Experiment 4C: Solvent Extraction II: Acid-Base Extraction Using Two-Component Mixture of an Acid and a Neutral Substance Procedure: The procedure was followed as described in Mayo, pages 147-150, with the modifications listed in the posted Blackboard document. Additional modifications to the procedure included the following: Instead of separating a mixture of three compounds the mixture contained only a base and neutral compound. A centrifuge tube was used fo the separation technique.The melting point of 9-fluorenone was the only reagen identified. - Use 75 mg of the compounds instead of 50 mg. - Use 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid - Use either a 15-mL centrifuge tube or a 20-mL separatory funnel to mix th components.

Losing s electron: None of the above, Losing 2 s electrons: Red, Losing 2 s and 1 p electron: Orange, Adding 1 p electron: Green and Adding electrons to 2 p orbitals: Blue.

Part 1: The correct answer would be (f) None of the above since not all elements form monatomic ions by losing an s electron. Some elements may require losing electrons from other orbitals or may not form monatomic ions at all.

Part 2: The correct answer would be (d) Red. Elements in Group 2A of the periodic table can lose two s electrons to form doubly positive ions, and the element highlighted in red belongs to this group.

Part 3: The correct answer would be (c) Orange. Elements in Group 3A of the periodic table can lose two s electrons and one p electron to form triply positive ions, and the element highlighted in orange belongs to this group.

Part 4: The correct answer would be (b) Green. Elements in Group 5A of the periodic table can add one electron to a p orbital to form singly negative ions, and the element highlighted in green belongs to this group.

Part 5: The correct answer would be (a) Blue. Elements in Group 6A of the periodic table can add electrons to two p orbitals to form doubly negative ions, and the element highlighted in blue belongs to this group.

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The complete question is :

each part below, determine which highlighted element forms a monatomic ion by losing electons from or addling electrons to the below-mentione orbitals  

Part(1) by losing an s electron: Choose one:

(a)Blue

(b) Green

(c) Orange

(d) Red

(e)Brown/Black

(f) None of the above

Part 2 (1 point) by losing two s electrons: Choose one:

(a)Blue

(b) Green

(c) Orange

(d) Red

(e)Brown/Black

(f) None of the above

Part 3 (1 point) by losing two s electrons and one p electron Choose one: (a)Blue

(b) Green

(c) Orange

(d) Red

(e)Brown/Black

(f) None of the above

Part 4 (1 point) by adding one electron to a p orbital Choose one:

(a)Blue

(b) Green

(c) Orange

(d) Red

(e)Brown/Black

(f) None of the above

Part 5 (1 point) by adding electrons to two p orbitals Choose one:

(a)Blue

(b) Green

(c) Orange

(d) Red

(e)Brown/Black

(f) None of the above

The simplest straightforward explanation for the existence of black lines at particular wavelengths in an otherwise continuous spectrum is that a cool gas between observer and source is absorbing light at the wavelengths where the missing photons should be present.

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The simplest straightforward explanation for the existence of dark lines at particular wavelengths in an otherwise continuous spectrum is that a cool gas between observer & source is absorbing light at the wavelengths where the missing photons should be present.

The wavelength of a waveform signal, as it travels through space or along a wire, is the separation between two identical points (adjacent crests) in adjacent cycles. This length is frequently stated in metres (m), centimetres (cm), or millimetres (mm) in wireless systems (mm).

The number of vibrations that pass over a specific place in a second is known as the frequency and is expressed in cycles per second (Hz) (Hertz). Here are some wavelength illustrations: Yellow Light, for instance.

All visible light has a wavelength between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm). The wavelength of yellow light is approximately 570 nanometers. Wavelength (nm) (nm)

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Sure! Here's the complete resonance structure of the carbocation intermediate formed during the chlorination of ethylbenzene in the para position Cl | H--C--C |+ C | C | H.

