Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs:
Check all that apply.
a. HCl and NH+4
b. NH3 and Cl−
c. HCl and Cl−
d. NH3 and NH+4

If we have 325 g of glucose and 137 g O₂, the limiting reagent is O₂ , and the mass of CO₂ will be produced 188.32 g.

The mass of the glucose = 325 g

The mass of the O₂ = 137 g

The balanced equation is :

C₆H₁₂O₆  +  6O₂   ---->  6CO₂   +   6H₂O

The moles of the glucose = 325 / 180

                                           = 1.80 mol

The moles of the O₂ = mass / molar mass

                                   = 137 / 32

                                   = 4.28 mol

1 mole of C₆H₁₂O₆  react with 6 moles of O₂

Moles of O₂  = 6 × 1.80

                     = 10.8 mol

The O₂  is the limiting reagent.

The moles of the CO₂ = 4.28 mol

The mass of the CO₂ = moles × molar mass

                                   = 4.28 × 44

                                   = 188.32 g

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According  to stoichiometry and concept of Avogadro's number there are 3.61×10²⁴ particles for 4 moles of KClO₃.

As 2 moles of potassium chlorate gives 3 moles of oxygen , thus 4 moles of potassium chlorate will give 4×3/2=6 moles , 6 moles have 6×6.023×10²³=3.61×10²⁴ particles.

Thus,  there are 3.61×10²⁴ particles for 4 moles of KClO₃.

What is stoichiometry?

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Here are the structures of all alkanes that have 6 or fewer carbons, 4 of which are secondary:

1-C6H14                                               3-C4H10                                        

H3C-CH2-CH-CH3                               H3C-CH2-CH2-CH3

| |

CH3 CH3

2-C5H12

H3C-CH2-CH2-CH3

| |

CH3 CH3

Alkanes are a subclass of organic compounds that only include carbon and hydrogen atoms and are distinguished by their straightforward linear forms. Because each carbon atom is linked to as many hydrogen atoms as is possible, they are also referred to as "saturated hydrocarbons."

The alkanes in this scenario must contain 4 secondary carbons, which means that two of the hydrogen atoms on each of the 4 secondary carbons have been substituted with alkyl groups. The alkanes must also have 6 or less carbons (CH3). The three alkanes that fit these requirements are depicted structurally in the image above, with the branching from the primary carbon chain serving as a representation of the secondary carbons.

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The empirical formula is the simplest formula of the substance.

We have to note that the transition elements are the elements that we know that have a variable oxidation state and this is coming from the fact that the elements do have an incompletely filled d orbital.

We can not be able to obtain the empirical formula for the compound because the other details are missing. However, in the presence of the required details, the formula can be obtained in the question.

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a - Crust; Si Al O

b - Mantle; Fe, Ni

c- Core; Si, Mg, Fe

The Earth's crust is the outermost solid layer of the Earth's surface and is composed of tectonic plates that move and interact with each other. It is composed primarily of rocks and minerals and is about 10-70 km thick.

We can see that the elements that we can find at the earth's crust as well as at the mantle and at the core of the earth are quite different ion all the cases that we have described here.

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The rules for assigning oxidation numbers are:

b) The O.N. for a monatomic ion is the same as its charge.

d) The sum of the oxidation numbers for the atoms in a neutral compound is zero.

Oxidation Number:

In chemistry, oxidation states or oxidation numbers are the virtual charges of atoms when all bonds to various atoms are completely ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of atoms in a compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state can be either positive, negative, or zero. Although perfect ionic bonds do not occur naturally, many bonds exhibit strong ionic character, making the oxidation state a useful indicator of charge.

The oxidation state of an atom does not describe its "real" charge or any other real atomic property. This is especially true at high oxidation states where the ionization energy required to produce multiplying cations is much greater than the energy available for chemical reactions. Furthermore, the oxidation state of atoms in a given compound depends on the choice of electronegativity scale used in the calculations. Therefore, the oxidation state of atoms in a compound is just a formality. However, it is important to understand the naming conventions for inorganic compounds. Also, some observations about chemical reactions can be explained at a fundamental level in terms of oxidation states.

