In real life, sequencing data is never as clean and clear as the sequencing data presented here. Typically, sequencing machines do not read eDNA sequences perfectly, occasionally mistaking a C for a T, for instance (though this is often <1% of the time). Additionally, there will even be some variability of the barcode among individuals of the same species! How can sequences without 100% identity to a reference still be useful for biodiversity assessment

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

by using consensus sequences and complementing DNA barcoding data with other sources of information (e.g., morphological, and ecological data)  

Explanation:

DNA barcoding refers to the taxonomic method used to identify and classify species by comparing DNA sequences. Some of the most used barcoding genes include the 16 subunit (16S) of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene in prokaryotes, the Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COI) gene in animals, the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence in fungi and the RuBisCO gene in plants. A good gene for DNA barcoding purposes must exhibit intraspecific variability, conserved regions in order to synthesize appropriate PCR primers, and the sequence need to be short in length (100 to 1000 bases). The main problem associated with this identification method is the confidence value between genetic sequences. For example, when COI sequences are identical, there is a 6 percent of chance that these sequences belong to different species. On the other hand, the percentage of intraspecific variability among DNA barcoding sequences is variable, even among closely related species. This problem, as well as bioinformatic errors related to sequence reads, can be partially overcome by aligning genetic sequences (including outgroups) in order to obtain consensus sequences. Moreover, taxonomists reasonably argue that DNA barcoding data should be complemented with morphological and ecological data in order to achieve accurate species identification.


Related Questions

Fungi are all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or protists.
TRUE
FALSE
Check it

Answers

Answer:

true

Explanation:

this is it I think.:)

A woman and her baby are on a TV talk show to determine whether or not a particular man is the father of the child. Mom is blood type O and the baby is blood type B. The potential dad is blood type A. Is it true or false that he is the father?

Answers

Answer:

No that is not the father

Explanation:

The fathers blood would have to be type B. Type A is dominate to O and co-dominate to B so you get AB blood, type B blood is dominate to O blood. So if the mom has to be OO to show O blood and the father has to be AA blood because he isn't AB or AO, which could make the baby AO or OO blood. Since none of this is true the "TRUE" father would have to have AB, BB, or Bo blood.

Describe the process of cloning from start to finish.

Answers

Answer:

1. Isolation of donor DNA fragment or gene.

2. Selection of suitable vector.

3. Incorporation of donor DNA fragment into the vector.

4. Transformation of recombinant vector into a suitable host cell.

5. Isolation of recombinant host cell.

Answer:

Explanation:

In standard molecular cloning experiments, the cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves seven steps: (1) Choice of host organism and cloning vector, (2) Preparation of vector DNA, (3) Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism, (6) ...

Complete the following statements by writing the appropriate word or phrase on the blank:
The superficial region of the skin is the _______, composed of (3 words) tissue. The deeper region tissue is the _______, composed of connective tissue. The most numerous cell of the epidermis is the _______. The two primary layers of the dermis are the dermis, composed of areolar connective tissue, and the dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Answers

epidermis, stratified squamous epithelium, dermis, keratinocyte

Which step in the Gram stain is the critical step in differentiating Gram negative cells from Gram positive cells?

Answers

Answer:

The rapid decolorization with ethanol or acetone

and counterstaining with safranin

When a decolorizer such as alcohol or acetone is added, it interacts with the lipids of the cell membrane. A gram-negative cell loses its outer lipopolysaccharide membrane, and the inner peptidoglycan layer is left exposed: when safranin is added they will turn red. Conversely, gram-positives retain the Cristal violet and will color in purple