   Cl

     |

H--C--C

    |+

   C

    |

   C

    |  

   H

In this structure, the positive charge is located on the carbon atom adjacent to the chlorine atom, indicating that this carbon is electron deficient and has a high degree of reactivity. This carbocation intermediate can then go on to react with a chlorine ion to form the final product, para-chloro ethylbenzene.

It's worth noting that the other two resonance structures of this carbocation intermediate involve moving the positive charge to the other two carbon atoms in the ring, but they are less stable due to increased electron density at the adjacent carbon atoms.

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The molarity of the solution is approximately 0.00498 M.

The equation to calculate the molarity of the solution would be:

c = (π / (R * T))

where:

c is the molarity of the solution

π is the osmotic pressure of the solution, which is given as 13 atm

R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol*K))

T is the absolute temperature, which is given as 330 K

Therefore, substituting the given values, we get:

c = (13 atm) / (8.314 J/(mol*K) * 330 K)

c = 0.00498 M

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a) Cl is the atom Atoms are expected to have the most negative (exothermic) electron affinities. 

Electron affinity is the amount of energy produced or released when an atom attracts an electron. Electron affinity can be used as a measure of the ease with which an atom captures electrons. The greater the energy released (electron affinity) indicates that the atom tends to attract electrons to become a negative ion.

Electron affinity can be used as a measure of the ease with which an atom captures electrons. The greater the energy released (electron affinity) indicates that the atom tends to attract electrons to become a negative ion.

The energy of an atom is defined when the atom loses or gains energy through a chemical reaction that causes the loss or gain of electrons. Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions and chemical reactions that absorb energy are called endothermic reactions.

The energy of an exothermic reaction is negative, so the energy is given a negative sign; while the energy of the endothermic reaction is positive and the energy is given a positive sign. An example that demonstrates both processes is when someone drops a book. When he lifts the book, he gives the book potential energy (absorbed energy).

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The concentration of the solution in molarity can be calculated as follows:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute/liters of solution

In this case, the number of moles of glucose is 5 moles and the volume of the solution is 10 liters. So,

M = 5 moles / 10 liters = 0.5 M

Therefore, the concentration of the glucose solution is 0.5 M.

The one which is more likely to be more soluble in the water is the glucose.

The like dissolve the like. The glucose is the polar compound and the water is also the polar compound. The polar compound will dissolves the polar compound. Therefore , the glucose is dissolves in the water. The cyclohexane is not soluble in the water because the cyclohexane is the non polar compound and will be soluble in the non polar solvent. The cyclohexane will be more soluble in the hexane as the hexane is the non polar compound.

Thus, the glucose is more soluble in the water .

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The choice of fabric for a lab coat will depend on the specific hazards present in the laboratory and the level of protection required for the lab workers. It is important to consult with safety guidelines and regulations to ensure that the lab coat selected meets the necessary safety standards. Select a fabric that will provide adequate protection.

Of the options listed, a 100% cotton lab coat would not be ideal for all laboratory settings as it can be easily penetrated by chemicals and biological agents. A 60% cotton, 40% polyester blend may offer some added protection due to the presence of polyester, but it still may not be sufficient for all lab environments.

A 100% polyester lab coat would offer better protection against chemical and biological exposure than the cotton options, but it may not be as comfortable to wear as cotton. A 60% polyester, 40% cotton blend may provide a balance of protection and comfort, but the level of protection provided may still depend on the specific type of fabric and construction of the lab coat.

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18.8 moles is the  theoretical yield in moles of hydrogen produced from the reaction of 18.8 moles of zinc.

The theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is the amount of product received from the full conversion of something like the limiting reactant. It is the quantity of product produced by a flawless (theoretical) chemical reaction.

As a result, it isn't the same as that of the quantity obtained from a laboratory reaction. Theoretical yield is often stated in grams or moles.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl[tex]_2[/tex]+ H[tex]_2[/tex]

mole of zinc =18.8 moles

The mole ratio between zinc and hydrogen is 1:1

moles of hydrogen = 18.8 moles

Therefore, 18.8 moles is the  theoretical yield in moles of hydrogen produced from the reaction of 18.8 moles of zinc.

