polymers are formed by linking monomers together through____ reactions

Answer:

Explanation:

If a rock is 5 half-lives old, it means that the fraction of the original radioactive material remaining is (1/2)^5 = 1/32. This also means that the fraction of stable product in the rock is 1 - 1/32 = 31/32.

If the total mass of the rock is 16 grams, we can calculate the mass of the stable product as follows:

mass of stable product = (31/32) * 16 grams

= 15.5 grams

Therefore, the mass of stable product in the rock is 15.5 grams.

The displacement method is the sole way to determine the iron bolt's volume. Aluminium bar volume is 15.52 cm3. The rod's volume is 23.8 cm3.

Describe loudness. The area occupied by an object is referred to as its volume. We are aware that based on the object's characteristics, there are various approaches to determine its volume. If the object is solid, we have two options: we can look at the solid's dimensions or we can use the solid's dimensions. The actual technique we choose to employ is unique to the object whose volume we want to measure. in order to determine the aluminium bar's volume; Volume equals length, width, and height. Volume is equal to 9.7 * 1.6 * 1.0, or 15.52 cm3. in order to determine the rod's volume; Volume equals Area * Length.

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The emitted fluorescent light has longer wavelength and lower energy because it lost some energy to the solvent molecules and some fraction of energy is dissipated as heat.

A material that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation will emit light when it undergoes fluorescence. It has a luminescent quality. Most of the time, the emitted light has a lower photon energy than the absorbed radiation because it has a longer wavelength.

Fluorescence can be seen when the emitted light is in the visible spectrum while the absorbed radiation is in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is invisible to the human eye.

The fluorescent photons have lower energy. The non-radiative  vibrational transitions taking place in between causes dissipation of energy as heat and some energy is transferred to the solvent molecules.

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When two different air masses collide, their difference in temperature, humidity, and air pressure can create a boundary between them, called a front.

When two different air masses collide, their difference in temperature, humidity, and air pressure can create a boundary between them, called a front.

This boundary separates the two air masses and often results in significant weather changes, such as precipitation and strong winds, as the denser, cooler air mass displaces the lighter, warmer air mass.

The passage of a front can bring about changes in the weather, as the leading edge of the cooler and denser air replaces the warmer air. The type of front can be characterized by its movement and the temperature changes it brings, and they are classified into four main types:

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The complete balanced chemical equation is:

2[tex]Au[/tex] + 6[tex]HCl[/tex] (aq) → 2[tex]Au[/tex][tex]Cl_{3}[/tex] (aq) + 3[tex]H_{2}[/tex] (g)

Chemical equations provide the reactants, products, and mole ratios of each component involved in the reaction and are a symbolic depiction of a chemical reaction. The reactants are written on the left side of the arrow, while the products are written on the right side, using chemical symbols and formulas. The coefficients in front of the formulas show the number of molecules involved and the arrow shows the reaction's direction. Chemical equations serve to explain the underlying chemical processes and forecast the volume of products that will be created in a reaction. They are a crucial tool in the study of chemistry and are essential to chemical reactions and their uses in a variety of sectors.

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The molar mass of HCl is 36.46 g/mol, and the molar mass of H₂O is 18.02 g/mol.

What is molar mass?

Molar mass is a physical property of a substance, defined as the mass of a given substance divided by its amount of substance in moles. It is usually expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol). Molar mass is used to calculate the mass of a particular substance from its molar quantity, or to calculate the quantity of a particular substance from its mass.

In order to calculate the number of moles of HCl required to produce 180. g of water, we must first calculate the number of moles of H2O that are produced. Since the molar mass of H₂O is 18.02 g/mol, we can divide 180. g by 18.02 to get the number of moles produced:

180. g / 18.02 g/mol = 10.00 moles of H₂O

Now, since the reaction is 1:1 (1 mole of HCl for 1 mole of H₂O), we can simply multiply the number of moles of H₂O produced (10.00 moles) by 1 to get the number of moles of HCl required:

10.00 moles H₂O × 1 mole HCl/1 mole H₂O = 10.00 moles HCl

Therefore, in order to produce 180. g of water, 10.00 moles of HCl are required.

