which helps to lubricate and protect the epithelium, and also play a role in the body's defense against infection.
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dna replicates then is translated into rna which is the in to proteins that then assist in dna replication so the cell cycles to support self replication
Pre-mRNA transcripts are created during transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase (green), which uses DNA as a template (pink). The pre-mRNA gets transformed into a mature mRNA molecule.
In which can then be translated to produce the protein molecule (polypeptide) that the original gene intended. Transcription and translation are the processes by which DNA is converted into RNA and used to make proteins, respectively. Gene expression begins with transcription.
To create an RNA molecule, the DNA sequence of a gene must be copied. RNA polymerases, which join nucleotides to create an RNA strand, carry out transcription (using a DNA strand as a template). A group of proteins help in the unwinding of DNA to prepare it for replication.
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Correct Question:
Explain about Dna replicates then is translated into rna What is the there in to proteins that then assist in dna replication so the cell cycles to support self replication.
the cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the
The cell found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates the immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is called the dendritic cell.
Cytokines are the membrane bound proteins that are required for the control of growth and activities of the immune system cells. They also are involved in controlling the inflammation inside the body. The various types of cytokines secreted inside the body are: chemokines, interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), lymphokines, etc.
Dendritic cells are the immune cells that act as the antigen-presenting cells inside the body. They are called dendritic due to the dendrite like structures emerging out from them.
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Sexual spores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei. They then go through meiosis to form spores. Spores are which of the following?
A. thermophile.
B. halophile.
C. basophile.
D. acidophile.
E. hydrophile.
None of the choices are acceptable based on the condition stated in the question for the spores.
Describe meiosis.Meiosis, a type of cell division that occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually causes the number of chromosomes in "gametes" to decrease. Body (or somatic) cells in humans are diploid, meaning they have two chromosome sets (one (1) from each parent).
What makes meiosis so crucial?Meiosis is the process by which gametes, or sex cells, that are required for sexual reproduction, are produced. It disables the sporophytic info while activating the genetic info for the production of sex cells. By halving the same, it keeps the chromosomal count constant.
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on a t-v diagram, the point where the saturated vapor line and saturated liquid line meet is called the
on a t-v diagram, the point where the saturated vapor line and saturated liquid line meet is called the saturation state or saturation point.
The saturated state, also known as the saturation state or saturation point, is the location on a T-v (temperature-specific volume) diagram where the saturated vapour and liquid lines meet.
A substance is in thermal equilibrium at this time, meaning there hasn't been any net phase transition between its liquid and vapour phases. The saturation pressure and temperature are known as the saturation pressure and saturation temperature, respectively, and these represent the substance's distinguishing characteristics.
The start or termination of a phase change occurs at a saturation state. The saturated liquid line, for instance, indicates the point at which any more energy will cause a small amount of the liquid to turn into vapour. Similar to this, any energy reduction along the saturated vapour line will result in some of the vapour condensing back into a liquid, creating a mixture. It is usual to refer to a substance as being at its boiling point when it crosses the saturated liquid line. The critical point is the location at the very top of the dome. The saturated liquid and saturated vapour lines intersect here. Beyond this, a liquid-to-vapor change is not conceivable.
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Genetic Pedigree Questions Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed. Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. 1. The genotypes of Matthew and Jane are best represented as Matthew Jane (A) Аа (B) АА Аа ga aa Αα (D) (E) da аа Аа Aa 2. The probability that Matthew and Jane's first child will be an achondroplastic dwarf is (A) 0% (B) 25% (C) 50% D) 75% (E) 100% 3. If three children are born to Matthew and Jane, what are the chances that the first two children will not express the trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf? (A) 5/8 (B) 4/8 (C) 3/8 (D) 1/8 (E) 1/16
(1) The genotypes of Matthew and Jane for Achondroplastic dwarfism will be aa nd Aa respectively; (2) The probability that their first child will be an achondroplastic dwarf is 50%; (3) The chances that the first two children will not express the trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf will be 1/8.
Since Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant trait and homozygotes are lethal, therefore people with not trait will be homozygous recessive (aa) and people with dwarfism will he heterozygous (Aa).
Probability provides the raw idea about the genetic composition of the future offspring through a mating. For a cross between the genotype aa and Aa, there will be 50% chances of genotype Aa and 50% chances of genotype aa for the offspring. Similarly, chances of first two children not expressing the trait will be 1/2 and the third child expressing dwarfism will also be 1/2. Multiplying all these probabilities (1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2) gives the results 1/8.
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Explain the role of each of the following:
Promotor:
RNA Polymerase:
Termination Signal:
DNA Template:
The role of each of the following is explained below. All the steps described are of the process of genetic transcription.
What is transcription?The process of formation of messenger RNA from the template of DNA inside a cell is called genetic transcription. There are certain important substances that play an important role in this process, which are described below:
Promotor: It is the region where the beginning of transcription take place, where the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to the DNA of the gene and begins the process.RNA Polymerase: Enzymes called RNA polymerases convert DNA into RNA. Base pairing is how RNA polymerase creates a new RNA molecule from a DNA template.Termination Signal: It is the signal where the process of transcription terminates or stops.DNA Template: It is the template DNA molecule which is the source of RNA, as the formation of RNA takes place from it.Hence, transcription is a very important process which takes place in the organisms through which mRNA is produced and further it codes for the formation of protein.
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As you study a cell under a microscope, you observe a nucleus and a large vacuole. What features would
you look for to decide what type of eukaryotic cell this is?
a. cell membrane and vesicles
b. cell wall and chloroplasts
smooth E.R. and rough E.R.
d. lysosomes and mitochondria
The features of eukaryotic cells are cell membrane and vesicles.
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotic cells are defined as cells containing organized nucleus and organelles which are enveloped by membrane-bound organelles. Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, protists, fungi. Their genetic material is organized in chromosomes.
In addition to the nucleus, eukaryotic cells may contain several other types of organelles, which may include mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. The cell has mitochondria. Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs in a eukaryotic cell. A cell wall is the outermost layer of the eukaryotic cells.
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