The element whose +2 ion has the ground-state electron configuration [ar] 3d^10 is Chromium (Cr).
In its +2 oxidation state, Chromium loses its two outermost electrons in the 3d sub-shell and the remaining 10 electrons form a stable electron configuration with the 3d orbitals being completely filled. This configuration is represented as [Ar] 3d^10. Chromium is the only element that has this electron configuration in its +2 oxidation state. The electronic configuration of an atom is the arrangement of electrons in its atomic orbitals. Each electron in an atom is characterized by four quantum numbers: the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (m), and the spin quantum number (s). The electronic configuration of an atom is usually represented by a series of numbers and letters that indicate the distribution of electrons in the different energy levels and orbitals of the atom.
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Draw a pie chart to illustrate the relative proportions of protein, carbohydrates fats and fiber of this 100 g of cereal
According to the information, we can infer that the pie chart shows 1/8 of its surface corresponding to protein and fat, 1/2 would be carbohydrates and 1/4 would be fibers.
How to draw a pie chart with the information from the nutritional table?To draw a pie chart with the information from the nutritional table, we must take into account that the portions in grams are given with respect to a quantity of 100g of food. Therefore, if it says that it has 12.5g, it is equal to 12.5% of its content. Then we can infer that each grammage is equal to the percentage of that compound in the food.
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URGENT HELPPP PLEASE
Use the information to answer the following question.
Several groups of Chemistry students are tasked with producing aluminum chloride using solid aluminum as
reactant. The teacher provides the students with two forms of aluminum, powder and solid chunks.
Which type of aluminum should the students plan to use in order to increase the reaction rate?
A Powder, because the greater surface area will allow more collisions between reactants to occur
B Solid chunks, because the lower surface area will allow more collisions between reactants to occur
C Solid chunks, because the greater surface area will allow more collision between reactants to occur
D Powder, because the lower surface area will allow more collisions between reactants to occur
The type of aluminum the students should plan to use in order to increase the reaction rate is powder because the greater surface area will allow more collisions between reactants to occur.
The correct option is A.
How does the surface area of the reactants affect the rate of reaction?The nature of the surface area of the reactants will either decrease or increase the rate of reaction.
An increased surface area of the reactants will increase the rate of a reaction because the greater surface area will allow more collisions between reactants to occur.
A decrease in the surface area of the reactants will decrease the rate of a reaction because the greater surface area will not allow more collisions between reactants to occur.
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If a solution has a [H+] concentration of 4.5 x 10-7 M, is this an acidic or basic solution?
Solve and Explain.
Considering the definition of pH, the pH is 6.35 and the solution is acidic.
Definition of pHpH is the Hydrogen Potential and it is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. pH indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.
Mathematically, pH is calculated as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions:
pH= - log [H⁺]
The numerical scale that measures the pH of substances includes the numbers from 0 to 14. The pH value 7 corresponds to neutral substances. Acidic substances are those with a pH lower than 7, while basic substances have a pH higher than 7.
Acidic or basic solution in this caseIn this case, being [H⁺]=4.5×10⁻⁷ M, you can replace this value in the definition of pH:
pH= -log (4.5×10⁻⁷ M)
Solving:
pH= 6.35
Finally, the pH is lower than 7, the solution is acidic.
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What are the concentration of aluminium and sulfate in a 3.0M solution of aluminum sulfate
The concentration of aluminum in the solution is 6.0M, and the concentration of sulfate is 9.0M.
In a 3.0M solution of aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), the concentration of aluminum and sulfate can be determined by considering the stoichiometry of the compound.
From the chemical formula, we can see that one molecule of aluminum sulfate contains two aluminum ions (Al3+) and three sulfate ions (SO4^2-).
The concentration of aluminum can be calculated by multiplying the molarity of the solution by the number of moles of aluminum ions in one molecule of aluminum sulfate. The concentration of aluminum would be:
Concentration of aluminum = 2 x 3.0M = 6.0M
Therefore, the concentration of aluminum in the 3.0M solution of aluminum sulfate is 6.0M.
