Scottish physician and chemist William Cullen introduced bonding brackets and affinity arrows to enable chemists to pictorially represent affinity reactions, and develop chemical reaction equations.
What did William Cullen introduce?William Cullen was a Scottish physician and chemist who lived from 1710 to 1790. He made significant contributions to the field of chemistry, including the development of the theory of "affinity," which helped explain chemical reactions.
Cullen's ideas were important precursors to the modern understanding of chemical bonding and reactions. His use of arrows to represent affinity is similar to the modern use of arrows to represent electron movement in chemical reactions. His use of brackets to represent the structure of molecules is also similar to modern notation.
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in a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the and is where in the salt bridge moves toward. a) cathode, anions b) cathode, cations c) anode; anions d) anode, cations e) salt bridge, both cations and anions
In a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and is where cations in the salt bridge moves toward. The correct answer is d) anode, cations.
A voltaic (galvanic) cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through a spontaneous redox reaction. In this cell, there are two half-cells, each containing an electrode (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte solution.
The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, meaning that it is where electrons are lost. The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs, meaning that it is where electrons are gained.
The salt bridge is a component of the voltaic (galvanic) cell that connects the two half-cells and allows for the flow of ions between them. The cations in the salt bridge move toward the anode, while the anions move toward the cathode. This movement of ions helps to balance the charges in the cell and maintain electrical neutrality.
Therefore, the correct answer is d) anode, cations.
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Calculate the
Number of particles in
5.5g of Mr. 6 gram of molecular [0₂],
89 of 0,
10, [maganaté is [59], Fe=56 s =32, oxygen = 16 using avogadro’s number
6.02 x 10²3.
According to Avogadro's number, there are 2.07×10²³ particles in 5.5 g of molecular oxygen.
What is Avogadro's number?Avogadro's number is defined as a proportionality factor which relates number of constituent particles with the amount of substance which is present in the sample.
It has a SI unit of reciprocal mole whose numeric value is expressed in reciprocal mole which is a dimensionless number and is called as Avogadro's constant.It relates the volume of a substance with it's average volume occupied by one of it's particles .
Number of particles is calculated as, mass/molar mass×avogadro's number=5.5/16×6.023×10²³=2.070×10²³ particles.
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Why does the pressure of a gas increase when the temperature of the gas is increased? Select all that apply. Choose one or more: A. The increase in temperature causes more collisions of the gas particles with the walls. B. As the temperature of the gas increases, the gas particles increase in size causing a higher pressure. O C. The average kinetic energy of the gas increases as the temperature increases, causing more energetic collisions with the walls. D. As the temperature of the gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases causing the pressure to increase.
The pressure of a gas increases when the temperature of the gas is increased because of two main reasons:
A. The increase in temperature causes more collisions of the gas particles with the walls, and
C. The average kinetic energy of the gas increases as the temperature increases, causing more energetic collisions with the walls.
As the temperature of a gas increases, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles also increases. This causes the gas particles to move faster and collide with the walls of the container more frequently and with greater force. These more frequent and energetic collisions result in an increase in the pressure of the gas.
It is important to note that option B is not correct because the size of the gas particles does not increase as the temperature increases. Option D is also not correct because the volume of the gas does not decrease as the temperature increases unless the gas is in a closed container and the pressure is kept constant.
In conclusion, the pressure of a gas increases when the temperature of the gas is increased due to an increase in the frequency and energy of the gas particle collisions with the walls of the container.
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which of the following compounds dissovled in water would exhibit hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent
CH3OH and NH3 would exhibit hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent.
Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen atoms in a molecule are attracted to electronegative atoms in another molecule. In water the electronegative oxygen atoms are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with molecules that contain hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.
CH3OH (methanol) and NH3 (ammonia) both contain hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms: allowing them to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. H2, CO2 and NaCl do not contain hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms and therefore cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
This question should be provided as:
Which of the following compounds dissolved in water would exhibit hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent?
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assuming that the octet rule is obeyed, write out the electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg
The electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg is 1s²2s²2p⁶ by assuming that the octet rule is obeyed. Therefore, option A is correct.
What is octet rule ?The octet rule refers to atoms' preference for having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms with fewer than eight electrons are more likely to react and form more stable compounds.
The Mg atom will achieve an octet by losing its two outermost electrons and thus gaining 2+ charges, according to the octet rule. Because Mg belongs to the alkali metal group, it will lose electrons rather than gain them.
