Polygenic heritability is the expression of a trait by many genes interaction. 1) 180mm. 2) 15/64
What is polygenic heritability?
Polygenic heritability occurs when a trait results from the interaction of many genes.
Individuals are grouped in categories that depend on how genes were intercrossed and distributed during meiosis.
In this example, there are three diallelic genes. We know that
all alleles add the same length to the leaves, the largest leaves are the homozygous dominant ones (AAWWLL⇒ 220mm), the shortest leaves are the homozygous recessive ones (aawwll⇒ 100mm).By looking at the difference between lengths (220 - 100 = 120mm), we might say each dominant allele adds 20 mm to the leaves (120mm/6alleles = 20mm).
Plants llWWHH have 4 dominant alleles, meaning their leaves' length is 180 mm.
Among the F2, 15/64 individuals are expected to have 180 mm leaves.
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Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.
Biological membranes are selectively permeable as it allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell. Selective permeability is defined as ability of the cell membrane to allow certain substances to pass through while keeping others out. Molecules can selectively pass through the cell membrane, small hydrophobic molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes rapidly. Small polar molecules, such as water and ethanol, can also pass through membranes, but they do so more slowly.
Plasma membranes allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell, while preventing harmful material from entering and essential material from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes are selectively permeable they allow some substances through but not others.
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22. Robert Hooke, a French scientist, published Micrographia in which he described many
of his microscopic observations.
a. True b. False
Answer: false
Explanation:
in cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant over spotted coat color. If two heterozygous dogs were crossed to each other, what would be the probability of the following combinations of offspring
A gene region where there are two distinct alleles present. One normal allele, one mutated allele, or two distinct mutated alleles can make up a heterozygous genotype.
Combinations of offspring:Let's say that the letter S stands for a solid coat and the letter s for a spotted coat. This indicates that the genomes of the two heterozygous cocker spaniels are Ss. As a result, the likelihood of the progeny having a solid coat (SS and Ss) is 75% and a spotted coat (SS) is 25%.
There is a 25% chance that the firstborn puppy in the first litter will have spotted fur. The likelihood that 4 of the 5 remaining pups will have spotted fur is 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4, or 1/256. Calculate the likelihood that the second litter will have 6 pups with solid fur by multiplying 3/4 by 6, which equals 64/4096 or 1.5% The probability that the second litter will contain 1 pup with spotty fur is 25%.
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The body and blood of jesus are symbolized:_______
A. With the color violet.
B. With the chi-rho symbol.
C. In the eucharistic meal.
D. On the forehead at lent
The body and blood of Jesus are symbolized with the chi-rho symbol
Chi Rho represents an early illustration of the relationship between Jesus' Crucifixion and Resurrection. An ancient Christian symbol is known as Chi Rho, pronounced "KEE-roe," is created by joining the first two letters of the Greek word Christos, which means "Christ." Early Christians used the Chi Rho symbol to represent both Jesus Christ and Christianity. Prior to the Battle of the Milivian Bridge outside of Rome in 312 AD, Constantine reportedly had a vision in which the Chi Rho symbol appeared. The monarch then had his soldiers' shields etched with the insignia. Constantine legalized Christianity throughout his kingdom after winning the conflict. Since then, he had made frequent use of the Chi Rho sign. Later Christian emperors also employed the Chi Rho as a vexillum they termed the Labarum. The coins of Constantine and his successors used this symbol.
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A male is heterozygous for the trait that produces freckles on the skin, and he has freckles. If he marries a woman who is also heterozygous for freckles, ________ of their children are predicted to be freckled. Also, of all their children, ________ are predicted to be heterozygous.
A male is heterozygous for the trait that produces freckles on the skin, and he has freckles. If he marries a woman who is also heterozygous for freckles, 75% of their children are predicted to be freckled. Also, of all their children, 50% are predicted to be heterozygous.
The genotype of a plantThe plant must be homozygous for the trait because the phenotype reflects the genotype. To test if any white plants emerge, cross the red plant with a white plant.A gene region where there are two distinct alleles present. A heterozygous genotype can consist of one normal allele and one mutated allele, or two different mutated alleles.The symbol Tt stands for the heterozygous state, in which a gene's homologous pair has two distinct alleles.Learn more about phenotype here:
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What causes clouds to condense and form?
Select one:
O a. As cold air sinks, water vapor is released.
O b.
As hot air rises, water vapor is released.
O c.
As winds drive cold air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
O d. As winds drive hot air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
As winds drive cold air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Water is constantly cycling through the atmosphere. Water evaporates from the Earth's surface and rises on warm updrafts into the atmosphere. It condenses into clouds, is blown by the wind, and then falls back to the Earth as rain or snow.
