Answers
Answer:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group, a functional group with a carbon-oxygen double bond. The names for aldehyde and ketone compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as for alkanes and alcohols, and include the class-identifying suffixes -al and -one, respectively:

In an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. In a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms:


As text, an aldehyde group is represented as –CHO; a ketone is represented as –C(O)– or –CO–.
In both aldehydes and ketones, the geometry around the carbon atom in the carbonyl group is trigonal planar; the carbon atom exhibits sp2 hybridization. Two of the sp2 orbitals on the carbon atom in the carbonyl group are used to form σ bonds to the other carbon or hydrogen atoms in a molecule. The remaining sp2 hybrid orbital forms a σ bond to the oxygen atom. The unhybridized p orbital on the carbon atom in the carbonyl group overlaps a p orbital on the oxygen atom to form the π bond in the double bond.
Like the C=OC=O bond in carbon dioxide, the C=OC=O bond of a carbonyl group is polar (recall that oxygen is significantly more electronegative than carbon, and the shared electrons are pulled toward the oxygen atom and away from the carbon atom). Many of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones start with the reaction between a Lewis base and the carbon atom at the positive end of the polar C=OC=O bond to yield an unstable intermediate that subsequently undergoes one or more structural rearrangements to form the final product (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The carbonyl group is polar, and the geometry of the bonds around the central carbon is trigonal planar.
The importance of molecular structure in the reactivity of organic compounds is illustrated by the reactions that produce aldehydes and ketones. We can prepare a carbonyl group by oxidation of an alcohol—for organic molecules, oxidation of a carbon atom is said to occur when a carbon-hydrogen bond is replaced by a carbon-oxygen bond. The reverse reaction—replacing a carbon-oxygen bond by a carbon-hydrogen bond—is a reduction of that carbon atom. Recall that oxygen is generally assigned a –2 oxidation number unless it is elemental or attached to a fluorine. Hydrogen is generally assigned an oxidation number of +1 unless it is attached to a metal. Since carbon does not have a specific rule, its oxidation number is determined algebraically by factoring the atoms it is attached to and the overall charge of the molecule or ion. In general, a carbon atom attached to an oxygen atom will have a more positive oxidation number and a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom will have a more negative oxidation number. This should fit nicely with your understanding of the polarity of C–O and C–H bonds. The other reagents and possible products of these reactions are beyond the scope of this chapter, so we will focus only on the changes to the carbon atoms:
Related Questions
Humans depend on water from various sources for different reasons. All of these sources are polluted or could be polluted to some extent. Of the following sources, which should humans be most concerned about: lakes, rivers and streams, ocean or groundwater? Explain. answer it no link please anser it a soon as possible pleaseeeeee answer it pleaseee :)
Answers
Explanation:
Earth is known as the "Blue Planet" because 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered with water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. Water is a finite source. The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly mammoth. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle.
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Cellular respiration results in a
Answers
Answer:
A form of energy that can be used by cells.
Explanation:
Unknown A melts at 113- 114oC. Known compounds 3-Nitroaniline and 4-Nitrophenol both melt at 112-114 oC. If A is mixed with 3-Nitroaniline and the melting point becomes broad and depressed, what must A be __________A) 3-Nitroaniline B) 4-Nitrophenol C) Both
Answers
Answer:
C) Both
Explanation:
Whenever we mix any pure form of a compound with some other form of a compound which is not in the other standard pure state, this results in the melting point of mixture to get dispersed and it becomes broad form.
Thus, when a known compound of 3-Nitroaniline mixes with both 3-Nitroaniline and 4-Nitrophenol, the melting point of the compound becomes depressed and board.
Thus the correct option is (C).
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Answers
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
For the first question, we can see that the pressure is constant so we apply Charles law;
V1/T1 =V2/T2
V1T2 = V2T1
V1= 4.5 L
T1= 27 + 273 = 300 K
V2= ?
T2= 127 + 273 = 400 K
V2= V1T2/T1
V2= 4.5 × 400/300
V2= 6L
For question 2, Charles law is also used;
V1/T1 =V2/T2
V1T2 = V2T1
T1= 338 K
V1= 0.480 L
T2= ?
V2= 9.2 L
T2= V2T1/V1
T2= 9.2 × 338/0.480
T2= 6478.3 K
A range of organic molecules can undergo combustion. If pyridine
Answers
Answer:
A range of organic molecules can undergo combustion. Pyridine (C5H5 combustion in the unbalanced reaction shown below wtar o 4 CsH5N + O2 +H2O + CO2 + NO a) Write the balanced equation. (2 points) # 41 CH N +170 70 the flow, t- b) Find the percent yield for the reaction if 10.0 g of pyridine dioxide. (2 points)
Explanation:
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During seafloor spreading, what kind of new earth forms?
Answers
Answer:
This bubbled-up magma is cooled by frigid seawater to form igneous rock. This rock (basalt) becomes a new part of Earth's crust. Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridges—large mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor.
Explanation:
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What are the main modifications of John Dalton's atomic theory
Answers
A student swings back and forth from position A to C, as shown.
