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the use of antiseptics to kill microorganisms
French physician and researcher who first suggested that illness could be caused by microorganisms
one of the leading research institutions and universities in the United States and the site of the nation's first clinical research laboratory
an organism (as a bacterium) of microscopic or less than microscopic size, especially bacterium, virus, or fungus
a common food mold that is sometimes used to produce penicillin

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The freezing point of a solution is dependent on the concentration of solute particles in the solvent. The presence of solute particles in a solvent decreases its ability to freeze, and as a result, the freezing point of the solution is lowered.So, the freezing point of the solution would be lower than that of pure benzene by 1.91 °C.

The freezing point depression of a solution can be calculated using the equation:

ΔTf = Kf x molality

where ΔTf is the change in freezing point, Kf is the freezing point depression constant for the solvent, and molality is the concentration of solute particles in the solution expressed in moles per kilogram of solvent.

In this case, the solvent is benzene and its freezing point depression constant, Kf, is 5.12 °C/m. The molality of the solution can be calculated as follows:

molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent

= 0.75 moles / 2.0 kg

= 0.375 moles/kg

Substituting these values into the equation, we get:

ΔTf = 5.12 °C/m x 0.375 moles/kg

= 1.91 °C

So,the freezing point of the solution is 1.91 °C.

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The density of air is1.293 kg/m³

What is density?

this can be defined as the ratio of the mass of a body and its volume.

The S.I unit of density is kg/m³

D = m/v.......(1)

D = density, m = mass, v = volume

(i) Mass of one mole of N₂ = 28 g

Therefore, mass of 0.78 mole of N₂ = 28×0.78 = 21.84 g.

(ii) Mass of one mole of O₂ = 32 g

Therefore, mass of 0.21 mole of O₂ = 32×0.21 = 6.72 g

(iii) Mass of one mole of Ar = 40 g

Therefore mass of 0.01 mole of Ar = 0.01×40 = 0.4 g

m = 21.84 + 6.72 + 0.4 = 28.96 g

One mole of every gas at standard temperature and pressure = 22.4 dm³

Therefore,

(i) volume of 0.78 mole of N₂ = 22.4×0.78 = 17.47 dm³

(ii) volume of 0.21 mole of O₂ = 0.21×22.4 = 4.704 dm³

(iii) volume of 0.01 mole of Ar = 0.01×22.4 = 0.224 dm³

Therefore,

v = 17.47+4.704+0.224

v = 22.398 dm³

Substituting the value of v and m into equation (1)

D = 28.96/22.398

D = 1.293 g/dm³

D = 1.293 kg/m³

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When ice melts a physical change occur. The correct answer is A.

The capacity to flow gives an ice cube the ability to alter shape as it melts. Its makeup stays the same, though. One instance of a physical change is melting. A physical change is when a sample of matter experiences a change in some of its qualities but not in its identity.

A reversible change in the substance's or object's physical characteristics can be referred to as the physical change. It is a physical change when ice melts. Water (H₂O) appears to alter when it turns from a liquid state to a solid state (ice). However, this shift is just physical, as the constituent molecules still consist of 11.19% hydrogen and 88.81% oxygen by mass.

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as per ideal Gas Law equation, we can calculate the number of moles to be 0.0292 moles.

The number of moles of a gas can be calculated using the Ideal Gas Law equation, PV = nRT,

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

For the given sample, the pressure, volume, and temperature are 0.753 atm, 1.68 liters, and 2°C respectively.

By converting the temperature to Kelvin and plugging the values into the Ideal Gas Law equation, we can calculate the number of moles to be 0.0292 moles.

Number of moles = PV / RT

= 0.753 * 1.68 / (0.0821 * (275 + 2))

= 0.0292 moles.

+ the number of moles to be 0.0292 moles.

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The molecular formula of the compound with empirical formula C2H4S and molecular weight of 120 g/mol is C6H12S2.

The empirical formula represents the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound. It is determined from the elemental analysis of the compound. The molecular weight of the compound is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecular formula. To find the molecular formula, the molecular weight is used to determine the number of atoms in the empirical formula.