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By the Help of  Ideal gas laws, The new volume of the gas at a constant temperature when the pressure is changed from 4.22 atm to 1.202 atm is 12.94 L.

The Ideal Gas Law, PV = nRT, which takes P as the pressure, V as the volume, n as the number of moles, R as the gas constant, and T as the temperature, can be used to explain the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature. If we keep the temperature constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the new volume:V1 = (P1 × V2) / P2, where V1 is the new volume and P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures, respectively. Plugging in the values from the problem, we get:V1 = (4.22 atm × V2) / 1.202 atm = 3.41 L × (4.22 atm / 1.202 atm) = 12.94 LSo the new volume of the gas at a constant temperature when the pressure is changed from 4.22 atm to 1.202 atm is 12.94 L.

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No, the photons of light emitted by the helium atoms after they absorb energy will not be found at all wavelengths.

When an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move to higher energy levels. When the electrons return to their lower energy levels, they release energy in the form of photons of light. The wavelength of the light emitted is specific to the energy difference between the two levels and is dependent on the electron transition.

Each electron transition will result in the emission of a specific wavelength of light, and not all transitions will emit light at the same wavelength. Therefore, the photons of light emitted by the helium atoms will be found at specific, characteristic wavelengths and not at all wavelengths.

This principle is known as spectral emission, and it is the basis for many analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy, which uses light to study the properties of materials. Spectral emission can also be used to identify the presence of specific elements or compounds, as each has its own unique set of characteristic wavelengths.

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A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms that have a net charge and act as a single unit in chemical reactions. Some common examples of polyatomic ions include nitrate (NO3-), carbonate (CO32-), and sulfate (SO42-).

Ionic compounds are composed of positive and negative ions. The positive ions, or cations, are usually composed of metal elements and the negative ions, or anions, are typically composed of non-metal elements. The combination of these ions creates a formula unit, which is a neutral compound that results from the total balance of positive and negative charges.

The formula units in an ionic compound are held together by electrostatic attraction, or the force of attraction between opposite charges. This type of bonding results in a repeating lattice-like structure, with the cations and anions arranged in a specific pattern.

In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between the atoms, rather than being transferred from one atom to another as in an ionic bond. Polyatomic ions can form covalent bonds with other polyatomic ions or with individual atoms to form compounds. For example, the polyatomic ion carbonate (CO32-) can form a covalent bond with a metal cation, such as sodium (Na+), to form sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The carbonate ion shares its electrons with the sodium ion to form a neutral compound.

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When 100.0 ml of a buffer solution that contains 0.100 m in each of nh3(aq) and nh4cl and 8.00 ml of 0.100 m hcl(aq) are combined, the resulting pH change is 0.07 (aq).

the buffer  has

[NH3] = 0.1 M

[NH4Cl] = 0.1 M

pKb of NH3 = 4.75

thus

i)

pH of original buffer

pOH = pKb + log [conjugate acid]/[base]

         = 4.75+ log 0.1/0.1= 4.75

and pH = 14-pOH = 9.25

ii) when 8mL of 0.1M Hcl added to 100mL of buffer

NH3                               + HCl            ============>  NH4Cl

100x0.1=10                      0                                                 100x0.1=10  initial mmoles

----------                         8x0.1=0.8                                  -----------   change

9.2                                   0                                               10.8        equilbrium

thus

pOH of this buffer solution = 4.75 + log 10.8/9.2= 4.82

and pH = 14-POH = 14-4.82 =9.18

change in pH = final - initial pH = 9.18 - 9.25 =-  0.07 ( pH decreases by 0.07 units)

iii) 8.0mL of 0.1M NaOH added

NH4CL                          + NaOH          -------------------> NH3               + NaCl + H2O

100x0.1=10                           0                                     100x0.1=10  --------------------  initial mmoles

------------                          8x0.1=0.8                             ---------------------------------- change

9.2                                    0                                             10.8         ------------equilibrium

pOH =  4.75 + log 9.2/10.8

         = 4.68

pH = 14-4.68= 9.32

Change in pH = 9.32-9.25 = 0.07  (pH increases by 0.07units)

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The Calvin cycle is a series of reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells, and it is responsible for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugars. The cycle consists of three phases: fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

In the fixation phase, CO2 is added to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) to form a six-carbon intermediate.