2) People who are tune deaf are unable to follow a rhythm. Scientists have evidence that
tune deafness can be genetic. The pedigree below traces the inheritance of tune deafness
in a family. Individuals in the pedigree are numbered.
Generation
10 111 112 113
ODO
Key
Tune
deaf
Normal tune
perception
Male
Female
DO
Scientists have analyzed the inheritance patterns for tune deafness and have
concluded that tune deafness is caused by an autosomal dominant allele, T.
a. Provide evidence from the pedigree that conclusively shows that the tune
deafness allele is autosomal dominant, not autosomal recessive. Explain your
reasoning.
b. Identify the genotypes of individuals 5 and 6, and then draw the Punnett square
for the cross of these two individuals.
c. Compare the expected percentage of each phenotype of the offspring from the
cross in part (b) with the actual percentage of each phenotype observed in the
children of individuals 5 and 6

Answers

Answer:

There's no pedigree

Explanation:

Sorry, I couldn't comment. You can delete this answer or I can edit this answer later when you edit the question to put a picture of the pedigree

NEED HELP ASAP

Which of the following increase the speed of action potentials in the nervous system?

Answers

Answer:

Where are the answers to choose from?

In any case, the ranvier nodes and myelin increase the speed

HELPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Answers

Answer:

Grabbing a handful of mixed candy out of a bowl.

Explanation:

For all other options you are choosing specific items... such as a book from the library, or choosing items written on your grocery list, or choosing what to pack for lunch. Bycatch in fishing refers to catching extra fish, other than what you are selecting for. By grabbing a handful of mixed candy from a bowl you are not selecting for a specific 'fish'.

A population of insects became divided when a flood created a lake in the middle of the original population. After many generations, the divided populations differ from each other in several traits such as wing color. Which process likely occurred

Answers

Answer:

the process is called allopatric speciation

Explanation:

when two organism separate each other by a geographical barrier or gepgraphical separation (because of flood) it is likely that the two organisms will evolve another certain characteristics.

Suppose that an earthquake has just occurred as pictured below the first P wave is shown as the large circle and the first S wave is shown as a smaller circle what would the seismogram And recording station a display at the moment the image below was taken

Answers

here is the answer.

Mendel determined that for a given character(i.e. pea seed shape) an individual has two factors that these can exist in two forms (R or r). Today we would describe R and r as being:______.
a. different alleles of the seed shape gene.
b. different genes of the seed shape locus.
c. different genotypes of the seed shape character.
d. different loci of the seed shape gene.

Answers

Answer:

a. different alleles of the seed shape gene.

Explanation:

Mendel crossed different varieties of pea plants and he observed how phenotypic traits passed to the progeny. From these experiments, Mendel formulated the 'First Law of Segregation', where he observed that traits may exist in pairs that segregate (separate) at meiosis. During meiosis, i.e., gamete formation, these two factors separate from each other, thereby each gamete has the same probability of receiving either factor. Nowadays, we know that these two factors represent two different gene variants or 'alleles' for a given gene locus. Alleles can be classified into dominant or recessive as in the example above described, where the R factor (round) dominates on the r factor (wrinkled) to determine the seed shape.

I need help with this

Answers

Answer:

It is b. thermal

Explanation:

You’re right!! it’s thermal energy i believe

when an amoeba completed mitosis, two new amoebas are formed.
True or False
Explain​

Answers

True (a very good guess)

Explanation: Amoeba is a unicellular organism, and just like bacteria, it reproduces through binary fission. After replicating its genetic material through mitotic division, the cell divides into two equal-sized daughter cells.

Which phase of mitosis is shown

Answers

Answer:

The answer is C

Metaphase

A student looks at the daughter cells that result from a process of cell division. Which evidence would support that the process is meiosis? A. The daughter cells are larger than the parent cell B. The daughter cells are the same size as the parent cell C, the genetic material in the daughter cells is the same as in the parent cell D. The genetic material in the daughter cells is different than in the parent cell

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation: When daughter cells divide, they always pick up most of the genetic materials/features that the parent cell have.

Comparative features of amino and fatty acids

Answers

Hopes this helps:

Answer:

The main difference between amino acids and fatty acids is that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins whereas the three fatty acids bound to a glycerol and form a triglyceride, which is the main constituent of fat. Amino acids and fatty acids are two types of building blocks of macromolecules of the body.