In this case, the molecular weight of 120 g/mol can be used to find the molecular formula by dividing the molecular weight by the empirical formula weight. The empirical formula weight of C2H4S is 40 g/mol, which means that the molecular formula must have a weight of three times the empirical formula weight, or 120 g/mol.

This leads to the molecular formula of C6H12S2, which has a molecular weight of 120 g/mol.

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The speed of sound in a given medium, which depends on the medium's temperature, pressure, and density, determines the frequency of a sound wave inside.

The frequency of a wave is the number of times its cycles occur in a unit of time. It is typically expressed in Hertz (Hz), which stands for one cycle per second, in physics. A wave's apparent pitch depends on its frequency; higher frequency waves produce higher pitches, and lower frequency waves produce lower pitches. Frequency is a key idea in several branches of physics, such as electromagnetism and optics, where it relates to the energy of waves and the colour of light, respectively. The periodic motion of objects and the behaviour of oscillating systems are both connected to frequency in mechanics. Additionally, it is employed in the research of sound waves and the creation of music.

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One mole of fluorine gas gives one mole of chlorine gas. Hence, 291 g of chlorine gas is produced by 155 g of fluorine gas. 38 g of F₂ gives 66 g of cobalt fluoride. Hence, 291 g will give 505 g of cobalt fluoride.

Cobalt fluoride is an ionic compound formed by the combination between cobalt metal and chlorine gas.

As per the given reaction, one mole of F₂ gives, one mole of Cl₂.

molecular mass of F₂ = 38 g/mol

molecular mass of Cl₂= 71 g.

hence, mass of F₂ needed to produce 291 g of Cl₂ is:

(291 g × 38 g)/71 g = 155 g.

38 g of F₂ gives 66 g of CoF₂.

molar mass of CoF₂ = 66 g/mol.

Hence, mass of cobalt fluoride produced by 291 g of fluorine is :

(291 × 66)/38 g = 505.4 g

Therefore, 291 g of F₂ will produce 505 g of cobalt fluoride.

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The following formula can be used to determine the total IV intake between 7:00 and 9:00. Thus, 600 cc of IV fluid total were administered between 7:00 and 1:00.

Total IV intake is the total volume of fluid injected into a person's circulation via an intravenous (IV) line. Typically, the IV line is put into a vein in the arm or hand, and the fluid, which may contain nutrients, electrolytes, and drugs, is then given directly into the bloodstream. Tracking the overall IV intake is crucial, particularly in healthcare settings, since it ensures that patients are receiving the right amount of fluid and minerals to preserve their health. A range of medical disorders, such as dehydration, malnutrition, and some medical procedures, may require the insertion of an IV line. It is crucial to carefully monitor the total IV intake to prevent consequences like fluid overload.

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The theoretical yield of the reaction is 17.3 g of ammonia. The percent yield of the reaction is 85.6%.

This means that 85.6% of the theoretical yield of ammonia (17.3 g) was actually produced in the reaction.

The percent yield of a reaction can be calculated by dividing the actual yield of the reaction (in grams) by the theoretical yield (in grams) and multiplying by 100%. This number is a useful metric for determining the efficiency of a reaction, as it tells us how much of the theoretical yield was actually produced in the reaction. Additionally, it can be used to compare the efficiency of different reactions, as it allows us to compare the actual yields of different reactions.

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We would produce a loaf of bread, the limiting reagent is water and the percent yield is 30%

The limiting reagent, also known as the limiting reactant, is the reactant that determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed in a chemical reaction. It is the reactant that is completely consumed first and therefore determines the amount of product that can be formed.

Since we have 0.3 g of the water, the theoretical yield would now be;

0.3 g/1 g * 100/1

= 30 %

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4.95 liters of water need to be boiled off to increase the concentration of the brine to 220 g/l.

When the solution will boil, only the solvent will be converted to gas. The solute remains in the solution, so its amount does not change but the concentration does.

