for each of the following pairs, predict which substance is more soluble in water. substance 1 compares to substance 2 ch3cho ch3ch2ch3 ch3co2h ch3(co)och3 (ch3)3cch2oh ch3(ch2)6oh ch3(ch2)4cooh (ch3)3ccooh ch3ch2oh ccl4 ch3oh ch3ch2oh

The equation for net potential energy between two adjacent ions, En, is given by:

En = A/r^n + B/r^n

To calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of the parameters A, B, and n, we can follow the following procedure:

1)Since the curve of En vs r has a minimum at E0, differentiate En with respect to r, and then put the resultant expression equal to zero. This results in:

dEn/dr = -An/r^(n+1) - Bn/r^(n+1) = 0

2) In order to determine no, the equilibrium interionic spacing, one must solve for r in terms of A, B, and n. This results in:

r0 = (An/Bn)^1/n

3) Determine the expression for E0 by substitution of ro into Equation. This gives us:

E0 = A/r0^n + B/r0^n

= A(Bn/An)^n/n + B(An/Bn)^n/n

= (An^n + Bn^n)/n

a) In order to superimpose the three energies on a single plot versus the distance r up to 1.0 nm, we must first calculate each of the energies at each given distance. The attractive energy EA is given by the equation EA = -5.86 x 10-6 p9 ED. The repulsive energy Er is given by Er = 1.436 EA. The net energy En is the sum of the two energies, En = EA + Er.

We can then plot the three energies on a single graph, with the distance r on the x-axis and the energies on the y-axis.

b) From the graph, we can determine the equilibrium spacing r0 and the magnitude of the bonding energy E, between the two ions. The equilibrium spacing r0 is the distance at which the net energy En is at a minimum, which is approximately 0.45 nm. The magnitude of the bonding energy E, is the difference between the net energy at the equilibrium spacing r0 and the repulsive energy at that distance. In this case, the magnitude of the bonding energy E, is approximately 0.2 eV/K+-Cl pair.

c) We can also mathematically determine the r0 and E, values using the solutions to Problem 2. For the equilibrium spacing r0, we can solve the equation En(r) = 0 for r, which yields r0 = 0.45 nm. For the magnitude of the bonding energy E, we can subtract the repulsive energy Er at the equilibrium spacing r0 from the net energy En at that distance, which yields E, = 0.2 eV/K+-Cl pair. This result matches the value we obtained graphically in part b.

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The atomic number 46 and the letter Pd serve as the symbol for the chemical element palladium.

This rare and brilliant silvery-white metal was first discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. In homage to the asteroid Pallas, which was given that name by the Greek goddess Athena after killing Pallas he gave it the name Pallas. The elements palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium are all included in the platinum group metals, which represent a group of different materials (PGMs). Palladium is the least dense and has the lowest melting point of the group despite having similar chemical properties.

The majority of palladium is used in catalytic converters for automobiles. It is also used in many jewelry pieces as well as dental crowns and fillings. Gold that has undergone decolorization through alloying with another metal, occasionally palladium, is known as white gold.

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Only CuS will precipitate despite the solubility products of ZnS and CuS being 3 × 10⁻²² and 8 × 10³⁶, respectively.

A chemical substance having the formula H 2S is hydrogen sulfide. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas that is toxic, caustic, and combustible. Trace concentrations of it in the ambient air have the distinct odor of rotten eggs.

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration reports that H2S is one of the main factors contributing to workplace gas inhalation fatalities in the United States.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that between 2001 and 2010, hydrogen sulfide gas caused 60 worker fatalities.

Hydrogen sulfide, also known as H2S, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp, is a colorless gas that, in small quantities, has a strong rotten-egg odor. It is highly poisonous and highly flammable.

So, in a solution, only CuS will precipitate.

[CuS] = [Cu⁺² [ S⁻²] = 0.01 x 9.2 x 10⁻²² = 9.2 ₓ 10-⁻²⁴ > Ksp

[ZnS] = [Zn⁺² [ S⁻²] = 0.01 x  10⁻²² x  9.2 = 9.2 ₓ 10-⁻²⁴ < Ksp

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The complete question is:

A solution contains 0.01 M Zn²⁺ and 0.01 M Cu²⁺ ions. It is saturated by passing H2 S gas in the solution. The S²⁻ ion concentration is 9.2 * 10^-22 M. The solubility products of ZnS and CuS  are 3 * 10⁻²² and 8 * 10^-36 respectively. Which of the following is true?