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The speed of light in kilometers per second is 300 kps.

According to the information on light speed from the Sun to the Earth:

Known:

Distance light travels in 10 seconds from Sun to Earth = 3,000,000 km

Average distance between Earth and Sun = 150,000,000 km

Formula:

Speed = Distance / Time

Unknown:

Speed of light in kps

Substitutions:

Distance = 3,000,000 km

Time = 10 seconds

Speed = Distance / Time

Speed = 3,000,000 km / 10 seconds

Speed = 300,000 km/s

Answer:

The speed of light in kps is 300 kps (kilometers per second).

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Approximately 1.24 × 10^-9 miles of nylon could be formed in this experiment, assuming 10,000 dimers are linked together.

One angstrom is equal to 1 × 10^-10 meters, and there are 3.281 feet in one meter, so:

20 angstroms × (1 × 10^-10 m/angstrom) × (3.281 ft/m) = 6.5628 × 10^-10 ft

Let's assume that in this experiment, 10,000 dimers are formed.

length = 6.5628 × 10^-10 ft/dimer × 10,000 dimers = 6.5628 × 10^-6 ft

This is the total length of nylon that could be formed in this experiment, assuming 10,000 dimers are linked together.

To convert this to miles, we can divide by the number of feet in a mile:

6.5628 × 10^-6 ft / 5,280 ft/mi = 1.240 × 10^-9 miles

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The yield is 108.2% in percentage. As this result is higher than 100%, it is possible that the experimental process or the measurements had errors.

In mild conditions, magnesium oxide works well as a catalyst for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides; when carbon dioxide reacts with (R)-styrene oxide in the presence of magnesium oxide, (R)-phenyl carbonate is produced in 97% of the time with stereochemistry retained.

We must first estimate the theoretical yield of the compound generated in order to calculate the percent yield.

molar mass of MgO = 24.31 g/mol (for Mg) + 15.99 g/mol (for O) = 40.30 g/mol

moles of MgO = 8.41 g / 40.30 g/mol = 0.2087 mol MgO

moles of compound formed = 0.2087 mol MgO = 0.2087 mol compound

mass of compound = (28.83% Mg / 100%) x 14.45 g = 4.16 g Mg

(14.24% C / 100%) x 14.45 g = 2.06 g C

(56.93% O / 100%) x 14.45 g = 8.23 g O

= 14.45 g of the compound formed

percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%

actual yield = 14.45 g

theoretical yield = 0.2087 mol x (24.31 g/mol + 15.99 g/mol + 3(16.00 g/mol)) = 13.36 g

percent yield = (14.45 g / 13.36 g) x 100% = 108.2%.

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If the volume of the gases in the container taken in STP is equal they they contains equal number of moles of the gas. As the volume increases, mobility of gases increases.

Avogadro's law states that, at constant pressure and temperature, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles. If two gases at STP have equal volume, they contains equal number of moles.

The temperature of 298 K and  1 atm pressure is taken as standard condition (STP). At STP, the volume of one mole of every substance contains 22.4 L volume.

The carbon dioxide gas and fluorine gas if taken in equal volume at STP, they contain equal number of moles. Then, the average speed is inversely proportional to mass. Then , fluorine gas will have greater speed.

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covalent molecular crystals have very low melting points, while covalent network crystals have very high melting points because the forces   in molecular crystals are weaker than the network crystals.

The intermolecular forces that hold the covalent molecules together in the molecular crystals are weaker than that of the intermolecular force that hold the molecules or the atoms together in the network crystals.

The Covalent network are contain the  atoms that are covalently bonded together in the three dimensional network or the `layers of two dimensional networks. Because of the  strength of the covalent bonds, the covalent network solids have the high melting points.

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The pH of the solution made by mixing 15.0cm³ 0.1M NaOH and 35.0 cm³ 0.2 M HCOOH would be 2.39.