We know that when an atom completes its octet., electrons in its valence shell, it becomes stable. Now, electrons must be given out in magnesium ion valence to complete its octet.
Thus, The electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg is 1s²2s²2p⁶. Option A is correct.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was
assuming that the octet rule is obeyed, write out the electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg
A. 1s²2s²2p⁶
B. 1s²2s²2p²
C. 1s²2s²2p₅
D. 1s²2s²2p¹
It is desired to produce 9.26 grams of iron(III) chloride by the following reaction. If the percent yield of iron(III) chloride is 80.1 %, how many grams of iron would need to be reacted?
It is desired to produce 9.26 grams of iron(III) chloride by the following reaction. If the percent yield of iron(III) chloride is 80.1 %, 4.16g of iron would need to be reacted.
What is mass?A body's mass is an inherent quality. Before the discovery of the atom as well as particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter inside a physical body.
It was discovered that, despite having the same quantity of matter in theory, various atoms and elementary particles had varied masses.
theoretical yield =9.26/80.1 =13.85g
4Fe + 3Cl[tex]_2[/tex] →2 FeCl[tex]_3[/tex]
moles of FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] =13.85/159.69=0.08 mol
2 mole of FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] produce from 3 moles of iron
1 mole of Fe[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] produce from 3/2 moles of iron
0.08 mole of FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] produce from (3/2)×0.08 =0.13 moles of iron
mass of iron =0.13×52=4.16g
Therefore, 4.16g of iron would need to be reacted.
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Consider the reaction:
NaNO2(aq) + H2NSO3H(s) → NaHSO4(aq) + N2(g) + H2O(l)
If you start with 1.627 g of H2NSO3H and an excess amount of NaNO2,
how many moles of N2 will be produced?
Nitrogen is indeed a nonmetal as well as the lightest member of Periodic Table. 0.016mol of N[tex]_2[/tex] will be produced.
What is nitrogen?Nitrogen has the chemical symbol N and the atomic number 7. Nitrogen is indeed a nonmetal as well as the lightest member of Periodic Table Group 15, often known as the pnictogens. This is a common element inside the cosmos, with an estimated total abundance of sixth in the Milky Way.
NaNO[tex]_2[/tex](aq) + H[tex]_2[/tex]NSO[tex]_3[/tex]H(s) → NaHSO[tex]_4[/tex](aq) + N[tex]_2[/tex](g) + H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l)
moles of H[tex]_2[/tex]NSO[tex]_3[/tex]H = 1.627 /97.09=0.016mol
the mole ratio between H[tex]_2[/tex]NSO[tex]_3[/tex]H and N[tex]_2[/tex] is 1:1
moles of N[tex]_2[/tex] =0.016mol
Therefore, 0.016mol of N[tex]_2[/tex] will be produced.
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The normal partial pressure differences between inspired air and alveolar gas for O2, CO2, H2O. and N2 can be explained because _____.
A) net movement of CO2 and N2 towards the alveoli and H2O movements towards the alveoli as respiratory water
B) net movements of CO2 towards the alveoli, O2 towards the alveoli, and H2O is added along the respiratory tract
C) net movements of CO2 , O2 and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries
D) net movements of CO2 towards the alveoli with net movements of O2 and H2O into the capillaries
The normal net movements of CO2, O2, and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries can be used to explain the partial pressure differences between inspired air and alveolar gas for O2, CO2, H2O, and N2.
What is meant by normal partial pressure?A shift in equilibrium's position results in a decrease in partial pressure when the partial pressure of any of the gaseous reactants or products is raised. This is typically accomplished by favoring the reaction in which the amount of gaseous components per mole decreases.
Numerous gases, including O2 and CO2, are found in air. During inspiration, the air becomes more humid as air is inhaled. H2O is injected into the respiratory tract as the air passes through it.
Alveoli are approached by the oxygenated air that has been inspired. It shifts from a greater partial pressure of oxygen to a lower partial pressure of oxygen. The blood in the capillaries is where it travels once it reaches the alveoli. The gas flows toward the alveoli, where it is evacuated by expiration, after being expelled from the blood that has a high CO2 content.
Net movements of CO2 towards alveoli, O2 towards alveoli, and H2O is supplied throughout the respiratory tract.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C) net movements of CO2 , O2 and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries.