Assuming the same density as a neutron, the mass of a small piece of a neutron star the would be approximately 3.35 kg.

The radius of the pebble, r = 0.20 mm = 0.20 × 10^-3.

The volume of the pebble can be calculated using the formula for the volume of a sphere:

[tex]V = \dfrac{4}{3}\pi r^3[/tex]

Substituting the given value of r, we get:

[tex]V = \dfrac{4}{3}\pi (0.20 \times 10^{-3})^3 = 3.35 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3[/tex]

The density of a neutron is approximately, 1.0 × 10^17 kg/m^3.

So, the mass of the pebble can be calculated as:

M = ρV

[tex]= (1.0 \times 10^{17} \text{ kg/m}^3) \times (3.35 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3)[/tex]

M = = 3.35 kg

The mass of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm would be approximately 3.35 kg.

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--The complete question is, Assuming that a neutron star has the same density as a neutron, calculate the mass (in kg ) of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm.--

The transition that represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy is B) n = 3 to n = 1.

The energy of a photon is determined by the difference in energy levels between the initial and final states. The greater the difference in energy levels, the greater the energy of the photon.

In this case, the transition from n = 3 to n = 1 has the largest difference in energy levels, and therefore represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy.

It is important to note that the energy levels in an atom are not evenly spaced. The energy levels get closer together as n increases, meaning that the difference in energy between n = 6 and n = 3 is smaller than the difference in energy between n = 3 and n = 1.

In conclusion, the transition that represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy is B) n = 3 to n = 1.

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The freezing point of the solution can be obtained from ΔT = K x molality

The question is incomplete but I can see that you want to learn how to calculate the freezing point of a solution and I would help you out with that.

The freezing point of a solution can be calculated using the freezing point depression equation. This equation takes into account the fact that the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent due to the presence of solute molecules.

The equation is as follows:

ΔT = K x molality

where:

ΔT is the change in freezing point (in degrees Celsius)

K is the freezing point depression constant for the solvent (in units of degrees Celsius per mol per kilogram)

molality is the concentration of the solute in the solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

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To determine if the dew point will be reached when the temperature drops, we need to calculate the dew point temperature at the current relative humidity and temperature.

Using the table, we can find that the amount of water vapor needed for saturation at 35°C is 42.1 g/m3. To calculate the dew point temperature, we can use the following formula:

dew point temperature = (243.12 × ln(RH/100) + 17.62 × T / (243.12 + T)) / (17.62 - ln(RH/100) - 243.12 × T / (243.12 + T))

where RH is the relative humidity (80 percent) and T is the temperature in degrees Celsius (35°C).

Plugging in the values, we get:

dew point temperature = (243.12 × ln(80/100) + 17.62 × 35 / (243.12 + 35)) / (17.62 - ln(80/100) - 243.12 × 35 / (243.12 + 35))

dew point temperature = 29.9°C

This means that the air would have to cool to 29.9°C in order for the dew point to be reached and condensation to occur. Since the temperature is only dropping to 25°C later in the evening, the dew point will not be reached and condensation will not occur.

The electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg is 1s²2s²2p⁶ by assuming that the octet rule is obeyed. Therefore, option A is correct.

The octet rule refers to atoms' preference for having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms with fewer than eight electrons are more likely to react and form more stable compounds.

The Mg atom will achieve an octet by losing its two outermost electrons and thus gaining 2+ charges, according to the octet rule. Because Mg belongs to the alkali metal group, it will lose electrons rather than gain them.

We know that when an atom completes its octet., electrons in its valence shell, it becomes stable. Now, electrons must be given out in magnesium ion valence to complete its octet.

Thus, The electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg is 1s²2s²2p⁶. Option A is correct.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was

assuming that the octet rule is obeyed, write out the electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg

A. 1s²2s²2p⁶

B.  1s²2s²2p²

C.  1s²2s²2p₅

D.  1s²2s²2p¹

Answer:

Explanation:

Nonpolar molecules are generally the least soluble in water. Option B is correct.

Water is a polar molecule, meaning that it has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end. This polarity allows water to interact with other polar molecules, such as other water molecules or polar solutes, through hydrogen bonding.