Similarly, the concentration of sulfate can be calculated by multiplying the molarity of the solution by the number of moles of sulfate ions in one molecule of aluminum sulfate. The concentration of sulfate would be:
Concentration of sulfate = 3 x 3.0M = 9.0M
Therefore, the concentration of sulfate in the 3.0M solution of aluminum sulfate is 9.0M.
In summary, the concentration of aluminum in the solution is 6.0M, and the concentration of sulfate is 9.0M.
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True or False Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors of other molecules.
Dietary fats include polyunsaturated fat. Along with monounsaturated fat, it is one of the good fats. Foods like salmon, vegetable oils, and other plant- and animal-based foods include polyunsaturated fat. They act as precursors of other molecules. The given statement is true.
Precursors of eicosanoids with hormone-like properties including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
Dihomo-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the three precursors that prostaglandins can be formed from. Depending on the precursor, series 1, 2, or 3 prostanoids is produced.
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3. 7.5 g of hydrochloric acid react with 6.5g of zinc to produce
hydrogen gas and zinc chloride. Write the equation below,
balance it, and then determine the grams of hydrogen gas
produced by each reactant,
0.4141 grams of hydrogen gas will be produced from the reaction.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and zinc (Zn) can be written as follows:
2 HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
To determine the grams of hydrogen gas produced by each reactant, we need to use the concept of stoichiometry. First, we calculate the number of moles of each reactant.
The molar mass of HCl is approximately 36.5 g/mol, and the molar mass of Zn is approximately 65.4 g/mol.
For hydrochloric acid (HCl):
Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass = 7.5 g / 36.5 g/mol = 0.205 moles
For zinc (Zn):
Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass = 6.5 g / 65.4 g/mol = 0.0993 moles
According to the balanced equation, the mole ratio between HCl and H2 is 2:1. Therefore, for 0.205 moles of HCl, the theoretical yield of H2 is 0.205 moles.
The molar mass of hydrogen gas (H2) is approximately 2.02 g/mol.
To determine the mass of hydrogen gas produced:
Mass of H2 = Number of moles of H2 × Molar mass of H2
= 0.205 moles × 2.02 g/mol
= 0.4141 g
Therefore, 0.4141 grams of hydrogen gas will be produced from the reaction.
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3. The XIT Ranch is located in the
Panhandle ecoregion of Texas. After a
very cold winter, the vaqueros of the XIT
Ranch found that several new cracks had
opened in the landscape. What type of
weathering occurred at the XIT Ranch?
O
O
CLEAR ALL
frost wedging
ADD NOT
thigmotropism
oxidation
acid rain
The type of weathering that occurred at the XIT Ranch after a very cold winter causing new cracks in the landscape is frost wedging. From 1885 to 1912, the Texas Panhandle's XIT Ranch served as a cattle ranch.
The ranch was one of the largest in the world at the time, with an original area of over 3 million acres. It was established as a joint venture between the state of Texas and Capital Syndicate, a group of Chicago-based businessmen. The ranch had a tremendous influence on the history of the American West, and Texas continues to be influenced by it today.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
The XIT Ranch is located in the Panhandle ecoregion of Texas. After a very cold winter, the vaqueros of the XIT Ranch found that several new cracks had opened in the landscape. What type of weathering occurred at the XIT Ranch?
frost wedgingthigmotropismoxidationacid rainWhat changes occur in the sky over the period of 24 hours? Why do these changes occur?
Answer:
Orientation
Explanation:
what complex do copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide form
Answer: copper hydroxide
Explanation:
Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2. It is a pale greenish-blue or bluish-green solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper(II) hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
Example:
2NaOH+CuSO4→Na2SO4+Cu(OH)2
6 Give five is appliedays in which these heat transfer in our everyday life
Heat transfer plays a crucial role in various aspects of our everyday lives. Here are five examples of how heat transfer occurs in our daily activities:
Cooking; Cooling; Central Heating; Ironing; Showering
Cooking: Heat is transferred from a stove or an oven to the cooking utensils and food. Conduction occurs when the heat is transferred through direct contact between the heat source and the cooking pan. Convection takes place when hot air circulates around the food, evenly cooking it. Radiation is also involved when heat is emitted by the heating elements and absorbed by the food.