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The  freezing point is  [tex]T_f=-7.96[/tex] °C

A liquid's freezing point is the temperature at which it turns into a solid. Similar to the melting point, the freezing point typically rises with increasing pressure. In the case of combinations and for some organic substances, such as lipids, the freezing point is lower than the melting point. The first solid that forms when a combination freezes typically differs in composition from the liquid, and the development of the solid alters the composition of the remaining liquid, typically lowering the freezing point gradually. Utilizing successive melting and freezing to gradually separate the components, this approach is used to purify mixtures.

Given, boiling point of aqueous solution. Is 102.19 c.

or [tex]T_b=102.19[/tex]°C

normal boiling point of water, [tex]T_b[/tex]= 10000°c.

normal freezing point of water,[tex]T_f =[/tex]0.00°C

[tex]K_b[/tex] value of water = 0.512 °c/m

[tex]K_f[/tex] value of water =1.86 °C/m

let freezing point of aqueous solution be [tex]T_f[/tex]

we know that, [tex]\Delta T_b=K_b\times m \:\rightarrow(1)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_b=T_b-T^0_B[/tex]

m=molal concentration

[tex]\Delta T_b=K_f\times m \:\rightarrow(2)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_f=T_f-T^0_f[/tex]

m=molal concentration

Dividing Equation (1) by (2) we get

[tex]\frac{\Delta T_b}{{\Delta T_f}}=\frac{K_b\times m}{K_f \times m}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{\Delta T_b}{{\Delta T_f}}=\frac{K_b}{K_f }[/tex]

[tex]\frac{T_b-T^0_b}{{T_b-T^0_b}}=\frac{K_b}{K_f}[/tex]

Solving for [tex]T_f[/tex] above

Putting the value of [tex]T_b,T_b^0,T_f,T_f^0,K_b,K_f[/tex]

[tex]\frac{102.19 C- 100.00 C}{0.00 - T_f}=\frac{0.512}{1.86}[/tex]

[tex]T_f=-7.96[/tex] °C

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The ΔG°' for the reaction with 3 significant figures is -2.55 kJ/mol.

To calculate the ΔG°' for the reaction, we can use the equation:

ΔG°' = -RT ln K

where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K), T is the temperature in Kelvin, ln is the natural logarithm, and K is the equilibrium constant.

At 37°C, the temperature in Kelvin is 37 + 273.15 = 310.15 K. So,

ΔG°' = -(8.314 J/mol·K) (310.15 K) ln (1.97)

= -2551 J/mol

= -2551 x 10^-3 kJ/mol

So, the ΔG°' for the reaction with 3 significant figures is -2.55 kJ/mol.

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Precipitate form may develop as a result of the interaction between Na3PO4 and Zn(C2H3O2)2. The reaction conditions will determine the precise precipitate that forms.

A precipitate form can develop when Zn(C2H3O2)2 and Na3PO4 are combined as a result of a reaction between the two substances. Precipitates are solid materials that develop as a result of the reaction between two or more aqueous solutions. The precipitate Zn3(PO4)2 is created in this reaction when the ions Zn2+ and PO43- interact. The precipitate will leave the solution and collect at the bottom of the container as a solid lump. An essential component of chemical processes is the creation of precipitates, which may be used to detect the presence of certain ions in a solution. To eliminate pollutants from solutions, precipitates may also be formed in a variety of industrial applications, such as wastewater treatment.

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The IUPAC nomenclature of the compound can be given as Di selenium octa iodide.

IUPAC nomenclature refers to the system of naming chemical compounds and substances according to international guidelines established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

The IUPAC nomenclature system provides a standardized and systematic method for naming chemical compounds, based on their molecular structure and composition, to ensure clear and consistent communication in the field of chemistry. It covers both organic and inorganic compounds and includes rules for naming simple and complex molecules, isomers, and stereoisomers.

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Here is a basic procedure for creating an improvised musical instrument:

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Yes, it is true a molecule with a central atom that has four electron groups and two bonded atoms. A molecule with only two of its four electron groups connected to neighboring atoms is H2O, which has four electron groups on its core atom.