In the reduction phase, the six-carbon intermediate is then reduced to two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This process requires energy, which is provided by ATP and NADPH, the high-energy molecules produced in the light reactions.

In the regeneration phase, the two G3P molecules are converted back into RuBP, completing the cycle. This allows the Calvin cycle to continue, and the sugars produced can be used for energy and to build more complex compounds.

In summary, the Calvin cycle converts CO2 into sugars through a series of reactions that require energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.

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Summarize the reactions occurring in the three phases of the Calvin cycle (fixation, reduction, regeneration). What molecules produced in the light reaction provide energy for these reactions? (RuBP, CO2, 3-phosphoglycerate, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (G3P))

When the semi-liquid material near the core is heated at high temperatures, it becomes less dense and rises. As it rises, it cools and becomes more dense, eventually sinking back down towards the core.

Heat is transferred through the currents in Earth's mantle due to a process known as convection. In this process, heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid. In the mantle, the semi-liquid material acts as a fluid, which constantly moves from areas with high temperatures near the core to areas with cooler temperatures near Earth's surface.

This constant movement of semi-liquid material, which is driven by the differences in temperature helps to distribute heat evenly throughout the mantle also, it prevents any localized hotspots from developing.

Thus, the convection currents in the mantle play a critical role in controlling the transfer of heat within the earth and helps to regulate the overall thermal energy balance of the planet earth.

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Answer:

The purpose of burette reading is to tell you how much solution has been dispensed, instead of telling you how much the burette contains. Unlike other volumetric glassware, the zero scale on a burette is written on top. Measurement scale on the burette is at 0.10 intervals. All burette readings are given to an accuracy of 0.05 mL.

Make sure your eye is at the same level of the meniscus to avoid an error. For water and most liquids, the meniscus is concave or like a U shape. Read the center of the meniscus or the bottom of the U-shape.

A zoomed-in section of the burette between 20.5 milliliters and 18.5 milliliters shows the level of the solution in the burette. There is a concave meniscus at the surface of the solution. There are 3 eyes on the right side of the burette looking at the level of the solution from above, at, and below the meniscus. The eye above the meniscus reads the solution level to be at 19.42 milliliters. The eye at the same level as the meniscus reads the level of the solution to be 19.5 milliliters. The eye below the meniscus reads the level of the solution to be 19.62 milliliters. The correct measurement of the solution level is 19.5 millimeters.

Figure: How to read the meniscus. The correct reading is 19.50 mL. Due to parallax error, the reading can be 19.62 mL or 19.42 mL.

The first and final reading of the burette should be recorded. The difference between the first and final reading is called the titer.

Readings should be recorded to the nearest 0.05 mL. Examples of readings: 22.05, 23.00, and 23.05 mL.

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Explanation:

Deforestation - destroys natural carbon sinks leading to more CO₂ in the air

Burning fossil fuels - primary cause of human-created carbon emissions

Waste disposal in landfills - emits methane from decomposing waste disposal in lands​

Greenhouse effects refer to the effects caused by the greenhouse gases' absorption of solar radiation to raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, etc.

Deforestation destroys forests which serve as carbon dioxide sinks. The burning of fossil fuels leads to the emission of carbon dioxide and waste disposal in landfills is a source of methane gas. All these gases help create the greenhouse effect.

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Match the human activity with how it intensifies the greenhouse effect.

deforestation

burning fossil fuels

waste disposal in landfills

primary cause of human-created

carbon emissions

destroys natural carbon sinks,

leading to more co, in the air

emits methane from decomposing

matter

They covered one plant with a cardboard box and left the other plant uncovered. The uncovered plant will grow and covered will not grow.

The experiment is the cornerstone of the scientific process, which is a methodical approach to learning about the world around you. Although some experiments are conducted in laboratories, an experiment can be conducted anywhere, at any time.

Beth and Charlie did an experiment with plants. For this experiment, they got two plants that were the same kind, that had the same kind of soil, and that were the same size. Then, they left both plants next to the window and gave both plants the same amount of water every day. They covered one plant with a cardboard box and left the other plant uncovered. The uncovered plant will grow and covered will not grow.