Cooling: Heat transfer is essential in cooling processes, such as using refrigerators or air conditioning systems. In refrigeration, heat is transferred from the interior of the refrigerator to the outside environment through the process of convection and radiation. In air conditioning, heat is absorbed from the indoor air and released outside, again utilizing convection and radiation.
Central Heating: Many homes and buildings use central heating systems to warm up indoor spaces. Heat is produced by a furnace or boiler and then distributed through convection and radiation. Radiators or air vents release the heated air, raising the temperature in the rooms.
Ironing: Ironing clothes involves the transfer of heat to remove wrinkles. The iron's heating element conducts heat to the metal plate, which comes into direct contact with the fabric. Conduction transfers heat from the iron to the clothes, causing the fibers to relax and remove the wrinkles.
Showering: When taking a hot shower, heat transfer is involved in multiple ways. Firstly, conduction occurs as the hot water comes into contact with your skin, transferring heat. Secondly, convection takes place as the warm water surrounds your body, creating a warm sensation. Lastly, radiation occurs as the hot water radiates heat, making the shower enclosure feel warm.
These are just a few examples, but heat transfer is involved in numerous other activities, from using hairdryers to heating water for tea. Understanding heat transfer is crucial for designing efficient systems and ensuring our comfort and safety in everyday life.
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Calculate the pH when 90.0 mL of 0.200 M HBr is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.400 M CH₃NH₂ (Kb = 4.4 × 10⁻⁴).
The pH of the solution is 10.82.
To solve this problem, we need to determine the concentration of the hydronium ion ([tex]H_3O^+[/tex]) in the solution. This can be done using the following steps:
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between HBr and CH₃NH₂.
HBr + CH₃NH₂ → CH₃NH₃⁺ + Br⁻
Write the expression for the base dissociation constant (Kb) for CH₃NH₂.
Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻]/[CH₃NH₂]
Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in the solution using the Kb value and the concentration of CH₃NH₂.
Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺][OH⁻]/[CH₃NH₂]
4.4 × 10⁻⁴ = x² / (0.400 M)
x = 6.63 × 10⁻³ M
[OH⁻] = 6.63 × 10⁻³ M
Calculate the concentration of [tex]H_3O^+[/tex] using the equilibrium constant for the reaction between HBr and [tex]H_2O[/tex].
[tex]HBr + H_2O = H_3O^+ + Br^-[/tex]
[tex]Kw = [H_3O^+][OH^-] = 1.0 * 10^{-14}\\[H_3O^+] = Kw/[OH-] = 1.51 * 10^{-11}[/tex]
Calculate the pH using the concentration of [tex]H_3O^+[/tex].
[tex]pH = -log[H_3O^+]\\pH = -log(1.51 * 10^{-11})[/tex]
pH = 10.82
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Will y’all find this answer real quick for me !!
The mass (in grams) of sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃ required to produce 85 grams of barium carbonate, BaCO₃ is 45.7 grams
How do i determine the mass of sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃ required?The mass of sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃ required to produce 85 grams of barium carbonate, BaCO₃ can be obtained as follow:
Na₂CO₃ + BaSO₄ -> BaCO₃ + Na₂SO₄
Molar mass of BaCO₃ = 197 g/molMass of BaCO₃ from the balanced equation = 1 × 197 = 197 g Molar mass of Na₂CO₃ = 106 g/molMass of Na₂CO₃ from the balanced equation = 1 × 106 = 106 gFrom the balanced equation above,
197 g of BaCO₃ were obtained from 106 g of Na₂CO₃
Therefore,
85 g of BaCO₃ will be obtain from = (85 × 106) / 197 = 45.7 g of Na₂CO₃
Thus, we can conclude that the mass of sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃ required is 45.7 grams
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11. The pH values of some solutions are given below pH 14.0 1.0 L 8.0 N 6.5 n P 7.0 Solution M Z (a) Identify the solution with the lowest concentration of hydrogen ion. Give reason for your (1mk) answer
Answer: 14.0
Explanation: 14.0 is a base. The more basic, the less hydrogen ion concentration.