The first step in solving this problem is to write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOH and HCOOH:

NaOH + HCOOH → NaCOOH + H2O

Next, we need to calculate the moles of each reactant:

moles NaOH = 0.1 mol/L x 0.015 L = 0.0015 moles

moles HCOOH = 0.2 mol/L x 0.035 L = 0.007 moles

Since NaOH and HCOOH react in a 1:1 stoichiometry, we know that 0.0015 moles of NaOH reacts with 0.0015 moles of HCOOH. This leaves 0.007 - 0.0015 = 0.0055 moles of HCOOH unreacted.

Now, we need to use the equilibrium constant (Ka) for the reaction between HCOOH and water to determine the concentration of H+ ions in the solution:

HCOOH + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + HCOO-

Ka = [H3O+][HCOO-]/[HCOOH]

We are given the value of Ka, so we can use it to find the concentration of H+ ions:

Ka = 1.82 × 10^-4 M

[H3O+] = [HCOO-] = x (let's assume that the initial concentration of HCOOH is much larger than x, so we can assume that x is negligible compared to the initial concentration of HCOOH)

[HCOOH] = 0.0055 moles / 0.05 L = 0.11 M

Ka = (x^2) / (0.11 - x)

Since x is negligible compared to the initial concentration of HCOOH, we can simplify the equation to:

Ka = (x^2) / 0.11

Solving for x, we get:

x = sqrt(Ka * [HCOOH]) = sqrt(1.82 x 10^-4 * 0.11) = 0.0041 M

Therefore, [H+] = 0.0041 M

Finally, we can use the definition of pH to calculate the pH of the solution:

pH = -log[H+] = -log(0.0041) = 2.39

Therefore, the pH of the solution is 2.39.

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MnSO4•H2O is the correct chemical formula for the final product after heating MnSO4•H2O.

This compound is known as Manganese (II) sulfate monohydrate. When heated, the water of hydration is lost, leaving MnSO4 as the final product.Manganese (II) sulfate monohydrate is an inorganic compound composed of manganese(II) cations, sulfate anions, and one water molecule of hydration. It is a white crystalline solid with the formula MnSO4•H2O. It is used as an oxidizing agent, a fertilizer, and a micronutrient in agriculture. It may also be used to test for the presence of phosphate and carbonate ions.Manganese (II) sulfate monohydrate is a white crystalline solid that is used as a fertilizer and in the production of a variety of chemical products. It is made up of one manganese atom, four oxygen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four water molecules.

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Since the standard state for gases is the situation of the gas at 1 atm and the standard state for solids and liquids is the form at a 1M concentration, option C is the best choice.

The concentration of a substance is the quantity of solute in a given volume of solution. Molarity, which is the number of moles of solvent in 1 L of solution, is used to express concentrations.

The quantity of solute that was dissolved in a certain volume of the solvent or fluid is measured by the solution's concentration. A solution that contains a significant concentration of dissolved solute is said to be concentrated.

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The correct response is (a) Higher boiling point, (b) Higher freezing point, and (c) Lower vapor pressure, all of which are 0.35 M CaCl2.

Boiling point is the temperature where a pure substance transforms from the a liquid to a gas. Now, the pressure being applied to the liquid and its vapour are equal. Boiling at one pressure atmosphere is the standard boiling point. Boiling point and saturation temperature are synonyms.  The standard boiling point was established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1982 as the temperature at which water boils at one bar of pressure.

A temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure is known as the boiling point. The boiling point falls off as altitude rises. Evaporation is the transformation of a liquid into its vapor when it occurs below the liquid's boiling point. As a result of the water molecules' vibrations caused by heat, some of the water's molecules escape into the atmosphere and turn into water vapor, or even the gaseous state for water. We name it evaporation for this reason. Water turns from a liquid to a gas known called vapor.

This is because urea does not dissociate, but CaCl2 breaks down into three ions in solution—one Ca2+ and two Cl-. CaCl2's higher boiling point, lower vapor pressure, and lower freezing point are all caused by the presence of more particles in the solution (since the solute ions disrupt the crystal lattice formation of the solvent molecules).

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It is absolutely true that floccing agent could be designed for Nitrate.