Nonpolar molecules, on the other hand, do not have regions of partial positive and negative charges and are not able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. As a result, they are generally not soluble in water. Examples of nonpolar molecules include hydrocarbons, such as oil or grease.

Ionic compounds, polar molecules, and hydrophilic compounds are all more likely to be soluble in water than nonpolar molecules because they can interact with water molecules through ionic interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonding.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Which of the following is least soluble in water? group of answer choices A) ionic compounds B) nonpolar molecules C) hydrophilic compounds D)polar molecules"--

In a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and is where cations in the salt bridge moves toward. The correct answer is d) anode, cations.

A voltaic (galvanic) cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through a spontaneous redox reaction. In this cell, there are two half-cells, each containing an electrode (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte solution.

The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, meaning that it is where electrons are lost. The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs, meaning that it is where electrons are gained.

The salt bridge is a component of the voltaic (galvanic) cell that connects the two half-cells and allows for the flow of ions between them. The cations in the salt bridge move toward the anode, while the anions move toward the cathode. This movement of ions helps to balance the charges in the cell and maintain electrical neutrality.

Therefore, the correct answer is d) anode, cations.

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Same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is the correct answer.

What are isotopes ?

Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus but differ in the number of neutrons. Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number, but different atomic masses. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon.Isotopes can have different physical and chemical properties due to differences in their atomic mass. For example, isotopes of an element can have different boiling points, melting points, and densities. This can be important in a wide range of fields, including chemistry, geology, and physics.Some isotopes are unstable and undergo radioactive decay, which can result in the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. This property of certain isotopes has important applications in nuclear medicine, nuclear power generation, and radiocarbon dating.

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The line representing the motion of the cathode ray in an electric field is line A.

option C.

Cathode rays are streams of electrons that are emitted from the negatively charged electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube. They were first discovered by British physicist J.J. Thomson in the late 19th century.

Cathode rays are produced when a voltage is applied across two electrodes in a vacuum tube, and the cathode is heated. The electrons are then accelerated towards the anode, or positively charged electrode, and collide with gas molecules in the tube. These collisions produce a visible stream of electrons that can be seen using fluorescent materials.

Cathode rays have played an important role in the development of electronics, particularly in the early years of television and computer displays. The first television sets used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) to display images, and cathode ray oscilloscopes are still used today in electronics and engineering applications.

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While out camping one spring night,  the moon looks orange and the possible explanation is that the dust in the atmosphere makes the moon appear orange which is denoted as option D.

This is Earth's only natural satellite and it is referred to as a large round object that circles the Earth and that shines at night by reflecting light from the sun.

In some areas, the atmosphere can be filled with air pollution, dust, and even smoke from wildfires which leads to the particles scattering light in the same way described above, leading to an orange or red Moon high in the sky.

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The correct answer is option III - S.

Ions that have gained electrons are called anions and are larger than their neutral atoms due to the increased electron-electron repulsion. Ions that have lost electrons are called cations and are smaller than their neutral atoms due to the reduced electron-electron repulsion.

Out of the three given elements:

Therefore, the correct answer is option III - S.

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The differences in electronic properties between azulene and naphthalene can be ascribed to differences in their resonance structures, which influence and charge distribution in the molecule.

Azulene, on the other hand, has an additional ring fused to one of the rings in naphthalene, resulting in a 7-membered ring and a shift in the position of double bonds in the molecule.

 :            :

H2C=CH-      -CH=CH2

  ||   \    /   ||

H2C=CH      CH=CH2

   :     \ /     :

   :      C      :

   :    // \\    :

   :   /    \    :

   :  CH    CH  :

   :   \    /    :

   :    \\ //    :

   :      C      :

   :     / \     :

H2C=CH      CH=CH2

  ||   /    \   ||

H2C=CH-      -CH=CH2

   :            :

One of the azulene resonance structures has one carbon atom with a positive charge and one nitrogen element with a negative charge. Because the double bonds in naphthalene are equally distributed between the two rings.

:            :

H2C=CH-      -CH=CH2

  ||   \    /   ||

H2C=CH      CH=CH2

   :      ||      :

   :      ||      :

   :      C      :

   :      ||      :

   :      C     :

   :      ||      :

H2C=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH2

   :      ||      :

   :      C     :

   :      ||      :

H2C=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH2

  ||   /    \   ||

H2C=CH      CH=CH2

   :            :

This results in the formation of a very strong dipole in the molecule, which adds to its bright blue color. Naphthalene, on the other hand, has two resonance patterns.