Find the element in the periodic table. Find out the period (rows) it is in, and draw that number of circles.
Answer:
Name of element: Oxygen (O)
Period (Row): 2
The number of the period (row) in which the element is in tells us how many energy levels (known as shells or circles) the element has.
Because Oxygen is in row 2 it tells us we need to draw 2 circles.
The group that the element is in also tells us the number of electrons present in the element's outer energy level (also known as an outer shell or outer circle).
Because Oxygen is in group 6 it must have six electrons on its outer energy level.
We know that the first energy level always has two electrons.
So we draw two energy levels. On the first energy level, we draw 2 dots or crosses (to represent the two electrons). On the second energy level, we draw 6 dots or crosses.
Hope this helped and if you require more assistance from me, please comment below! :)
In this answer (you did not specify which element to use so I've written down the steps if you want to choose another element) I've written Oxygen as an example.
If sperm do not exit through the vas, either because the man has had a vasectomy or has not ejaculated, in what region of the testis do they remain
The epididymis region of the testis do they remain.
What about epididymis?Each testis has a little, tightly coiled tube linked to it (the male sex glands that produce sperm). Male reproductive cells known as sperm travel from the testicles into the epididymis, where they mature and are then stored.The epididymis' most obvious job is to move sperm from the rete testes to the vas deferens.The immature sperm from the testis is received by the tortuously coiled epididymis, which stores it for several days. Sperm is forcibly discharged into the deferent duct during ejaculation from the epididymis' tail.Sperm is transported from the testes and stored in the long, coiled epididymis. It is seen as a curving structure on each testis' posterior (rear) edge. There are three parts to it.Learn more about epididymis here:
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What is the term for biodiversity that results from few ancestral species
Adaptive radiation is the term for biodiversity that results from a few ancestral species.
What is biodiversity?The term biodiversity (from “biological diversity”) guides to the mixture of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can contain the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural functions that sustain life.
Biodiversity includes not only species we consider rare, endangered, or endangered but also every living thing—from humans to organisms we understand little about, such as microbes, fungi, and invertebrates.At the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, we have human and human cultural diversity as a component of biodiversity. We use the term “biocultural” to represent the occupied, always evolving, and connected nature of people and place, and the notion that sociable and biological measurements are interrelated. This vision recognizes that human use, knowledge, and beliefs influence, and in favor are influenced, by the ecological methods of which human residents are a part.To learn more about biodiversity, refer to:
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Why do you think that there are so many different ways for the body to fight off infection and invasion by foreign or disease causing particles
The capital city of arizona is phoenix. what kind of phrase are the bolded words? infinitive phrase noun phrase adjective phrase adverb phrase
The bolded word "of Arizona" is regarded as a noun phrase.
What is a noun phrase?A nouns phrase refers to a string of words that contain a noun but does not make a complete meaning. In this case, the noun is found to function in the sentence as a prepositional object.
We know that there are eight parts of speech in the English language and the noun is part of the eight parts of speech which add meaning to a sentence that we make.
Thus, the bolded word "of Arizona" is regarded as a noun phrase.
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Phosphorous acid, a common ingredient used for potable water treatment, has a molecular formula of:_______
Answer:
H³PO⁴Explanation:
Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H3PO4. Phosphoric acid is a colorless solid, it is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, which is a colourless, odourless, and non-volatile syrupy liquid.Which organelle is the primary site of atp synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
a) lysosome
b) vacuole
c) mitochondrion
d) golgi apparatus
e) peroxisome
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Option \ C}[/tex]
Explanation:
The site where ATP are synthesized in eukaryotic cells is mitochondrion.
Mitochondrion:Shape:
Oval or tubular.Layers:
Two layers, Outer layer is smooth and inner layer gives rise to foldings called cristae.Function:
Synthesizes Energy in the form of ATP with the help of electron transport chains.[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
The controls of the windshield wiper and windshield washer are usually located on _______.
The controls of the windshield wiper and windshield washer are usually located on Right lever. Two levers on steering column contain controls for driving. .
A sun visor is located ion the above of windshield also called windscreen . Designed with a flap that is adjustable to help shade the eye of drivers and passengers from the glare of sunlight.
The combination switch they flip beam switch or the directional switch that is on the left hand stalk signals and cancels turn indications when moved up or down.Automotive wipers are controlled by a microprocessor. windshield washer used to keep it clear for rain . snow , dust.