Which of the following happens when the swing moves from Position C to Position B?
A. Both potential energy and kinetic energy of the student increase.
B. Both potential energy and kinetic energy of the student decrease.
C. Potential energy of the student decreases and kinetic energy of the student increases.
D. Kinetic energy of the student decreases and potential energy of the student increases.
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
KE at B is max and PE is 0
KE at C is 0 and PE is max
so when student swings from C to B
its KE increases
and PE decreases
Explain why the following is an incorrect IUPAC name. 1,3-Dimethylbutane
a. The longest chain is chosen incorrectly.
b. The name of substituent is given incorrectly.
c. The longest chain is numbered incorrectly.
d. Substituents are not listed in alphabetical order.
Answers
Answer:
a. The longest chain is chosen incorrectly.
Explanation:
Hello there!
In this case, according to the given information, it turns out possible for us to firstly draw the structural formula of the 1,3-Dimethylbutane:
[tex]CH_3-CH_2-CH(CH3)-CH_2-CH_3[/tex]
Thus, we can see that the correct name should be 3-methylpentane since the longest chain was chosen incorrectly, as it must have five carbon atoms.
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How many moles of water are produced if 3.30 moles of N20 is
produced? NH4NO3 --> N20 + 2 H2O (mole to mole conversion) 1 step
Answers
Answer:
The netto reaction equation is:
2 OH- + 2H+ = 2 H2O
So the answer is 2 moles.
10. What is the mass of SO3 when -8753 kJ of energy are used according
to the following equation?2S + 302 - 2003 AH = -791.4kJ Is this
Endothermic or Exothermic -8735kJ x mols03/kJ x gSO3/
molSO3
Answers
Answer:
Exothermic
1771 g
Explanation:
Step 1: Write the balanced thermochemical equation
2 S(s) + 3 O₂(g) ⇒ 2 SO₃(g) ΔH° = -791.4 kJ
Since ΔH° < 0, the reaction is exothermic.
Step 2: Calculate the moles of SO₃ produced when 8753 kJ of energy are released
According to the thermochemical equation, -791.4 kJ are released every 2 moles of SO₃ that are formed.
-8753 kJ × 2 mol/(-791.4 kJ) = 22.12 mol
Step 3: Calculate the mass corresponding to 22.12 moles of SO₃
The molar mass of SO₃ is 80.06 g/mol.
22.12 mol × 80.06 g/mol = 1771 g
A student measures her computer keyboard with a meter stick and finds that it has a width of 47.35 cm. Which statement about this measurement is true?
PLZZZZ HELP
A.) All the numbers are certain
B.) The 4 is uncertain
C.) The 5 is somewhat uncertain
D.) The 5 is certain
Answers
How many liters of hydrogen gas are required to react with 3.5" liters of oxygen gas in the following reaction? 2H2(g)+O2(g) -->2H2O(g)
Answers
Answer:
7 L of H₂.
Explanation:
The balanced equation for the reaction is given below:
2H₂ + O₂ —> 2H₂O
From the balanced equation above,
1 L of O₂ required 2 L of H₂.
Finally, we shall determine the volume of H₂ required to react with 3.5 L of O₂. This can be obtained as follow:
From the balanced equation above,
1 L of O₂ required 2 L of H₂.
Therefore, 3.5 L of O₂ will require
= 3.5 × 2 = 7 L of H₂.
Thus, 7 L of H₂ is required to for the reaction.
Which of the following could not act as a medium for a mechanical wave?
a) air
b) empty space
c) liquid water
d) a solid rope
Answers
Answer:
b) empty space
Explanation:
A mechanical cannot travel through empty space. So option (b) is correct.
A mechanical wave is a wave which needs a material medium for its propagation. For example sound, water waves etc . The medium required by the wave can be a solid, liquid or a gas. Empty space doesn't have any medium, so a mechanical wave cannot travel through empty space.
In the periodic table,
have common properties,
periods
both groups and periods
neither groups nor periods
groups
Answers
Answer:
both groups and periods
Answer:
groups
Explanation:
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of outer electrons and the same valency
Which atom has the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d²? and 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d⁷4s²?
Answers
Hope it helps : )
Calculate the energy in kj/mol of photon in red light of wavelength 656nm
Answers
Answer:
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A solution is formed by dissolving 83.2 grams of copper II chloride (CuCl2) in 2.5 liters of water. The molar mass of CuCl2 is 134.45 g/mol.
What is the molarity of the solution?
Answers
Explanation:
the answer is in the above image
Reaction or ionic equation for CuSO4(aq)+CaCO3(aq)
Answers
Answer:
CuCo3+CaSo4
Explanation:
when they react they form that compound in the reaction called double displacement.
Write a formula for the ionic compound that forms from magnesium
and oxygen.
Answers
Answer:
MgO
Explanation:
Identify which of the compounds below are amphoteric.
a. hydrogen sulfide ion
b. sulfuric acid
c. dihydrogen phosphate
d. water
e. carbonate ion
Answers
Hydrogen sulfide ions, dihydrogen phosphate, and water are amphoteric. Therefore, option (a), (c), and (d) are correct.