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The percent composition of ammonia, sodium thiosulfate,calcium are 82.35%,29.09%,38.68% respectively.

The Percent composition is defined as a convenient way to record concentration of solution.It is a expression which relates element to compound as,mass of element/mass of compound ×100.It is useful in elemental analysis of a compound.

percent composition of ammonia- 14/17×100=82.35%

percent composition of sodium thiosulfate -46/158.11×100=29.09%

percent composition of calcium in calcium phosphate- 120/310.18×100=38.68%.

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the capillary action, the tops of plants are supported by little tubes. In a tube with a diameter of 0.005 mm and a height of 70.8 m, a water solution will rise due to the capillary effect.

Given,

tube diameter ,D= 0.005 mm

contact angle, Ф=20°

density of water ,ρ=998.21 kg/m³

the surface tension of water at 20° C,σ[tex]_{s}[/tex]=0.073 N/m

radius of capillary tube ,R=D/2

R=0.005/2

 = 0.0025 mm

R=2×10⁻⁶ m

capillary raise is given by

h=(2σ[tex]_{s}[/tex]/PgR)cosФ

 =(2(0.073 N/m)/(998.21 kg/m³)(9.81m/s²)(2×10⁻⁶m))cos20°

h=70.8m

∴The capillary rise is h=70.8m

Capillary effect, also known as capillary action or wicking, is the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in narrow spaces due to the interaction between the liquid and the surface of the container it is in. The height that the liquid can rise is dependent on the diameter of the tube or material it is in, the properties of the liquid, and the properties of the container. Capillary action is important in many natural and technological processes, such as plant water uptake, inkjet printing, and the functioning of some medical devices.

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Consider this concept now with regard to a chemical process, the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine to yield hydrogen chloride: H2(s) + Cl2(g) ⟶ 2HCl(g).

Most chlorine is manufactured electrolytically by the diaphragm, membrane, or mercury cell process. In each process, a salt solution (sodium or potassium chloride) is electrolyzed by the action of direct electric current which converts chloride ions to elemental chlorine.

Chlorine can be found in abundance in both the Earth's crust and in ocean water. In the ocean, chlorine is found as part of the compound sodium chloride (NaCl), also known as table salt. In the Earth's crust, the most common minerals containing chlorine include halite (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite (KCl).

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The quantity of the product obtained from the reaction is generally expressed in terms of the yield of the reaction. The amount obtained actually is called the actual yield.

The amount of the product which is predicted by the stoichiometry is called the theoretical yield. A reaction yield is reported as the percentage of the theoretical amount.

The percentage yield is the ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield.

% yield = Actual yield / Theoretical yield × 100

a. Molar mass of PbCO₃ = 267.21 g/mol

Molar mass of PbCl₂ = 278.1 g/mol

2.871 g of PbCO₃ gives:

2.871 × 278.1 / 267.21 = 2.988 g  PbCl₂

b. % yield = 2.385 / 2.988 × 100 = 79.82 %

Thus the theoretical yield is 2.988 g and the % yield is 79.82 %.

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A vapour pressure of the a fluid at a given temperature is determined by the pressure that the saturated vapour exerts on the liquid surface. The phases of liquid and vapour are in balance.

The equilibrium constants do not change even when the system's pressure varies. Only a temperature change can modify an equilibrium constant. The equilibrium position may change if the pressure is changed.

The equilibrium constant is temperature-dependent and unaffected by the precise ratios of reactants to products, either presence of a catalyst, or the presence of inert substances. Additionally, it is unaffected by the volumes, pressures, and concentrations of the reactants and products.

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The correct question is

A)It remains constant when the temperature increases.

B) It decreases to half its original value if the volume of the gas phase is doubled...

✓ C) It is independent of the volume of the vapor phase.

The Part II spectra for Base/Phenolphthalein shows two distinct absorption peaks at 420 nm and 540 nm. These peaks are consistent with the form of the absorption spectrum obtained in Part I of the experiment.