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An organic liquid is a mixture of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH). A 0.220-g sample of the liquid is burned in an excess of O2(g) and yields 0.338 g CO2(g) (carbon dioxide).
What is the mass percentage of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, in the solution?
An organic liquid is a mixture of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH). A 0.220-g sample of the liquid is burned in an excess of O2(g) and yields 0.338 g CO2(g) (carbon dioxide). The mass percentage of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, in the solution is 0.0641 g.
What is mass percent ?The term mass percent of a solution is defined as the ratio of the mass of solute that is present in a solution, relative to the mass of the solution.
Molar mass of CH₃OH is 32.04 g/mol
Molar mass of C₂H₅OH is 46.07 g/mol
Molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol
M(CH₃OH)+ M(C₂H₅OH) = 0.220
Mass of CO₂ produced from M grams of CH₃OH
= 1.374 M
Mass of carbon dioxide is 1.374 M + 1.911 E
= 0.386
Thus, the calculation are
1.374 M + 1.911 (0.220 - M) = 0.386
1.374 M + 0.4204 - 1.911 M = 0.386
- 0.537 M = - 0.0344
M = 0.0344 / 0.537
= 0.0641 g
Thus, the mass percentage of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, in the solution is 0.0641 g.
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A reaction has a rate constant of 3.76 x 10-6 s-¹ at 362 K and a rate constant of 4.36 x 10² s¹ at 541 K. What is the
activation energy for the reaction based on the Arrhenius equation?
assuming that a neutron star has the same density as a neutron, calculate the mass (in kg ) of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm . g
Assuming the same density as a neutron, the mass of a small piece of a neutron star the would be approximately 3.35 kg.
The radius of the pebble, r = 0.20 mm = 0.20 × 10^-3.
The volume of the pebble can be calculated using the formula for the volume of a sphere:
[tex]V = \dfrac{4}{3}\pi r^3[/tex]
Substituting the given value of r, we get:
[tex]V = \dfrac{4}{3}\pi (0.20 \times 10^{-3})^3 = 3.35 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3[/tex]
The density of a neutron is approximately, 1.0 × 10^17 kg/m^3.
So, the mass of the pebble can be calculated as:
M = ρV
[tex]= (1.0 \times 10^{17} \text{ kg/m}^3) \times (3.35 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3)[/tex]
M = = 3.35 kg
The mass of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm would be approximately 3.35 kg.
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--The complete question is, Assuming that a neutron star has the same density as a neutron, calculate the mass (in kg ) of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm.--
Classify each of the following solutions as an unsaturated, a saturated, or supersaturated solution. ____a solution in which additional solute falls to the bottom of the container without a decrease in size ____a solution in which adding solute produces large amounts of crystals ____a solution that can dissolve additional solute without a change in temperature.
Answer Bank : a. saturated b. unsaturated c. supersaturated
Answer:
Explanation:
Saturated
Supersaturated
unsaturated
which of the following pairs are miscible. which of the following pairs are miscible. water and ethyl acetate water and ethanol all of these are immiscible water and dichloromethane
The pair which are miscible liquids are the correct option is water and the ethanol.
The Miscible liquids are the liquids that are dissolve in the each other and will form the homogeneous mixture and the immiscible liquids are the liquids in which the liquids that will not mix well in the each other. The Alcohol and the water are the miscible liquids and the oil and the water are the immiscible pair of the liquids.
Therefore, the water and the ethanol are the miscible liquids as they both are dissolve in each other of the other and will forms the homogeneous mixture.
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nutrients dissolved in water are carried to upper parts of plants by tiny tubes partly because of the capillary effect. determine how high the water solution will rise in a tree in a 0.005-mm-diameter tube as a result of the capillary effect. treat the solution as water at
the capillary action, the tops of plants are supported by little tubes. In a tube with a diameter of 0.005 mm and a height of 70.8 m, a water solution will rise due to the capillary effect.