Therefore, the uncovered plant will grow and covered will not grow.

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Water is not a suitable buffer because there is not enough acid or base in the given amount of water that is produced when another acid or base is added. So the answer is c.

Water is not a suitable buffer because there is not enough acid or base in the given amount of water that is produced when another acid or base is added. Water has unique chemical properties in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas, thanks to the ability of its molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other. From humans to bacteria, living organisms have a high water content, so understanding the unique chemistry in his three states of water is key to biology.  

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a. The moles of H3PO4 would be 0.24 mol

b. The grams of H3PO4 would be 48.02 grams

c. The grams of tetraphosphorus decoxide would be 14.2 grams

d. The moles of H3PO4 would be 3.59 mol

The balanced equation of the reaction is as follows:

[tex]P_4O_{10}(g) + 6 H_2O(l) -- > 4 H_3PO_4(aq)[/tex]

The mole ratio of water and H3PO4 = 3:2

Mole of 6.46 grams of water = 6.46/18 = 0.36 mol

Equivalent mole of H3PO4 = 2/3 x 0.36 = 0.24 mol

With 0.730 moles of water, the equivalent mole of H3PP4 will be: 2/3 x 0.730 = 0.49 moles

Mass of 0.49 mol H3PO4 = 0.49 x 98 = 48.02 grams

Mole ratio of tetra phosphorus decoxide and water = 1:6

Mole of 4.78 grams of water = 4.78/18 = 0.27 mol

Equivalent mole of tetra phosphorus decoxide = 0.27/6 = 0.05 mol

Mass of 0.05 mol tetra phosphorus decoxide = 0.05 x284 = 14.2 grams

Mole ratio of tetraphosphorus decoxide and H3PO4 = 1:4

Mole of tetraphosphorus decoxide = 0.898

Equivalent mole of H3PO4 = 0.898 x 4 = 3.59 mol

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The compound's empirical formula is [tex]Na_3P_1O_4[/tex].

We must establish the relative ratios of the components in the compound in order to get the empirical formula for the compound.

The simplest whole-number ratio of the various atoms in a compound is represented by an empirical formula. The molecular formula displays the precise quantity of various atom types present in a compound's molecule.

The masses of Na, P, and O will first be converted to moles:

Na: 6.9g / 23g/mol = 0.3 mol

P: 3.15 g / 31 g / mol = 0.1 mol

O: 6.4g/16g/mol = 0.4 mol

The relative ratios will then be obtained by dividing each value by the smallest value (0.1 mol for P) as follows:

P: 0.1 mol/0.1 mol = 1,

Na: 0.3 mol/0.1 mol = 3,

O: 0.4 mol/0.1 mol = 4.

So the formula is [tex]Na_3P_1O_4[/tex]

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All the living organisms need water to survive in the earth. The transport of water can be considered as a solution of water supply on earth. Most of the people suffers from water scarcity.

Water is regarded as the universal solvent and plays an important role in the survival of all living organisms. The preservation of water mainly refers to protect and control the use of water and its associated resources.

It is very important to preserve water. Because everyday the population is increasing and the water resources are reducing. The preservation of water helps us to supply large amount of water for longer usage.

Some methods to preserve water are:

Water supply means providing water to the public. Here water is supplied through pipes, pumps, etc. To make healthy individuals in our society transport of water is essential.

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We know that the reaction when shown in words is called a word equation.

We know that when we write a chemical equations, we are trying to show what is going on when there are reactants and products in the reaction. We know that the species that we write on the left hand side are the reactants while the ones that we write on the right hand side are the products.

If we use chemical symbols then we call it a chemical reaction equation. If we use words to show the reactants and the products then we call it a word equation.

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To determine the mass percent of FeO in the original mixture, we need to balance the equation for the reaction that takes place when the mixture is heated. The reaction between Fe3O4 and FeO to form Fe2O3 is as follows:

Fe3O4 + FeO --> Fe2O3

Next, we'll use the law of conservation of mass to balance the equation. According to this law, the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.