Chemical additives known as flocculating agents induce suspended particles to agglomerate into flocs.

These chemicals are used in papermaking, mineral processing, municipal and industrial waste treatment, and water treatment. Inorganic salts or water-soluble organic polymers are flocculating agents.

Floccing agents for nitrate can be created. Floccing agents are substances that make small liquid particles clump into larger particles so that they can be more easily removed from the liquid.

Each floccing agent should be thoroughly assessed for its suitability in a particular application.

Thus, the given statement is true.

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Nitrogen is a chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It is a nonmetal and makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen is essential for all forms of life on Earth as it is a critical component of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Uses:

Nitrogen has many uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. In the industrial sector, nitrogen is used in the production of ammonia, which is used to make fertilizers, explosives, and other chemicals. Nitrogen gas is also used to create a controlled atmosphere in food storage and packaging, to prevent spoilage and preserve freshness. In the medical field, nitrogen is used to preserve blood, tissues, and other biological samples.

Process:

Nitrogen gas is produced through a process called fractional distillation, which separates the gases in the air based on their boiling points. Nitrogen gas is obtained by cooling air until it becomes a liquid, and then slowly warming it up again. Nitrogen gas boils at a lower temperature than oxygen gas, so it is collected as a gas as the temperature rises.

Nitrogen Cycle:

The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms in the environment. The nitrogen cycle is important because it allows nitrogen to be used by living organisms, and it helps to regulate the levels of nitrogen in the atmosphere and in the soil.

The nitrogen cycle consists of four main stages: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living organisms, such as ammonia or nitrate. This process is carried out by certain types of bacteria that live in the soil or in the roots of plants.

Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is converted into nitrate by other types of bacteria. This nitrate can then be absorbed by plants and used to make proteins and other essential molecules.

Denitrification is the process by which nitrate is converted back into nitrogen gas, which is released back into the atmosphere. This process is carried out by certain types of bacteria that live in oxygen-poor environments, such as wetlands or soils that are waterlogged.

Ammonification is the process by which organic nitrogen compounds, such as proteins or amino acids, are broken down into ammonia by bacteria and fungi. This ammonia can then be used by other organisms in the nitrogen cycle.

Testing:

The most common test for the presence of nitrogen is the Kjeldahl method, which is used to determine the amount of nitrogen in organic compounds. The Kjeldahl method involves heating a sample of the organic compound with sulfuric acid, which converts the nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia is then distilled off and collected in a solution of boric acid, which forms a compound called ammonium borate. The amount of nitrogen in the original sample can then be determined by measuring the amount of ammonium borate that is produced.

Small changes in temperature can have a large effect on reaction rates because the exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation is very sensitive to changes in temperature.

The Arrhenius equation is a mathematical formula that describes the relationship between temperature and the rate of a chemical reaction. It is often written as: k = A × [tex]e^{-Ea/RT}[/tex]

The activation energy (Ea) is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. In other words, reactant molecules need to have at least this amount of energy in order to break the bonds that hold them together and form the new products. The activation energy can be thought of as the energy barrier that reactants must overcome to form products.

The frequency factor (A) is a constant that reflects the frequency of successful collisions between reactant molecules. A higher frequency factor means that more successful collisions are occurring, which generally leads to a faster reaction rate.

The exponential factor, [tex]e^{-Ea/RT}[/tex], is a mathematical term that describes how the rate constant changes with temperature. This term incorporates the activation energy and temperature in a way that reflects the probability that a given collision between reactant molecules will lead to a successful reaction. At higher temperatures, the exponential factor is larger, which means that the rate constant (k) is higher and the reaction proceeds more quickly.

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The line that represents the motion of the cathode ray in an electric field is line A.

The correct option is C.

Electron streams can be seen in discharge tubes as cathode rays or electron beams. When a voltage is applied to an evacuated glass tube with two electrodes, it can be seen that the glass behind the positive electrode glows as a result of the cathode's emission of electrons.

Cathode rays are deflected to the positive electrode.