Given,
tube diameter ,D= 0.005 mm
contact angle, Ф=20°
density of water ,ρ=998.21 kg/m³
the surface tension of water at 20° C,σ[tex]_{s}[/tex]=0.073 N/m
radius of capillary tube ,R=D/2
R=0.005/2
= 0.0025 mm
R=2×10⁻⁶ m
capillary raise is given by
h=(2σ[tex]_{s}[/tex]/PgR)cosФ
=(2(0.073 N/m)/(998.21 kg/m³)(9.81m/s²)(2×10⁻⁶m))cos20°
h=70.8m
∴The capillary rise is h=70.8m
Capillary effect, also known as capillary action or wicking, is the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in narrow spaces due to the interaction between the liquid and the surface of the container it is in. The height that the liquid can rise is dependent on the diameter of the tube or material it is in, the properties of the liquid, and the properties of the container. Capillary action is important in many natural and technological processes, such as plant water uptake, inkjet printing, and the functioning of some medical devices.
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How to find the mole ratio of H3PO4 to H2O
The mole ratio of one reactant to the other can be determined from the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. Here, the ratio of H₃PO₄ to water is 1 : 3.
What is mole ratio ?The mole ratio of a reactant in a reaction is the ratio of its number of moles needed for the reaction to the number of moles of other reactant. The balanced chemical equation of a reaction represents the prefect stoichiometry of all the reactants and products.
The reaction between phosphoric acid and water can be written as follows:
[tex]\rm H_{3}PO_{4} + 3 H_{2}O \rightarrow PO_{4}^{-} + 3H_{3}O^{+}[/tex]
As per this balanced reaction, one mole of phosphoric acid requires 3 moles of water for complete reaction. The reaction gives one mole of phosphate ion and 3 moles of hydronium ions.
Therefore, the mole ratio of H₃PO₄ to H₂O is 1: 3.
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Calculate the following to four significant figures: (a) the percent composition of ammonia, NH3 (b) the percent composition of photographic fixer solution (“hypo”), Na2S2O3 (c) the percent of calcium ion in Ca3(PO4)2
The percent composition of ammonia, sodium thiosulfate,calcium are 82.35%,29.09%,38.68% respectively.
What is the percent composition?The Percent composition is defined as a convenient way to record concentration of solution.It is a expression which relates element to compound as,mass of element/mass of compound ×100.It is useful in elemental analysis of a compound.
percent composition of ammonia- 14/17×100=82.35%
percent composition of sodium thiosulfate -46/158.11×100=29.09%
percent composition of calcium in calcium phosphate- 120/310.18×100=38.68%.
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pure cyclohexane has a normal freezing point of 6.6 c. calculate the freezing point (in c) expected for the solution in question 5
The freezing point of the solution can be obtained from ΔT = K x molality
How do you calculate the freezing point of a solution?The question is incomplete but I can see that you want to learn how to calculate the freezing point of a solution and I would help you out with that.
The freezing point of a solution can be calculated using the freezing point depression equation. This equation takes into account the fact that the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent due to the presence of solute molecules.
The equation is as follows:
ΔT = K x molality
where:
ΔT is the change in freezing point (in degrees Celsius)
K is the freezing point depression constant for the solvent (in units of degrees Celsius per mol per kilogram)
molality is the concentration of the solute in the solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
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which image shows stomata?
Answer:
The first imageExplanation:
Stomata are composed of a pair of specialized epidermal cells referred to as guard cells. its found in tree leaves and needles that help promote plant growth and exchange carbon dioxide and water with the surrounding environment.12. A gas at STP occupies 13.4 L of space.
a. How many mole is in this volume of gas?
b. Determine the number of molecules in this volume of gas.
Answer:
0.556 moles of gas in this volume
there are approximately 3.35 x 10^23 molecules in this volume of gas.
Explanation:
Given:
Volume of gas (V) = 13.4 L
Standard temperature (T) = 273 K
Standard pressure (P) = 1 atm
a. To determine the number of moles of gas in this volume, we can use the ideal gas law equation:
PV = nRT
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.
At STP, we know that the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273 K. The gas constant R is 0.08206 L atm/mol K.
Plugging in the values, we get:
(1 atm) (13.4 L) = n (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (273 K)
Solving for n, we get:
n = (1 atm * 13.4 L) / (0.08206 L atm/mol K * 273 K) = 0.556 mol
Therefore, there are 0.556 moles of gas in this volume.
b. To determine the number of molecules in this volume of gas, we can use Avogadro's number, which tells us the number of molecules in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mol.
Multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's number, we get:
0.556 mol * (6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mol) = 3.35 x 10^23 molecules
Therefore, there are approximately 3.35 x 10^23 molecules in this volume of gas.