When the suns radiant energy for the Earth oceans, it causes water to change state by that rating which form of energy does water vapor have
Water vapor has latent heat energy, which is absorbed or released during the process of changing states from liquid to gas or gas to liquid.When the sun's radiant energy hits the Earth's oceans, it causes the water molecules to absorb this energy and become more energized.
This leads to the water molecules breaking apart and transforming into water vapor, which is a gaseous state of water. Water vapor has a specific form of energy known as latent heat. This is the energy required to change the physical state of water from a liquid to a gas or from a gas to a liquid. The process of converting water into water vapor requires energy, and this energy is stored in the water vapor in the form of latent heat.
The amount of latent heat absorbed or released by water vapor is dependent on the temperature and pressure conditions. When the water vapor condenses back into liquid form, this latent heat is released into the atmosphere. This process plays a critical role in weather and climate patterns as it drives the movement of heat and moisture throughout the Earth's atmosphere.
In summary, water vapor has latent heat energy, which is absorbed or released during the process of changing states from liquid to gas or gas to liquid. This energy plays a vital role in the Earth's weather patterns and is a critical component of the Earth's energy balance.
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Step 4: Compute the pH of the Solutions
The pH scale determines how acidic or basic water is. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 representing neutrality.
Thus, Acidity is indicated by pH values below 7, whereas baseness is shown by pH values above 7. In reality, pH is a measurement of the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water.
While water with more free hydroxyl ions is basic, water with more free hydrogen ions is acidic. Since chemicals in the water can change pH, pH is a crucial sign that the chemical composition of the water is changing. "Logarithmic units" are used to report pH.
Each number corresponds to a 10-fold difference in the water's acidity or basicity. Ten times more acidic than water is water is water with a pH of five.
The pH scale determines how basic or acidic a substance is. We consume a variety of drinks with varying pH levels during our daily lives. A neutral material is water. The acidity of soda and coffee varies.
Thus, The pH scale determines how acidic or basic water is. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 representing neutrality.
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What is the mass of a sample of NH3 containing 6.3 × 1024 molecules of NH3?
Answer:
i dont know sorry, hope you get the answer•
An isomer of C3H7O undergoes one step oxidation reaction. Answer the following questions due to this reaction.
a) Write a full symbol equation for this reaction.b) Name the proper reagent and catalyst for this reaction.c) Why do you think there is no need to remove the product from the reaction vessel?
Answer:
C3H7O + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Explanation:
a) The full symbol equation for the oxidation reaction of an isomer of C3H7O can be represented as:
C3H7O + O2 → CO2 + H2O
b) The proper reagent for this oxidation reaction is O2 (oxygen gas). The catalyst required for this reaction depends on the specific conditions. Common catalysts used for oxidation reactions include transition metals such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or copper (Cu).
c) There is no need to remove the product (CO2 and H2O) from the reaction vessel because they are typically in the gas or liquid phase and do not significantly interfere with the reaction. The product gases can be easily vented out of the vessel, while the liquid water can be left in the reaction mixture. Additionally, the product CO2 is a stable and inert gas, which does not pose any hazards in most cases. Therefore, it is often not necessary to remove the products after the reaction is complete.
If matter is left in the same environment ( no heat added), will it change states? explain.
If matter is left in the same environment and no heat is added, it will not change states.
Matter in chemistry, is defined as any kind of substance that has mass and occupies space that means it has volume .Matter is composed up of atoms which may or not be of same type.
Atoms are further made up of sub atomic particles which are the protons ,neutrons and the electrons .The matter can exist in various states such as solids, liquids and gases depending on the conditions of temperature and pressure.
The states of matter are inter convertible into each other by changing the parameters of temperature and pressure.