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Describe how the design and function of the lungs is evidence of a wise creator.
lungs are part of the respiratory system, a group of organs and tissues that work together to help you breathe. The respiratory system's main job is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases. The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system, and are divided into sections, or lobes. The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung, which has two lobes. The lungs are separated by the mediastinum. This area contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes. main functions of the lungs are Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
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The function of sigma factor in bacteria is replaced by that of _____ in eukaryotes.
The function of sigma factor in bacteria is replaced by that of general transcription factors in eukaryotes.
General transcription factors along with RNA polymerase form the basal transcription apparatus that binds to promoters in eukaryotes to initiate transcription.
Sigma factor (σ factor or specificity factor) is a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to gene promoters. It is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and to eukaryotic factor TFIIB.
Sigma factor is an accessory protein to RNA polymerase in bacteria that helps the polymerase bind to the promoter region.
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The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the cns and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord?.
The spinal cord which contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. The function illustrated by the spinal cord is conduction.
The spinal cord is an extended part of the central nervous system. the spinal cord contains vertebrae which are lined with discs for providing support. But apart from this most importantly the spinal cord contains nerves and nerve fibers that send information to both the central and peripheral nervous system. The pons in the brain is responsible for enhancing the conduction performed by the spinal cord. The pons contain nerve fibers which are responsible for forming tracts that make conduction easier by the spinal cord.
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How is it possible for organisms to undergo both punctured equilibrium and gradualism?
Answer: Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two ways in which the evolution of a species can occur. A species can evolve by only one of these, or by both. Scientists think that species with a shorter evolution evolved mostly by punctuated equilibrium, and those with a longer evolution evolved mostly by gradualism.
Explanation:
In animal cells, cell junctions called ______ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.
A diploid individual with two identical alleles for a particular gene is said to be:.
Answer:
Homozygous for that gene.
Explanation:
A diploid individual with two identical alleles for a particular gene is said to be homozygous for that gene, but if the individual has different alleles he or she is said to be heterozygous for the gene.
After being shot in the head in Iraq, what type of glial cells began to restore the barrier between Brandon's brain and blood
The type of glial cells that began to restore the barrier between Brandon's brain and blood is the astrocytes.
What are glial cells?The glial cells are does cells that are non-neuronal cells found within the nervous system which helps to provides physical and metabolic support to neurons.
An example of glial cells is the astrocytes which are the building blocks of the brain neurotransmitters that aids in brain injury recovery.
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Identical twins are produced from the same sperm and egg. After the first mitotic division, the cells detach from each other and develop into distinct individuals. In contrast, fraternal twins are produced from separate sperm and separate egg cells. If two parents with brown eyes (a dominant trait) produce one twin boy with blue eyes, what are the probabilities of the following
The probability of other twin to have blue eyes is 100% because they are genetically identical.
Are identical twins are formed from two different eggs and two different sperm?
One fertilized egg (ovum), which develops into two children with the same genetic makeup, produces identical or monozygotic twins. Two eggs (ova) are fertilized by two sperm to create fraternal or dizygotic twins, which are two genetically distinct infants.How is identical twins formed?
When a single egg (zygote) is fertilized, identical twins (monozygotic twins) are produced. The egg then separates into two, producing genetically identical twins. If your twins are identical, you will have two girls or two boys because identical twins are always of the same sex.What is special about identical twins?
Identical twins have DNA that is 99.9% the same. They also have almost nearly identical brain wave patterns. But they do have different fingerprints and teeth marks! 22% of twins are left-handed as opposed to the 10% of singletons who turn out to be left-handed.Learn more about identical twins
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Which events occur during the atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and the aorta during ventricular systole during the cardiac cycle .
The cardiac cycle is a sequence of electrical and mechanical events that take place when the heart is contracting and relaxing (diastole) (systole). Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and the aorta during ventricular systole.The atrial musculature begins to contract with atrial depolarization. The pressure inside the atrial chambers rises as the atria contract, pushing more blood across the open atrioventricular (AV) valves and causing a quick flow of blood into the ventricles.The atria relax (atrial diastole) and receive venous return from both the body and the lungs during ventricular contraction. The lower chambers then loosen up during ventricular diastole, enabling initial passive filling of of the thick-walled ventricles and emptying of the atria.learn more about cardiac cycle here: https://brainly.com/question/12537609
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What is the correct sequence of enzymes involved in dna replication, considering the lagging strand?
The correct sequence of enzymes in DNA replication includes such as DNA helicase, RNA primase ,DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. This process of DNA replication the double helix unwinds with the help of enzymes DNA helicase.
The lagging stand is the parent stand that runs in 5' and 3' direction towards the fork and the replication discontinue. DNA ,two strands at a replication fork. one stand is the leading stand which runs from 5' to 3' and other stand is lagging stand runs from 3' to 5' fork and it is made in small pieces called okazaki fragments.