5. A red maple tree has leaves with three main points that are an average of 3 inches long. It blooms with small pink flowers in the spring. The tree reproduces by creating winged seeds that can be blown through the air during the summer and fall. Before the winter, the leaves turn red and fall off of the tree as the days grow shorter. What determines these traits of the red maple tree? A. the impact of animal species that use the maple tree for food and shelter B. the instructions on chromosomes inside the cells of the maple tree C. the limitations imposed on the maple tree by resources such as nutrients and water D) the energy produced during photosynthesis by the chloroplasts in the cells of the maple tree
Answer:
GIVE IT NOWWWW
Explanation:
Which of the following transitions represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy?
A) n = 2 to n = 1
B) n = 3 to n = 1
C) n = 6 to n = 3
D) n = 1 to n = 4
E) n = 2 to n = 3
Energy Tr
The transition that represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy is B) n = 3 to n = 1.
The energy of a photon is determined by the difference in energy levels between the initial and final states. The greater the difference in energy levels, the greater the energy of the photon.
In this case, the transition from n = 3 to n = 1 has the largest difference in energy levels, and therefore represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy.
It is important to note that the energy levels in an atom are not evenly spaced. The energy levels get closer together as n increases, meaning that the difference in energy between n = 6 and n = 3 is smaller than the difference in energy between n = 3 and n = 1.
In conclusion, the transition that represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy is B) n = 3 to n = 1.
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a water solution contains zn2 , ag , and al3 . which of the following compounds should be added to the solution to selectively remove the ag out of the solution, but not the other ions?
Only CuS will precipitate despite the solubility products of ZnS and CuS being 3 × 10⁻²² and 8 × 10³⁶, respectively.
What is meant by Hydrogen sulfide?A chemical substance having the formula H 2S is hydrogen sulfide. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas that is toxic, caustic, and combustible. Trace concentrations of it in the ambient air have the distinct odor of rotten eggs.
The Occupational Health and Safety Administration reports that H2S is one of the main factors contributing to workplace gas inhalation fatalities in the United States.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that between 2001 and 2010, hydrogen sulfide gas caused 60 worker fatalities.
Hydrogen sulfide, also known as H2S, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp, is a colorless gas that, in small quantities, has a strong rotten-egg odor. It is highly poisonous and highly flammable.
So, in a solution, only CuS will precipitate.
[CuS] = [Cu⁺² [ S⁻²] = 0.01 x 9.2 x 10⁻²² = 9.2 ₓ 10-⁻²⁴ > Ksp
[ZnS] = [Zn⁺² [ S⁻²] = 0.01 x 10⁻²² x 9.2 = 9.2 ₓ 10-⁻²⁴ < Ksp
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The complete question is:
A solution contains 0.01 M Zn²⁺ and 0.01 M Cu²⁺ ions. It is saturated by passing H2 S gas in the solution. The S²⁻ ion concentration is 9.2 * 10^-22 M. The solubility products of ZnS and CuS are 3 * 10⁻²² and 8 * 10^-36 respectively. Which of the following is true?
A sample of zinc (Zn) metal with a mass of 36 grams reacts with 20. grams of hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolved in water. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and hydrogen gas are produced.
Consider this concept now with regard to a chemical process, the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine to yield hydrogen chloride: H2(s) + Cl2(g) ⟶ 2HCl(g).
What is chlorine made from?Most chlorine is manufactured electrolytically by the diaphragm, membrane, or mercury cell process. In each process, a salt solution (sodium or potassium chloride) is electrolyzed by the action of direct electric current which converts chloride ions to elemental chlorine.
Where is chlorine found?Chlorine can be found in abundance in both the Earth's crust and in ocean water. In the ocean, chlorine is found as part of the compound sodium chloride (NaCl), also known as table salt. In the Earth's crust, the most common minerals containing chlorine include halite (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite (KCl).
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Rank the given compounds based on their relative Bronsted acidities. strongest Bronsted acid H - NH2 H - CH3 H - Cl H - F weakest Bronsted acid H - SH
given compounds based on their relative Bronsted acidities are: H - F < H - Cl < H - NH2 < H - CH3 < H - SH
What is Bronsted acidities?