We'll start by assuming that the number of moles of FeO in the mixture is 1.0. Then, the number of moles of Fe3O4 can be calculated as follows:

4.148 g Fe2O3 / (71.844 g/mol) = 0.058 mol Fe2O3

0.058 mol Fe2O3 / (1 mol FeO / 2 mol Fe2O3) = 0.116 mol FeO

0.116 mol FeO x (55.845 g/mol) = 6.468 g FeO

So, the mass of FeO in the original mixture was 6.468 g and the mass of Fe3O4 was 3.854 g - 6.468 g = -2.614 g.

The mass percent of FeO in the original mixture can be calculated as follows:

(6.468 g FeO / (6.468 g FeO - 2.614 g Fe3O4)) x 100% = 71.12%

So, the mass percent of FeO in the original mixture was 71.12%.

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Dissolve 132 g of lead(ii) acetate in 2.20 l of air. Then the molarity of the solution is 0.184 mol/L

Molarity in the concentration of a solution is known as molar concentration or molarity with its symbol M. Molarity is used to get the concentration of a solution quantitatively.

The mass of lead acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2 = 132 g

We must first find the molarity of lead acetate:

n = mass/Mr

n = 132/325.29

n = 0.405 M

The moles of lead acetate is 0.405 mol

Then the molarity of the solution is

M = n/V

M = 0.405/2.20

M = 0.184 mol/L

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Answer:

Yeah you are right great job

A solid precipitate of 27.84 g of HgS is formed.

First, write down a properly balanced equation for the reaction taking place.

Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) ==> HgS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) ... equilibrium equation

Then find out which reactant is limiting.

Mol Hg(NO3)2 present 65.21 g x 1 mol/324.60 g = 0.200 mol

Moles of Na2S present = 9.718 g x 1 mol/78.045 g = 0.12 mol

Since they react with 1:

At 1 molar ratio, Na2S is clearly limiting and determines the amount of HgS formed.

Grams of HgS precipitate formed = 0.12 mol Na2S x 1 mol HgS/mol Na2S x 232.66 g/mol = 27.84 g HgS  

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The greater the speed of gas particles in a container, the higher the pressure of the gas.

This is because the pressure is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the gas particles, and the kinetic energy of a gas particle is directly proportional to its speed squared. The pressure of a gas is usually expressed as a force per unit area, and can be calculated by multiplying the average kinetic energy of the gas particles by the number of particles per unit volume. Since the kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to the square of its velocity, if we double the velocity of the gas particles, we will see an increase in the average kinetic energy and thus an increase in the pressure. Thus, the greater the speed of gas particles in a container, the higher the pressure of the gas.

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Liver contains digestive enzymes to break down harmful substances.

Digestive enzymes: Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes which break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption into the cells of the body.

Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) as well as in the tracts of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside the cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain the cellular survival.

Liver: The liver contains various digestive enzymes, such as liver alcohol dehydrogenase, which helps to break down toxic substances such as alcohol and drugs, and convert them into less harmful substances that can be excreted from the body.

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Yes, beta sheet is a secondary protein structure found in proteins.

Beta-Pleated Sheets of Protein is defined as a special type of secondary structure of a protein. Beta-Pleated Sheets consists of different beta strands linked by hydrogen bonds between the adjacent strands. Around three to ten amino acids are combined to create a beta-strand polypeptide.

Generally, a beta-pleated protein sheet is a type of protein secondary structure. Most of the proteins contain both α-helices and β-sheets, but some proteins contain only one type of secondary structure . A beta sheet is that type of secondary structure which describes how the backbone of a protein is arranged in space.  Beta-pleated protein sheet  consists of at least two beta strands.

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Examining population size, density, and distribution together give you a better understanding of a population than looking at these characteristics separately because these variables play a role in how the ecosystem adjusts to the growing population.

What is population density, and how does it work?

The average population size per unit of area or volume is known as population density. A colony of 100 insects, for instance, has a density of 1 insect per square meter and occupies an area of 100 square meters.

Numerous creatures' location, development, and migration can all be described using population density. The share of residents by different regions of a country is known as the national population distribution. The quantity of people within a broadly defined geographic area is referred to as the population size.

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