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No, The formula CuO2 is for copper super peroxide

The formula of copper peroxide is Cu2H2O2

(i)hydrosulfuric acid; (ii) dinitrogen monoxide; (iii) cesium oxide are the correct answers.

What are compounds ?

Compounds are substances made up of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically bonded together in a specific ratio. The atoms in a compound are held together by chemical bonds, which are formed when the atoms share or transfer electrons in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration.

There are many different types of compounds, including covalent compounds, ionic compounds, and metallic compounds.Covalent compounds are formed when atoms share electrons in order to complete their valence electron shells. Ionic compounds are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions that are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces.

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True, gravimetric analysis requires a precipitation reaction.

Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative analytical technique that involves precipitation of an analyte from a solution, followed by filtration, washing, and drying of the precipitate to obtain a constant weight. The precipitate is then separated from the solution, washed, and dried to remove any traces of the mother liquor.

The mass of the precipitate is then determined using a balance, and the amount of the analyte in the original sample can be calculated using stoichiometry. The weight of the precipitate is then used to determine the amount of the analyte present in the original sample. Therefore, gravimetric analysis requires a precipitation reaction to occur.

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Answer:

Electrolytes are a substance that breaks into ions when it is dissolved in water or body fluid.

Explanation:

Sodium, potassium, and chloride are your 3 main electrolytes. Magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonates are also some types of electrolytes.

Water containing carbonic acid can react with minerals like calcite (CaCO₃) and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) to dissolve them, resulting in the formation of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and calcium or magnesium ions in solution.

When carbonic acid is present in water, it can react with minerals such as calcite (CaCO₃) and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) to dissolve them, forming bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and calcium or magnesium ions in solution. This process is known as chemical weathering and can result in the formation of underground caves and sinkholes.

On the other hand, when the concentration of carbonic acid decreases, the reverse reaction can occur, and minerals such as calcium carbonate can precipitate out of solution, forming deposits such as stalactites and stalagmites in caves.

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The Kp value, at 500 K for the reaction 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ 2NOCl(g) is Kp=0.01.

2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ 2NOCl(g)

Coefficient of the reaction equation: 2 - 1 – 2

Several moles of gas at equilibrium:

The number of moles of gas = 5 moles

PNO = (mol NO/total moles) x Ptotal

PNO = (2/5) x 500

PNO = 200 K

PCl = (mol Cl/mol total) x Ptotal

PCl = (1/5) x 500

PCl = 100 K

PNOCl = (mol NOCl/mol total) x Ptotal

PNOCl = (2/5) x 500

PNOCl = 200 K

Calculating the value of Kp:

Kp = (right side partial pressure)[tex]^{coefficient}[/tex]/(left side partial pressure)[tex]^{coefficient}[/tex]

Kp = [PNOCl]²/[PNO]²[Cl]

Kp = [200]²/[200]²[100]

Kp = 4 x 10⁴/4 x 10⁶

Kp = 0.01

Answer is Kp = 0.01

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Niels Bohr's 1913 model depicts that the atom has a small, positively charged nucleus which surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus.

The Bohr model, is a representation of the structure of atoms, especially that of hydrogen, The Bohr Model is a universal model in which the negatively charged electrons orbit a small, positively charged nucleus like the planets.

In the Bohr model, electrons are pictured as traveling in circles at dissimilar shells, depending on which element you have. The Bohr model is a proportional primitive model of the hydrogen atom, in contrast to the valence shell mode

So we can conclude that the Bohr Model is a structural model of an atom that shows electrons and the nucleus of an atom.

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According to the IUPAC  nomenclature, there are 3 carbon atoms in longest chain, there is no functional  group and name of compound is propane.

Functional group is defined as a substituent or group of toms or an atom which causes chemical reactions.Each functional group will react similarly regardless to the parent carbon chain to which it is attached.This helps in prediction of chemical reactions.

The reactivity of functional group can be enhanced by making modifications in the functional group .Atoms present in functional groups are linked to each other by means of covalent bonds.

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