Bronsted acidities is a common concept in chemistry which describes the ability of an acid to donate a proton (H+) to a base. This is based on the Bronsted-Lowry Theory which states that an acid is a substance that donates a proton and a base is a substance that accepts a proton. Acids are typically characterized by their acidity constants, which measure the amount of acidity in a solution. Bronsted acidities can range from very weak (like citric acid) to very strong (like hydrochloric acid). Bronsted acidities can be measured in terms of pH, which is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration.
Therefore, given compounds based on their relative Bronsted acidities are: H - F < H - Cl < H - NH2 < H - CH3 < H - SH
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Calculate the current flowing into a desktop computer plugged into a 120-V outlet if the power used is 180 W.
If a desktop computer uses 180 W of power when plugged into a 120-V socket, 1.5 A of current is flowing into the device.
To calculate the current flowing into a desktop computer plugged into a 120-V outlet, we can use the formula:
Current (I) = Power (P) / Voltage (V)
here:
Current is measured in amperes (A)
Power is measured in watts (W)
Voltage is measured in volts (V)
So, for a desktop computer that uses 180 W and is plugged into a 120-V outlet, the current flowing into the computer would be:
I = P / V
= 180 W / 120 V
= 1.5 A
Therefore, the current flowing into the desktop computer is 1.5 amperes.
Note: It's important to ensure that the electrical outlet and the computer's power supply can handle the amount of current being drawn by the computer to avoid overloading the circuit and causing damage.
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Which of the following forms an ion that has a radius that is larger than the neutral atom?
I. K
II. Ag
III. S
O ll only
O both I and II
O I only
O both II and III
O Ill only
The correct answer is option III - S.
How to determine the ion that has a larger radius than the neutral atom ?Ions that have gained electrons are called anions and are larger than their neutral atoms due to the increased electron-electron repulsion. Ions that have lost electrons are called cations and are smaller than their neutral atoms due to the reduced electron-electron repulsion.
Out of the three given elements:
K (potassium) loses one electron to form a cation with a +1 charge. Since it loses an electron, it has a smaller radius than the neutral atom, not a larger radius.Ag (silver) loses one electron to form a cation with a +1 charge. Similar to K, it also has a smaller radius than the neutral atom.S (sulfur) gains two electrons to form an anion with a -2 charge. Since it gains electrons, it has a larger radius than the neutral atom.Therefore, the correct answer is option III - S.
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The heart pumps blood at an average rate of 5 L/min. The gauge pressure on the venous (intake) side is 0 mm Hg and that on the arterial (discharge) side is 100 mm Hg. Energy is supplied to the heart as heat released by the absorption of oxygen in the cardiac muscles: 5 mL (STP)O2/min is absorbed, and 20.2 J is released per mL of O2 absorbed. Part of this absorbed energy is converted to flow work (the work done to pump blood through the circulatory system), and the balance is lost as heat transferred to the tissues surrounding the heart.
(a). Simplify Equation 7.4-12 for this system, assuming (among other things) that there is no change in internal energy from inlet to outlet.
(b). What percentage of the heat input to the heart (Q˙in) is converted to flow work? (The answer may be thought of as the efficiency of the heart as a pump.)
Only a very small percentage of the heat input to the heart is converted to flow work. The majority of the energy is lost as heat transferred to the tissues surrounding the heart.
How to calculate the heat input?
(a) For this system, we can simplify Equation 7.4-12 as follows:
ΔH = Δ(P/ρ) + Δ(V^2/2) + gΔ(z) + Q
where:
ΔH is the change in enthalpy
Δ(P/ρ) is the change in pressure energy
Δ(V^2/2) is the change in kinetic energy
gΔ(z) is the change in potential energy
Q is the heat added to the system
Since there is no change in internal energy from inlet to outlet, we can assume that the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is equal to the work done by the heart (W):
W = Δ(P/ρ) + Δ(V^2/2) + gΔ(z) + Q
(b) We can find the percentage of the heat input to the heart (Q˙in) that is converted to flow work (the efficiency of the heart as a pump) by calculating the ratio of flow work to heat input:
Efficiency = (flow work / heat input) x 100%
To calculate the flow work, we can use the equation:
W_flow = Δ(P/ρ) x Q
where Δ(P/ρ) is the pressure difference across the heart and Q is the volumetric flow rate of blood.