The total amount of the solute = 110 g/l * 9 l = 990 g

Inorder concentration = 220 g/l

The amount of the water that should be boiled off = 990 g / (220 / 110)

= 990 g / 2

= 4.95 liters

So, 4.95 liters of water need to be boiled off to increase the concentration of the brine to 220 g/l.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The amount of daughter product that should be present after 5 half-lives depends on the specific radioactive decay process involved and the initial amount of the parent substance. In general, after each half-life, the amount of the parent substance decreases by half, and the corresponding amount of the daughter product increases by half.

In this case, with 5 half-lives gone by, the amount of the parent substance should have decreased by a factor of 2^5 = 32. Hence, the amount of the parent substance should be .03125/32 = 0.0009765625 grams.

Since the amount of daughter product is proportional to the amount of the parent substance that decays, the amount of daughter product should be 0.0009765625 * 32 = 0.03125 grams.

I’m pretty sure it’s Sodium borohydride

Answer:

C. Every 4 years they are put together and we add one day to our yearly calendar.

Answer:C. Every 4 years they are put together and we add one day to our yearly calendar (leap year).

Explanation:

The base in the following chemical interaction is CH3NH2, which is methyl amine. It creates its conjugate acid, the methyl ammonium ion, when it receives a proton.

The conjugate base's formula is the acid's formula less one hydrogen. The base that reacts changes into its conjugate acid. The conjugate acid's formula is the base's formula adds one hydrogen ion.

Because it is categorized as both a Lewis acid and a Bronsted-Lowry acid, methanol. It will become a Bronsted-Lowry acid as a result of the proton donation, and the methanol will also take electrons as a result.

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Three often used definitions of bases in chemistry are Arrhenius bases, Bronsted bases, and Lewis bases. pOH is equal to -log (OH-)/-log (3.67 x 10-5)/-log (4, 44).

Bases are substances that interact with acids, as stated by all definitions, and as G.-F. Rouelle initially proposed in the middle of the 18th century. In 1884, Svante Arrhenius stated that a base is a substance that, in an aqueous solution, separates into Hydroxide ions (OH). These ions can mix with hydrogen ions (H+), which are formed during the dissociation of acids, to form water in an acid-base process. Therefore, a base was a metal hydroxide, such NaOH or Ca (OH)2. Additionally, these aqueous hydroxide solutions have a few distinctive qualities. The answer is rather straightforward. The solution is basic with a pOH of 4, 44. The amount of OH (hydroxyl) ions in the solution is determined by the pOH value.

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The concentration of aluminum ions in the solution made by mixing 25ml of 3M Al solution is determined by the amount of solute present in a given amount of the solvent.

Aluminum ions are positively charged atoms of aluminum that have lost one or more electrons. These ions are important components in many chemical reactions, and they are also used in a variety of industries, such as in the production of aluminum products.

The aluminum ion concentration in the solution formed by combining 25ml of 3M Al solution will be 3M. This is because the amount of solute (in this example, Al) present in a given amount of solvent determines the concentration of the solution (in this case, 25ml of the solution). Because the concentration of the solution is 3M, the concentration of aluminum ions in the solution is also 3M.

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The amount of iron that precipitates out if the ph is raised to 3 assuming the temperature is 25 will be depending on the solubility product constant of iron(III) hydroxide.

The amount of iron(III) that precipitates out when the pH of an acidic water sample is raised to 3 depends on the solubility product constant (Ksp) of iron(III) hydroxide. At 25°C, the Ksp of Fe(OH)3 is 1.26 x 10^-39. When the pH of the water sample is raised to 3, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases, which can lead to the precipitation of iron(III) hydroxide if the concentration exceeds the solubility limit defined by the Ksp. The exact amount of iron(III) that precipitates out can be calculated using an equilibrium expression and the Ksp, but without more information about the initial conditions and changes in concentration, it is not possible to determine the exact amount of iron that precipitates.

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Answer:

The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed first in a chemical reaction and the excess reactant is the reactant that remains after the limiting reactant is used up.

In the formation of ammonia from the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen, hydrogen gains electrons and is reduced.