When the center atom possesses one or more lone pairs of electrons, the molecular geometries of the molecules alter. What is referred to as the electron domain geometry is determined by the overall number of electron pairs, including bonded pairs and lone pairs. The molecular geometry (real shape) of the molecule is changed when one or more of the bonding pairs of electrons are swapped out for a lone pair.

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The bond angle around the nitrogen atom depends on the number of bonds and the molecular geometry of the molecule containing the nitrogen atom.

Here are some common nitrogen-containing molecules and their bond angles:

Ammonia (NH3): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in ammonia is about 107°.

Nitrite ion (NO2-): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in nitrite ion is about 133°.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in nitrogen dioxide is about 134°.

Nitrogen trioxide (NO3-): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in nitrogen trioxide is about 116°.

Note that these values are approximate and may vary slightly depending on the specific molecule, bonding environment, and molecular model used to calculate the bond angles.

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What is the approximate bond angle around the nitrogen atom?

The wavelength of a blue-green light radiation that has a frequency of 6.62 x 10¹⁴ Hz is 4.53 × 10-⁵m.

The frequency of a wave can be calculated using the following formula:

Wavelength is the length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next.

The wavelength is often designated in physics as λ, and corresponds to the velocity of the wave divided by its frequency.

λ = v/f

Where;

λ = 3 × 10⁸ ÷ 6.62 x 10¹⁴

λ = 4.53 × 10-⁵m

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c. H3PO4 + H2O = H2PO4- + H3O+ is the most important equilibrium in determining the pH of a solution of sodium phosphate.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the solution. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, a pH less than 7.0 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7.0 is basic. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with each unit of change representing a ten-fold difference in acidity or basicity. The pH value is important in many chemical, biological, and environmental systems, as it can influence the behavior and reactions of molecules in solution.

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H₃PO₄ + H₂O = H₂PO₄- + H₃O+ is the most important equilibrium in determining the pH of a solution of sodium phosphate.

What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the solution. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, a pH less than 7.0 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7.0 is basic. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with each unit of change representing a ten-fold difference in acidity or basicity. The pH value is important in many chemical, biological, and environmental systems, as it can influence the behavior and reactions of molecules in solution.

The most important equilibrium in determining the pH of a solution of sodium phosphate is the H₃PO₄ + H₂O = H₂PO₄- + H₃O+ equilibrium. This equilibrium determines the concentration of H₃O+ in the solution, which is the main factor that determines the pH of the solution.

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Lithium nitride (Li3N) reacts with water (H2O) to form lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and ammonia (NH3). The molar ratio of Li3N to LiOH is 1:1, so the mass of LiOH produced is equal to the mass of lithium nitride used.

A molar ratio is the number of moles of one material divided by the number of moles of another substance. It is commonly used in chemical reactions to compare the relative concentrations of two distinct chemicals.

When lithium nitride (Li3N) interacts with water (H2O), lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and ammonia are formed (NH3). The reaction can be expressed as follows:

LiOH + 3NH3 Li3N + 3H2O

The molar ratio of the reactants and products must be used to compute the mass of lithium hydroxide produced. Because the molar ratio of Li3N to LiOH is 1:1, the mass of LiOH produced equals the quantity of Li3N utilised.

As a result, the mass of lithium hydroxide generated by reacting 0.38 grams of lithium nitride with water is 0.38 grams.

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Sodium Sulphate is the inorganic compound with formula Na2SO4

What are compounds ?

A  compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. They differ from mixtures consisting of two or more substances physically mixed without chemical bonding. Compounds have their own physical and chemical properties that differ from those of individual elements. For example, the compound water (H2O) has different properties (boiling point, density, solubility, etc.) than its components hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

Compounds are formed by chemical reactions in which atoms of different elements combine to form new substances. The formation of a compound can be represented by a chemical formula that indicates the type and number of atoms in the compound.

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Solution is provided in image .

What is mass ?

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity and is expressed in units such as kilograms, grams, pounds, or ounces. Mass is an important physical quantity that determines the object's resistance to a change in its motion, as described by Newton's second law of motion. In other words, the greater the mass of an object, the more force is required to change its velocity. Mass is a conserved quantity, meaning that the total mass of a system remains constant, although the distribution of mass within the system can change. In physics, mass is often considered to be a fundamental property of matter, and it plays a central role in many areas of science, including mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.