Δ(P/ρ) = (100 - 0) mm Hg / (13.6 x 1000) kg/m^3 = 7.35 x 10^-6 Pa
Q = 5 x 10^-3 m^3/min = 8.33 x 10^-5 m^3/s
W_flow = (7.35 x 10^-6 Pa) x (8.33 x 10^-5 m^3/s) = 6.13 x 10^-10 J/s
To calculate the heat input, we can use the equation:
Q_in = (5 mL/min) x (20.2 J/mL) = 101 J/min = 1.68 J/s
Therefore, the efficiency of the heart as a pump is:
Efficiency = (W_flow / Q_in) x 100%
Efficiency = (6.13 x 10^-10 J/s / 1.68 J/s) x 100% = 0.0365%
Only a very small percentage of the heat input to the heart is converted to flow work. The majority of the energy is lost as heat transferred to the tissues surrounding the heart.
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H2 gas and N2 gas were placed in a rigid vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium in the presence of a catalyst according to the following equation. 3 H2(g) + N.(g) + 2 NH,(g) The diagram below shows how the concentrations of H, N. and NH, in this system changed over time N Concentration NA Time N Concentration NH 0 10.5 Time Tim 17 12 3. H2 gas and N2 gas were placed in a rigid vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium in the presence of a catalyst according to the following equation. 3 H2(g) +N (g) = 2 NH,(g) The diagram below shows how the concentrations of H2 , N, , and NH, in this system changed over time
In the given system, the concentrations of H2, N2, and NH3 would change over time as the system approaches equilibrium, with the rates of the forward and reverse reactions becoming equal at equilibrium. The specific concentrations of H2,
In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products, and the reaction can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions. At some point, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal, and the system reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium.
At equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant over time.The specific concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium depend on the equilibrium constant (K), which is a measure of the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium.
If the initial concentrations of the reactants are known, the concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium can be calculated using the equilibrium constant.
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Which line represents the motion of the cathode ray in an electric field?
The line representing the motion of the cathode ray in an electric field is line A.
option C.
What is cathode ray
Cathode rays are streams of electrons that are emitted from the negatively charged electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube. They were first discovered by British physicist J.J. Thomson in the late 19th century.
Cathode rays are produced when a voltage is applied across two electrodes in a vacuum tube, and the cathode is heated. The electrons are then accelerated towards the anode, or positively charged electrode, and collide with gas molecules in the tube. These collisions produce a visible stream of electrons that can be seen using fluorescent materials.
Cathode rays have played an important role in the development of electronics, particularly in the early years of television and computer displays. The first television sets used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) to display images, and cathode ray oscilloscopes are still used today in electronics and engineering applications.
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What is the reaction order at each temperature? The following data were obtained for the decomposi- tion of nitrogen dioxide. 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) O2 (g) Pressure of NO2 (torr) Time (s) 310K 315 K 0 24.0 24.1 18.1 15.22 13.7 9.7 3 10.3 6.1 4 7.8 3.9 5 5.9 2.56 4.5 1.6 7 3.4 1.0 8 2.6 0.6 9 1.9 0.4 10 1.5 0.3 Select one or more a. Reaction order at 310 K: 0 b. Reaction order at 310 K: 1 c. Reaction order at 310 K: 2 d. Reaction order at 315 K: 0 e. Reaction order at 315 K: 1 f Reaction order at 315 K: 2
Ea = 7.7289*104 J/mol ≈ 7.73*104 J/mol is the correct answer. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur. It is measured in units of J/mol or KJ/mol and is visualized as a barrier that the reactant molecules must overcome to form products.
What is Activation energy ?Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. It is the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactant molecules and form new bonds in the product molecules. The activation energy is usually denoted as Ea and is measured in units of joules per mole (J/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
The activation energy can be visualized as a barrier that the reactant molecules must overcome in order to form products. The higher the activation energy, the more difficult it is for the reaction to occur. For a reaction to take place, the reactant molecules must collide with enough energy to break the bonds and form the new bonds. The activation energy is the minimum energy required for this to happen.
ln (0.4483 s-1/0.2785 s-1) = Ea/R*(1/310 – 1/315) K-1
===> ln (1.6097) = Ea/R*(5.1203*10-5) K-1
===> 0.476 = Ea/R*(5.1203*10-5 K-1)
===> Ea = (0.476)*(8.314 J/mol.K)/(5.1203*10-5 K-1)
===> Ea = 7.7289*104 J/mol ≈ 7.73*104 J/mol (ans).
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