The leading stand which synthesis in continuous manner, synthesis of lagging strand requires a primase that makes RNA primers that can extended by DNA polymerase to form okazaki fragments.
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The Scyphozoans are commonly found in Florida and hang upside down in the water with their tentacles pointed towards the
Scyphozoans True jellies, members of the phylum Cnidaria, are frequently observed in Florida and hang upside down in the water with their tentacles pointing upward. They do this to illuminate the photosynthetic dinoflagellates that are stored within their bodies.
The majority of Scyphozoa species have two distinct life cycles: the planktonic medusa or jellyfish form, which is most noticeable during the warm summer months, and a less noticeable but more persistent bottom-dwelling polyp that periodically produces new medusae. Scyphozoa make up the majority of the enormous, frequently colorful, and noticeable jellyfish that may be seen in coastal areas all over the world.
Scyphozoans lack any lasting hard elements, such as a head, a skeleton, or specialized respiratory or excretory organs. Since marine jellyfish are up to 98 percent water, they are rarely discovered in fossil form.
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one way that the investigator could increase the validity of the investigation
Answer:
for different purpose like accuracy, validate
Proinflammatory cytokines differentially regulate adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, and dynamics
Different proinflammatory cytokines control the dynamics, oxidative stress, and metabolism of adipocyte mitochondria.
Insulin resistance, the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been mechanistically related to macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue and continuous low-grade generation of inflammatory cytokines. In this investigation, we used the 3T3-L1 model cell system to assess the long-term effects of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 on adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. An increase in proton leak, a decrease in membrane potential, an increase in basal respiration, and a decrease in ATP turnover were all caused by the TNF treatment of cultured adipocytes. While IL-6 and IL-1 lowered maximum respiratory capacity, they exhibited different impacts on ATP turnover, proton leak, and baseline respiration and had no effect on membrane potential.
Only TNF treatment increased oxidative stress (as indicated by protein carbonylation and superoxide anion generation) and C16 ceramide formation in 3T3-L1 cells. When 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with cytokines, the mRNA expression of several important transcription factors and regulatory proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including PGC1 and eNOS, as well as COXIV and Cyt CCyt C, was reduced. TNF solely caused mitochondrial fragmentation, lowered the total level of Opa1 while increased Opa1 cleavage, and had no influence on the expression of levels of mitofusin 2, DRP1, or mitofilin. Each cytokine had effects on the expression of mitochondrial markers. Overall, our findings show that inflammatory cytokines affect adipocyte metabolism differently and specifically, although they all result in reduced mitochondrial activity and a re-programming of fat cell biology.
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A procedure that increases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus is called a(n):_______
A procedure that increases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus is called Establishing operation.
Any stimulus that will increase the chance that a preceding behavior will arise again. Satisfies a biological need and works clearly, no matter someone's previous enjoy.
Stimulus that will become reinforcing because of its affiliation with a number one reinforcer. Aversives are unpleasant stimuli that result in adjustments in behavior via negative reinforcement or effective punishment. by using applying an aversive right now earlier than or after a behavior the likelihood of the target conduct going on in the destiny is reduced.
Stimulus is some thing that makes an organism or part of an organism react in some way. for example, for maximum vegetation, daylight acts as a stimulus that reasons stimulates them to grow or pass toward it.
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A procedure that increases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus is called Abolishing Operation.
Abolishing Operation is to describe events that decrease the punishing effectiveness of a consequence and change the frequency of the future related to that particular consequence.
It is a type of motivating operation that is responsible in making stimulus more desirable. Many unconditioned abolishing operations are identified in humans.
Example: Satiation of sleep, activity, food, Cold and warmth.
Aversiveness tends to avoid or punish stimulus.
Appetitive stimulus is an unconditioned stimulus that can be modified by deprivation.
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In a neuroscience experiment, which one of these would best indicate LTP?
Answer choices:
Elongation of the postsynaptic neuron
Stronger and more frequent action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron
Stronger and more frequent action potentials in the presynaptic neuron
Spines growing throughout glia
In a neuroscience experiment, the one of these would best indicate LTP is Stronger and more frequent action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron.
What is long-term empowerment?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the increase in postsynaptic responses over hours, days, or weeks after brief repetitive stimulation of presynaptic afferents.
However, for study purposes, LTP is commonly divided into three sequentially occurring phases: short-term potentiation, early LTP, and late LTP.
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Oxygen gas (o2) is an example of a/an __________. a. element b. mixture c. compound d. cell