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To prepare a solution of NaCl using a 250.0 mL volumetric flask, you will need to take the following steps in order:

Molecules of sodium chloride (NaCl) are composed of two atoms, sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). These atoms are held together by an ionic bond, which is formed when one atom donates electrons to the other. This creates a positive and negative charge, resulting in an electrostatic attraction between the two atoms.

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Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole forces are the intermolecular forces that contribute to creating a solution of HCl in CH3CN.

A polar molecule having two hydrogen and one chlorine atoms is known as HCl. Since CH3CN is a polar solvent capable of forming hydrogen bonds, the HCl molecules are drawn to the CH3CN molecules in the solution as a result of the hydrogen bonds. The partly charged portions of the polar HCl and CH3CN molecules have dipole-dipole forces, which aid in the creation of the solution. London However, since dispersion forces only exist in nonpolar molecules, they are not present in this solution.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. You can see these both have occurred in here as the Fe 3+ gains a electron it become Fe 2+ and the Oxidation state has also been reduced therefore it is a reduction reaction

True,The conversion of fe3 to fe2 is a reduction reaction.

Gaining electrons or lowering the oxidation state are both considered to be reductions. As you can see, both of these things happened in this instance. The Fe 3+ gained an electron, becoming Fe 2+, and the Oxidation state was also reduced, making this a reduction process.

How can I determine my oxidation state?

The total amount of electrons that have been withdrawn from (positive oxidation state) or added to (negative oxidation state) an element to get it to its current condition determines an atom's oxidation state.

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The actions necessary to create an action potential should be completed in the following order: 4, 2, 5, 1, 3. Therefore, choice (C) is the appropriate response.

An action or membrane potential is a sudden and rapid change from the membrane's resting state (about -70 millivolts). It is produced in neurons and other cells that exhibit the excitability trait, such as myocytes (muscle cells). By delivering a stimulus with a threshold value, it can be produced (a minimum value in millivolts required to generate a membrane potential). The creation of the membrane potential happens in three steps. The following is a description of these phases:

The threshold potential opens the voltage-gated sodium ion channels during the depolarization phase. This results in the admission of sodium ions into the cell, which increases the membrane potential.

Overshoot phase: The overshoot phase is when the membrane or action potential reaches around +61 mV (millivolts) as a result of the activation of sodium channels (an extreme positivity phase).

Phase of repolarization: As the sodium ion channels close, the permeability for sodium ions quickly declines during this phase. The voltage-gated potassium channels also open as a result of the overshoot phase value, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell and resulting in a drop in the electropositive value of an action potential. The action potential eventually comes to rest as a result. As a result of this phase, the membrane or action potential enters the hyperpolarization phase, which is more electronegative than the resting state.

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To find the molarity of the HCl and its absolute uncertainty, you can use the reaction: 2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g).

The purity of the primary standard is stated to be 97%, which means that it can react with 97% of the theoretical amount of HCl. To recalculate your answer to (a) with this additional uncertainty, you will need to take into account the amount of HCl that was actually reacted with the sodium carbonate.

The factor that would be most important to make more precise to reduce the overall uncertainty would be the amount of HCl that was reacted with the sodium carbonate.

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When oxygen (O2) combines with hydrogen (H2), water (H2O) is formed.

The reaction can be represented as:

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

This reaction is a combustion reaction, in which hydrogen and oxygen react with each other to form water and release energy in the form of heat and light. The reaction is an exothermic reaction, which means that it releases energy to the surroundings.

Exothermic refers to a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat, light, or sound to the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, the energy stored in the reactants is transformed into energy that can be felt or measured.

Exothermic reactions are characterized by a decrease in the energy of the system, as the reactants release energy to the environment. This energy can be used for a variety of purposes, including heating, power generation, and cooking.

Therefore, When oxygen (O2) combines with hydrogen (H2), water (H2O) is formed.

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Hydrogen metals cannot replace iron (Fe) in a chemical reaction.

The capacity of a metal to replace iron (Fe) in a chemical reaction depends on where it falls in the reactivity series. The list of metals in the reactivity series is arranged in decreasing order of reactivity, with the metals with the highest reactivity at the top and the lowest reactivity at the bottom.

Lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) cannot substitute for iron in a chemical reaction because they are substantially less reactive than iron. The moderately reactive metal zinc (Zn) can occasionally take the place of iron in certain reactions. Since hydrogen (H) is not a metal, it cannot take the place of iron in a chemical process. Metals' reactivity can be used to forecast how they will respond in chemical reactions and to identify the reaction's by products.

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When the atoms of an element are radioactive and have extra neutrons or protons it creates extra energy in the nucleus causing the atom unstable.

Whether radioactive elements can suit stable and if so, how. The unstable nucleus of radioactive atoms releases radiation. And while it is true that many big elements are radioactive (we will debate why this is the case later on), every element, even hydrogen, has likely to be radioactive

Some elements of atomic nuclei are unstable because of the existence of excess nuclear charge inside them so these nuclei face radioactive decay to form stable nuclei. These elements are called radioactive elements.

So we can conclude that Many radioactive elements are firstly dangerous because of the release of ionizing radiation during the rot process

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If a solution appears red, it is likely absorbing light with a wavelength of around 700 nanometers.

Molecules in the solution absorb certain wavelengths of light, which are determined by their chemical structure and composition. When the solution absorbs a certain wavelength of light, the energy from the light is converted into thermal energy, which causes the molecules to vibrate more rapidly and produce a red color. This is known as the absorption of light.

As different molecules in the solution absorb different wavelengths of light, the color of the solution will depend on which wavelengths of light are being absorbed. In this case, the solution is absorbing light with a wavelength of around 700 nanometers, which is in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus giving it a red color.

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A significant exception to the general rule that more heat results in a higher temperature occurs when heat is applied to a boiling liquid. The addition of energy causes a liquid at the boiling point to change into a gas at the same temperature.

At the boiling point, heat no longer raises the temperature because intermolecular connections are once more being broken with the energy. However, when heating water in the open, the partial pressure of the water vapour cannot rise above 1 atmosphere.

As more heat is added, the temperature will continue to grow linearly until all the water has been converted to steam.

Therefore, when the temperature reaches 100oC, the partial pressure of the water vapour can no longer rise to stop the water from boiling. Increasing the heat applied to the water only increases evaporation and does not raise the temperature.

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A significant exception to the general rule that more heat results in a higher temperature occurs when heat is applied to a boiling liquid. The addition of energy causes a liquid at the boiling point to change into a gas at the same temperature.

At the boiling point, heat no longer raises the temperature because intermolecular connections are once more being broken with the energy. However, when heating water in the open, the partial pressure of the water vapour cannot rise above 1 atmosphere.

As more heat is added, the temperature will continue to grow linearly until all the water has been converted to steam.

Therefore, when the temperature reaches 100oC, the partial pressure of the water vapour can no longer rise to stop the water from boiling. Increasing the heat applied to the water only increases evaporation and does not raise the temperature.

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The following are discovered in science but NOT in pseudoscience: Option B is self-correction of faulty assumptions and theories.

Science is a systematic undertaking that creates and organizes information about the universe in the form of testable explanations and predictions. Science may be as old as the human race, with tens of thousands of years of archeological evidence for scientific thinking. Science is the search and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social worlds through a methodical and evidence-based process. The following are examples of scientific methodology: Observation objective: Data collection and measurement (possibly although not necessarily using mathematics as a tool) Evidence.

Here,

The following discoveries have been made in science but NOT in pseudoscience: Option B is to fix incorrect assumptions and theories by oneself.

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CaS is an ionic compound.

What is the CaS ionic bond?

The Ca2+ and S2 ions create an ionic bond, resulting in a structure similar to that of NaCl. Because of its non-molecular nature and ionic link, calcium sulfide has little solubility and extremely high melting temperatures.

Salts, oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, and the majority of inorganic compounds are examples of ionic compounds. The electrostatic interaction between the positive and negative ions holds ionic solids together. CaS crystallizes in the same pattern as sodium chloride in terms of its atomic structure, demonstrating the material's highly ionic bonding. Its designation as an ionic solid is also compatible with its high melting point.

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