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An error during which cellular process would create a gene mutation?
An error during DNA replication would create a gene mutation.
During DNA replication, the genetic information in a cell is copied to make new DNA molecules. However, mistakes can occur during this process, leading to changes in the DNA sequence, which can result in a mutation. Mutations can also be caused by exposure to environmental factors, such as radiation or chemicals, which can damage the DNA molecule directly or affect the cellular processes involved in DNA replication.
Mutations can have a variety of effects on the organism, ranging from no effect to causing serious health problems or even death. Gene mutations can also be inherited from a parent, which can result in genetic disorders or predisposition to certain diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of gene mutations and their potential impacts on organisms.
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A sample of argon has a volume of 1.20 L at STP. If the temperature is increased to 28.0 °C and the pressure is lowered to 0.800 atm, what will the new volume be, in L?
The new volume of the sample of argon, in L, will be 1.43 L.
At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), the temperature is 0 °C (273 K) and the pressure is 1 atm. Therefore, the initial conditions can be expressed as:
T1 = 273 K
P1 = 1 atm
V1 = 1.20 L
To find the new volume, we can use the combined gas law:
(P1V1) / T1 = (P2V2) / T2
We can rearrange this equation to solve for V2:
V2 = (P1V1T2) / (P2T1)
Substituting the given values, we get:
V2 = (1 atm x 1.20 L x 301 K) / (0.800 atm x 273 K)
V2 = 1.43 L
At a temperature of 28.0 °C and a pressure of 0.800 atm, the new volume of the argon sample is 1.43 L.
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Unit: Acids, Bases, and Solutions
"Properties of Acids and Bases" - WS #3
Five properties that make acids different from bases include their pH, conductivity, taste, texture, and reactivity.
The names of the given acids and bases are:
1. Hydrogen fluoride
2. Potassium hydroxide
3. Hydrogen sulfate
4. Calcium hydroxide
5. Barium hydroxide
6. Hydrogen nitroxide
7. Barium hydroxide
8. Hydrogen sulfide
9. Aluminum hydroxide
10. Dihydrogen phosphate
How to differentiate acids from basesAcids can be differentiated from bases by their taste, pH, texture, reactivity, etc. Acids typically have a sour taste while bases have a bitter taste. Acids also have a pH less than 7while bases have a pH greater than 7.
Acids and bases also differ in their texture. Acids have a sticky texture while bases have a slippery texture. The conductivity of acids is also greater than those of bases.
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Coal provides the energy for most of the electricity that people use today.
Who benefits from the use of coal?
a everyone, either directly or indirectly
b only the people who purchase electricity
c only the people who use the electricity from coal
d only people who work in companies that mine or sell coal
Coal supplies the energy for the majority of the power that people use today, and everyone benefits, either directly or indirectly, from the usage of coal. Option A is correct.
Coal is a significant source of energy for electricity generation, and electricity is a fundamental component of modern society. The electricity produced by coal benefits everyone, either directly or indirectly. It powers homes, businesses, and industries and provides the power necessary for transportation, communication, and other essential services.
However, the use of coal can also have negative impacts on the environment and human health, including air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and coal mining accidents. It is crucial to balance the benefits and drawbacks of coal use and consider alternative sources of energy to meet the increasing energy demands sustainably. Option A is correct.
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Please help for brainliest
Curious Carl's chemistry teacher asked him to make a sugar solution. Carl dissolved 400 grams of sucrose (C12H22O11 , molar mass 342.3mol) in 1.00 L of water.
If molarity = moles/liter, what is the molarity of Carl's sugar solution?
Question 31 options:
1.2 M
0.86 M
0.40 M
1.0 M
Answer:
The molarity of Carl's sugar solution can be calculated using the formula:
Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
First, we need to determine the number of moles of sucrose in the solution. We can do this using the formula:
moles = mass / molar mass
The mass of sucrose is 400 grams, and the molar mass is 342.3 g/mol:
moles = 400 g / 342.3 g/mol
moles = 1.167 mol
Now we can calculate the molarity by dividing the moles by the liters of solution (which is 1.00 L):
Molarity = 1.167 mol / 1.00 L
Molarity = 1.2 M
Therefore, the molarity of Carl's sugar solution is 1.2 M. Answer: 1.2 M.