A set of 23 chromosomes in a human cell
contains 3.2 billion pairs of DNA bases in
sequence. On average, about how many pairs
of bases are in each chromosome?

Answers

Explanation:

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells. Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes, which carry the instructions for making proteins.

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells. Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes, which carry the instructions for making proteins.

What is chromosome ?

A chromosome is a thread-like structure present in the nucleus of cells such as plant, animal and human cells and it is made of a molecule of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and histone proteins.

It is composed of three components, DNA, proteins and RNA,  amount of the DNA content ranges from 30 to 40 %, the amount of proteins from 50 to 65%, and small amount of RNA from 1 to 10%.

Two types of protein present in DNA such as histone and non-histones proteins, histone constitute large amount (90% of total protein), whereas non-histone is present in small amount (around 10% of total protein).

The histone protein is basic, whereas, the DNA is acidic, so it can be neutralized; DNA in chromosome  is present in two forms such as Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.

For more details regarding chromosome, visit

brainly.com/question/8240726

#SPJ2

Please Help tank you.

Answers

It should be answer b

Is a bacteria cell more complex than a plant cell?

Answers

Bacteria organelles are fewer in number and less complex in design than plant organelles. Plant and bacteria cells share some basic structures that are necessary for cellular functions.

What is the relationship between tissues and organs?


Tissues are made from a single, functional type of organ.

Organs are made from a single, functional type of tissue.

Organs are made from tissues with a similar structure and function.

Tissues are made from organs with a similar structure and function.

Answers

Answer: Organs are made from a single, functional type of tissue.

Explanation:

if I'm wrong I'm sorry I tried.

how do water and land interact?

Answers

Answer:

water flows through the landscape. the condition of the land surface affects the flow and quality of water .

water flows threw the landscape , land and water are characteristics that connect

Which of the following is true
D. Water shapes landforms by dissolving rocks.
C. Water only shapes landforms above ground.
B. Water shapes landforms by weathering, erosion, and deposition.
A. Water shapes landforms by either erosion or deposition.
Help!
Will give brainliest

Answers

The answer would be B
The answer to your question is B

what is cryptorchidism???​

Answers

Answer:

testicle that hasn't moved into the bag of skin below the penis before birth.

explained

An undescended testicle is generally rare in full-term babies, but common in baby boys born prematurely.

Discuss the importance of establishing a genome database for a cat species

Answers

It will help understand how that animal works as a whole. A genome is an organisms complete set of genetic information. It pretty much shows up how this animal will live, and how to maintain life. It also has instructions for how to reproduce and the hereditary instructions for everything about that animal.

How energy moves through an ecosystem can be represented by...

A. Food chain

B. Food web

C. Energy pyramids

D. All the above

Answers

It’s D all of the above

A, b,c,d some pick and help me

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

D is the most accurate anwser

Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with Vaseline to block stomata. Will this plant remain healthy for long? State three reasons for your answer.​

Answers

➜ If waxy coating is made on the surface of leaf, loss of water in the form of water vapour does not take place. Even the gaseous exchange will not take place. So, photosynthesis will either be reduced or will not take place.

The plant will not remain healthy for long because:

[i] Exchange of gases will not take place.

[ii] Photosynthesis will either be reduced or will not take place due to lack of CO2.

[iii] Transpiration will not take place, so there will be no mechanism of cooling in hot weather.

Define Seafloor Spreading.

Answers

Answer:

This is your answer

Answer: formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through magma at mid-ocean ridges

Explanation: so a new oceanic crust is formed by magma at mid-ocean ridges.  

8.
Which one is a true fish
a) Cuttle fish
b) Star fish
c) Dog fish
d) Silver fish​

Answers

Answer:

Star fish

Explanation:

Answer is (b) Starfish

On the colorful map, in general, where is the youngest crust located?

Answers

Answer:

The youngest crust (shown in red) is near mid ocean ridges and spreading zones. All three rock types in the earth's crust—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—can also be recycled back to their original molten magma form. This process occurs when oceanic crust is pushed back into the mantle at subduction zones.

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