In Part I, we added HCl to the basic solution of phenolphthalein, causing the solution to change from pink to colorless. The color change occurred due to the dissociation of the phenolphthalein molecule into its ionized forms. The ionized forms of phenolphthalein have different absorption spectra than the neutral form. The neutral form absorbs light at a different wavelength than the ionized forms, resulting in a change in the color of the solution. The absorption peaks observed in Part II correspond to the ionized forms of phenolphthalein. The peak at 420 nm is due to the absorption of the hydrogen-bonded form of the ionized molecule, while the peak at 540 nm is due to the non-hydrogen-bonded form. These peaks are consistent with the color changes observed in Part I, as the ionized forms of phenolphthalein have different colors than the neutral form.

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The normal net movements of CO2, O2, and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries can be used to explain the partial pressure differences between inspired air and alveolar gas for O2, CO2, H2O, and N2.

A shift in equilibrium's position results in a decrease in partial pressure when the partial pressure of any of the gaseous reactants or products is raised. This is typically accomplished by favoring the reaction in which the amount of gaseous components per mole decreases.

Numerous gases, including O2 and CO2, are found in air. During inspiration, the air becomes more humid as air is inhaled. H2O is injected into the respiratory tract as the air passes through it.

Alveoli are approached by the oxygenated air that has been inspired. It shifts from a greater partial pressure of oxygen to a lower partial pressure of oxygen. The blood in the capillaries is where it travels once it reaches the alveoli. The gas flows toward the alveoli, where it is evacuated by expiration, after being expelled from the blood that has a high CO2 content.

Net movements of CO2 towards alveoli, O2 towards alveoli, and H2O is supplied throughout the respiratory tract.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C) net movements of CO2 , O2 and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Saturated

Supersaturated

unsaturated

An element is a substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Elements are the building blocks of matter and are represented by unique symbols on the periodic table. Each element has a unique set of properties, such as atomic number, atomic mass, and electron configuration. Elements can combine to form compounds, which are made up of two or more different elements.

The study of elements and their properties is an important part of chemistry, and understanding the behavior of elements is critical for understanding chemical reactions and the properties of different materials.

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Although cannabinol and methyl alcohol are both alcohols, cannabinol is only slightly soluble in methyl alcohol at room temperature due to the reason that methyl alcohol has a very short chain of carbon  while cannabinol is a pure hydrocarbon due to the reason that it has a hydroxyl functional group.

Generally, solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, and different substances have greatly differing solubilities.

Cannabinol and methyl alcohol are both alcohols, cannabinol is only slightly soluble in methyl alcohol at room temperature due to the reason that methyl alcohol has a very short chain of carbon while cannabinol is a pure hydrocarbon due to the reason that it has a hydroxyl functional group.

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It is desired to produce 9.26 grams of iron(III) chloride by the following reaction. If the percent yield of iron(III) chloride is 80.1 %, 4.16g of iron would need to be reacted.

A body's mass is an inherent quality. Before the discovery of the atom as well as particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter inside a physical body.

It was discovered that, despite having the same quantity of matter in theory, various atoms and elementary particles had varied masses.

theoretical yield =9.26/80.1 =13.85g

4Fe + 3Cl[tex]_2[/tex] →2 FeCl[tex]_3[/tex]

moles of  FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] =13.85/159.69=0.08 mol

2 mole of  FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] produce from 3 moles of iron

1 mole of Fe[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] produce from 3/2 moles of iron

0.08 mole of  FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] produce from (3/2)×0.08 =0.13 moles of iron

mass of iron  =0.13×52=4.16g

Therefore, 4.16g of iron would need to be reacted.

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According to Avogadro's number, there are 2.07×10²³ particles in 5.5 g of molecular oxygen.

Avogadro's number is defined as a proportionality factor which relates number of constituent particles with the amount of substance which is present in the sample.

It has a SI unit of reciprocal mole whose numeric value is expressed in reciprocal mole which is a dimensionless number and is called as Avogadro's constant.It relates the volume of a substance with it's average volume occupied by one of it's particles .

Number of particles is calculated as, mass/molar mass×avogadro's number=5.5/16×6.023×10²³=2.070×10²³ particles.

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In the given system, the concentrations of H2, N2, and NH3 would change over time as the system approaches equilibrium, with the rates of the forward and reverse reactions becoming equal at equilibrium. The specific concentrations of H2,

In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products, and the reaction can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions. At some point, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal, and the system reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium.

At equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant over time.The specific concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium depend on the equilibrium constant (K), which is a measure of the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium.

If the initial concentrations of the reactants are known, the concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium can be calculated using the equilibrium constant.

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