What is amphoteric?Amphoteric can be stated as any compound that can be mixed with other compounds both as a base and an acid. Water is amphoteric as it can be transformed into a compound that can be mixed as an alkali or an acid.
Amphoterism is explaining the reactivity of a compound that indicates alkaline nature when mixed with an acid and describes acidic characteristics in an alkaline environment.
When acid reacts with water, it forms H₃O⁺ ion adding an H⁺ ion from the acid. When water is combined with a base, it donates a hydrogen H⁺ ion to the base and releases a hydroxide ion.
Besides water, there are many oxides and hydroxides are utilized in amphoterism. The substances that have both characteristics acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors are identified as amphoteric substances.
Therefore, HS⁻, H₂O, and H₂PO₄⁻ are amphoteric in nature.
Learn more about amphoteric, here:
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PLZZZZZZZZ HELPPPPPP
Answers
Answer:
482
Explanation:
Using a mole ratio, find the moles of Cu. You have been given the following
balanced chemical equation, and you have 1.5 moles of Al to start.*
2AI
+
3Cu(SO4)
3Cu
+
Al2(SO4)3n
n 1.5 moles
Answers
Answer: 2,25 mol
Explanation: 2Al + 3CuSO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
1,5 mol (1,5*3)/2 mol = 2,25 mol
What are the TWO characteristics of an effective collision?
Answers
Answer:
the TWO characteristics of an effective collision are:
1.Molecules collide with sufficient energy
2.Molecules collide with the proper orientation.
when nitric acid touches your skin a yellow spot develops what does the spot mean
Answers
Stomach acid is approximately 0.10 M HCl. How many mL of stomach acid can be neutralized by one regular antacid tablet that contains 500 mg of solid CaCO3 (100.09 g/mol)?
Answers
Answer:
100 mL
Explanation:
The reaction that takes place is:
CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂First we convert 500 mg of CaCO₃ into mmoles, using its molar mass:
500 mg ÷ 100 mg/mmol = 5 mmol CaCO₃Then we convert 5 mmoles of CaCO₃ into HCl mmoles, using the stoichiometric coefficients of the balanced reaction:
5 mmol CaCO₃ * [tex]\frac{2mmolHCl}{1mmolCaCO_3}[/tex] = 10 mmol HClFinally we calculate the volume of a 0.10 M HCl solution (such as stomach acid) that would contain 10 mmoles:
10 mmol / 0.10 M = 100 mLWhich of the following ions is formed when an acid is dissolved in a solution? (5 points) H+
O−
OH−
SO42+
Answers
Answer:
Hence, option B is correct. 1 and 2
Explanation:
NH 4 Cl is a weak base-strong acid salt.
NaCN is a salt of a strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (HCN).In water,
1. NH 4 Cl produces acidic solution
2. KHSO 4 produces acidic solution
because the neutral salt of strong base KOH and strong acid H 2 SO 4 is K 2 SO 4
3. NaCN produces basic solution
4. KNO
3 produces neutral solution
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Answer:
H+
Explanation:
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Which one of the following statements concerning vitamin B12 is correct?
A\ it is present in plant products.
B\ its deficiency is most often caused by a lack of the vitamin in the diet.
C\ it requires a specific glycoprotein for its absorption.
D\ it is involved in the transfer of amino groups.
E\ the cofactor from is vitamin B12 itself.
Answers
Answer:
C it requires a specific glycoprotein for its absorption.
Out of the following statements concerning vitamin B12 the only statement which is correct- it requires a specific glycoprotein for its absorption.
Let's study some facts about vitamin B12:
Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin found in foods such as meat, fish, and dairy. It requires a specific glycoprotein for its absorption. The body absorbs vitamin B12 from food in a two-step process.⇒First, hydrochloric acid in the stomach separates vitamin B12 from the protein that it's attached to.
⇒Second, the freed vitamin B12 then combines with a protein made by the stomach, called intrinsic factor, and the body absorbs them together.
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 leads to weakness and fatigue.Transport of B12 in extracellular fluids is dependent on three homologous carrier proteins:⇒intrinsic factor, transcobalamin (also known as transcobalamin II), and haptocorrin (also known as the R-protein or transcobalamin I).
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What is nitrogen???? explain!!!
Answers
Answer:
It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Nitrogen is a gas
Explanation:
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A student measured the maximum mass of salt that can dissolve in 100 mL of water at five different temperatures.
Which variable should go on the y-axis?
the volume of water
the temperature of water
the mass of salt
the mass of water
Answers
Answer:
the mass of salt
Explanation:
In an experiment, we have an independent variable and dependent variable. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated to cause changes in other variable while the dependent variable is the variable that responds to the changes made to the independent variable and is measured.
In this case of experiment, the mass of the salt is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE while the different temperatures is the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. In a graphical representation, the independent variable is always plotted on the x-axis or horizontal axis while the dependent variable is always plotted on the y-axis or vertical axis.
Since the dependent variable is the mass of the salt, it should be plotted on the y axis.
Answer:
The temperature of water
Explanation:
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