Reduction is a chemical process in which a substance gains electrons and its oxidation state decreases. This can be contrasted with oxidation, in which a substance loses electrons and its oxidation state increases. In the formation of ammonia from the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen, hydrogen gains electrons and is reduced, while nitrogen is oxidized. During the reaction, hydrogen atoms donate electrons to nitrogen atoms, forming a covalent bond and producing ammonia. The electrons that are donated by the hydrogen atoms result in an increase in the number of electrons in the hydrogen atoms, which is what makes them reduced. This reaction provides a clear example of how the concepts of reduction and oxidation are related and how they can occur simultaneously in a single chemical reaction.

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the temperature and total enthalpy after the heating is  can be found by using the conservation of energy principle and the first law of thermodynamics.

To determine the temperature and total enthalpy in a container filled with 9.9 kg of R-134a at 300 kPa and a volume of 14 L, and then to find the temperature and total enthalpy after the pressure has been increased to 600 kPa, we need to use the refrigerant tables to look up the thermodynamic properties of R-134a.

The first step is to find the specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy of R-134a at the initial state (300 kPa and a temperature to be determined).

Next, we can use the ideal gas law to find the temperature of R-134a at the initial state:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of refrigerant, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

The number of moles can be found using the mass and molecular weight of R-134a:

n = m/M

where m is the mass of R-134a and M is its molecular weight.

Using the refrigerant tables, we can find the specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy of R-134a at the final state (600 kPa and a temperature to be determined).

With this information, we can calculate the change in internal energy and enthalpy during the process of heating the container.

Finally, the final temperature and total enthalpy can be found by using the conservation of energy principle and the first law of thermodynamics.

This is a complex calculation that requires a good understanding of thermodynamics and the use of refrigerant tables. If you need more detailed information or have specific data, please provide it and I will do my best to assist you.

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Answer:C

Explanation: Done by reading and is best answer option.

In non-ionized hydrogen, a higher orbital state refers to an electron in a higher energy level or shell.

What are orbital states?

Orbital states in physics and chemistry define the energy and position of an electron in an atom. An electron in an atom is typically described by its orbital state, which includes the energy level, the angular momentum, and the magnetic moment of the electron.

In a hydrogen atom, for example, an electron can occupy different energy levels or shells, which correspond to different orbital states. Each orbital state is characterized by a unique set of quantum numbers that describe the energy, angular momentum, and magnetic moment of the electron in that state.

In comparison to a lower orbital state, a higher orbital state has a higher energy and is farther away from the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.

The main difference between a higher and lower orbital state is their energy and the distance between the electron and the nucleus. Electrons in higher orbital states have more energy and are farther away from the nucleus than those in lower orbital states. This means that electrons in higher orbital states are less likely to be held by the positively charged nucleus and are therefore more likely to participate in chemical reactions or interactions with other atoms.

So, In non-ionized hydrogen, a higher orbital state refers to an electron in a higher energy level or shell.

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The percentage of the global atmosphere is the carbon dioxide that CO₂ is 0.04 %.

The CO₂ that is carbon dioxide makes up the only about 0.04% of the atmosphere, and the water vapor can vary the range from the 0 to 4%.  The water vapor is the concentrated lower in atmosphere. The higher will be the greenhouse gas, the more effective will be the trapping heat from the Earth’s surface.

The burning of fossil fuels will affects the concentration of the CO₂  in the earth atmosphere. Before the industrial revolution, the amount of the carbon dioxide  in the earth atmosphere was about the 288 ppm.

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When 16.68 grams of methane (CH4) are burned. Therefore, 2.06moles  of oxygen gas will be used.

A mole is merely a measuring unit. In reality, it is one of the International System of Units' seven foundation units (SI). When basically determines are insufficient, new units are created.

Chemical reactions frequently occur at levels that use grams would be inappropriate, but using actual figures of atoms/molecules/ions could also be misleading. As a result, scientists devised the moles to bridge the divide between extremely small and extremely huge numbers.

CH[tex]_4[/tex] + 2 O[tex]_2[/tex] [tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CO[tex]_2[/tex]+ 2 H[tex]_2[/tex]O

moles of methane = 16.68 /16.04=1.03moles

the mole ratio between methane and oxygen is 1:2

mole of oxygen = 2×1.03=2.06moles

Therefore, 2.06moles  of oxygen gas will be used.