Explanation:
how do stars produce and release energy?
Answer:As hydrogen atoms collide to create helium, enormous quantities of energy are released, heating the gas. This process, known as nuclear fusion, is what causes stars to shine. The pull of gravity inward is resisted by the heated gas as it pushes outward.
Explanation:
The volume of a sample of gas is 2.00 L when the temperature is 111C. While
the pressure remains constant the temperature is changed to a new value
which causes the volume to become 3.00L What was the temperature changed
to?
Answer:
Explanation:
Charles Law
V1/T1 = V2/T2
T2= T1V2/V1 = 384.15 X 3/2=576.23K or 303.08 Celsius
Changes in which measurement shift the equilibrium in the forward direction?
increase time
O increase concentration of products
increase concentration of reactants
O decrease pressure
Answer:
increase concentration of reactants
Explanation:
I took the test
Which scientist wrote the Book of Optics?
O A. Warren Washington
O B. In al-Haytham
O C. Christian Doppler
O D. Galileo Galilei
The scientist who wrote the Book of Optics is In al-Haytham.
option B.
Which scientist wrote the Book of Optics?The Book of Optics presented experimentally founded arguments against the widely held extramission theory of vision (as held by Euclid in his Optica), and proposed the modern intromission theory, the now accepted model that vision takes place by light entering the eye.
The Book of Optics is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen.
Thus, the scientist who wrote the Book of Optics is In al-Haytham.
Other options such as Warren Washington, Christian Doppler and Galileo Galilei are not correct.
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Please help solve these chemistry questions!!!
Practice with percent composition.
1. What is the percent composition of Fe if 111.7 g of Fe is recovered from a 159.7 g sample of Fe2O3?
2. What is the percent composition of O if 12 g of O is recovered from a 38 g sample of Cr2O3?
3. Calculate the percent composition of KCl.
4. Calculate the percent composition of N2O5.
Practice with empirical formulas
5. What is the empirical formula for a compound that contains 0.0260 mol C, 0.0325 mol H, and 0.0065 mol O.
Practice with Molecular Formulas
6. Determine the molecular formula for a compound that has an empirical formula of NO2 and a molar mass of 138.015 g/mol.
7. Nicotine is 74.1% C, 8.6% H, and 17.3% N by mass. It’s molar mass is about 160 g/mol.
a. What is it’s empirical formula?
b. What is it’s molecular formula?
even though the glass apparatus are broken, but we still use them in the laboratory why? explain by 3 points
The majority of laboratory equipment is constructed of glass, since it is an easy-to-clean material and allows for good vision. The majority of the chemicals used in studies don't react with it.
The fact that glass equipment is transparent, which enables researchers to easily monitor the chemical reactions and physical changes occurring within, is one of its main advantages.
This is especially crucial in investigations when the reaction's color or appearance is crucial to comprehending the underlying chemistry. The majority of the chemicals used in studies don't react with it.
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Does 7period element experience inert pair effect? And why
Yes, elements in the 7th period of the periodic table can experience the inert pair effect. The inert pair effect is observed when the valence s-electrons of heavier elements (particularly in Groups 13-15) are less likely to participate in chemical bonding compared to their p-electrons.
This effect becomes more pronounced as you move down the periodic table.In the 7th period, elements such as polonium (Po), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts) exhibit the inert pair effect. This is due to the increasing size of the atoms and the relativistic effects that come into play at higher atomic numbers.
The increased size and relativistic effects cause the s-electrons to be more strongly influenced by the attractive force of the positively charged nucleus, making them less available for bonding.
As a result, elements experiencing the inert pair effect tend to exhibit oxidation states lower than what might be expected based on their position in the periodic table. This effect has significant implications for the chemical behavior and reactivity of these elements.
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