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The specific heat of mercury calculated from her data is 0.13 J/g°C.

Specific heat is a measure of how much energy is required to heat a substance. This is the amount of energy (in joules) required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. Different substances have different specific heats.

To answer this question, use the heat slaughter formula:

Q =mCΔT

In the question:

Heat energy: Q = 30.1 J

Mass of mercury: m = 12.5 g

T1 = 21.2

T2 = 39.6°C

Temperature:

ΔT = T2 –T1

∆T = 39.6 – 21.2

∆T = 18.4°C

The specific heat of mercury is?

Q =mCΔT

C = Q/mΔT

C = 30.1/12.5 x 18.4

C =30.1/230

C = 0.13 J/g°C

So, the specific heat of mercury is 0.13 J/g°C.

Question:

In the laboratory a student finds that it takes 30.1 Joules to increase the temperature of 12.5 grams of liquid mercury from 21.2 to 39.6 degrees Celsius.

The specific heat of mercury calculated from her data is_____J/g°C.

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Use a fresh funnel and fresh filter paper to repeat the hot gravity filtration.

The best way to address this problem is to perform a cold gravity filtration. This will allow the activated carbon to settle at the bottom of the container, making it easier to filter out. After the cold gravity filtration, you may also want to consider running the solution through a filter paper to remove any remaining activated carbon particles. Recrystallization is accomplished using hot gravity filtration. It is specifically used to clean the sample of any insoluble contaminants. The stemless funnel is ideal for this method because it prevents crystallization on the stem of the funnel (since stemless).

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Mass of NaCl that would dissolve in water to make a 50 M solution with 500 mL final volume is 1460 grams

To make a 50 M solution of sodium chloride (NaCl), the number of moles of NaCl required can be calculated using the formula:

moles of solute = concentration (M) x volume (L)

where volume is in liters. In this case, the concentration is 50 M and the volume is 0.5 L (500 mL).

moles of NaCl = 50 M x 0.5 L = 25 moles

Since the molecular weight of NaCl is 58.44 grams/mole, the mass of NaCl required can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles by its molecular weight:

mass = moles x molecular weight

mass of NaCl = 25 moles x 58.44 grams/mole = 1460 grams

So, 1460 grams of NaCl would dissolve in water to make a 50 M solution with a final volume of 500 mL.

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The gas that will diffuse the fastest is O2 (oxygen). Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Oxygen has a relatively small molecular size compared to the other gases.

So, it is more likely to move quickly through the container and escape through the opening. Methane (CH4) and Ethane (C2H5) are larger, and thus will diffuse slower than oxygen.

Nitrogen (N2) is an even larger gas, and it will diffuse the slowest of all the gases in the flask.

Methane is a chemical composite with the chemical formula CH₄. It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main basic of natural gas.

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0.0451 moles of KMnO4 and 7.18 grams of KMnO4 are required to produce 11.4 grams of KNO3.

The chemical equation for the reaction is

5 KNO₂ + 2KMnO₄ + 3 H₂SO₄ →5 KNO₃ + K₂SO₄ + MnSO₄ + 3 H₂O

From the equation, we see that for every 5 moles of KMnO2, 5 moles of KNO3 are produced, and for every 2 moles of KMnO4, 5 moles of KNO3 are produced.

Determine the number of moles of KNO3 produced, which can be calculated from the mass of KNO3 (11.4 g) and its molar mass (101.1 g/mol):

11.4 g KNO3 / 101.1 g/mol = 0.1129 moles KNO3

Since 5 moles of KMnO2 produce 5 moles of KNO3, 2 moles of KMnO4 produce 5 moles of KNO3.

This means that for every 0.1129 moles of KNO3, 0.1129 moles / (5/2) = 0.0451 moles of KMnO4 are required.

Convert the number of moles of KMnO4 to mass by multiplying by its molar mass (158.0 g/mol):

0.0451 moles KMnO4 * 158.0 g/mol = 7.18 g KMnO4

How do you convert moles to mass?

Multiply the molecular weight by the number of moles for the substance. The molecular weight is the number of grams per mole for the substance and gives the conversion factor for moles to grams for that particular substance.

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