Demonstration of membrane fluidity by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments suggests that most: phospholipids have free short-range movement.
FRAP is the molecular technique applied to study the mobility of proteins and lipids present in the cell membrane of living cells. The techniques involves photobleaching a small segment of plasma membrane and then observing them after the some time.
Phospholipids are the most prevalent type of lipids in the cell membrane. These are composed of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. The head group divides the phospholipids into different types. The general structure consists of: phosphoric acids, nitrogen base, alcohol and fatty acids.
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what technique is used to detect a particular protein after electrophoresis?
After electrophoresis, a technique called Western blotting is often used to detect a specific protein.
Western blotting is a method for identifying and quantifying specific proteins based on their size, charge, and reactivity with antibodies.
The process of Western blotting typically involves transferring the separated proteins from an electrophoresis gel to a solid support, such as nitrocellulose or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane, followed by incubation with specific antibodies that recognize the protein of interest. The bound antibodies are then detected using a secondary antibody conjugated to a detection reagent, such as an enzyme or a fluorescent molecule.
This allows the specific protein of interest to be visualized and quantified using a chemiluminescent or fluorescent signal. Western blotting is a powerful tool for protein detection and analysis, and is widely used in various fields such as biology, biochemistry, and medical research.
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in type 2 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. a. true b. false
The statement "in type 2 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them" is true because the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.
The cells can't obtain enough energy from meals without this hormone. This type of diabetes is brought on by the immune system of the body targeting the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin. Over time, the pancreas quits manufacturing enough insulin to satisfy the body's needs as the beta cells deteriorate.
A disorder in the body's ability to control and utilize sugar (glucose) as fuel is type 2 diabetes. This chronic (long-term) disorder causes the bloodstream to circulate with an excessive amount of sugar. Over time, cardiovascular, neurological, and immune system issues might result from excessive blood sugar levels.
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Segments of dna which code for specific proteins are called:__________
Describe and explain what happens when a spatula of potassium manganate (VII) is added to water.
Answer:
Explanation:
When a spatula of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, is added to water, several chemical reactions occur.
Initially, potassium manganate(VII) dissolves in water, forming a purple-colored solution due to the oxidation of water molecules by the highly reactive manganese(VII) ion:
2KMnO4 + 3H2O → 2MnO2 + K2O + 6OH-
The hydroxide ions (OH-) produced in this reaction can cause the pH of the solution to become basic.
Next, the dissolved potassium manganate(VII) can act as an oxidizing agent and oxidize any reducing agents present in the solution. For example, if the solution contains any reducing sugars, such as glucose, they will be oxidized to form carboxylic acids:
C6H12O6 + 6KMnO4 + 8H+ → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 6K+ + 2MnO2
The MnO2 produced in these reactions can cause the color of the solution to change from purple to brown. The extent of the color change depends on the amount of reducing agents present in the solution and the reaction conditions.
describe the sequence of events starting from the moment ach is released from axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction
The sequence of events starting from the moment ACh A C h is released from axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction and ending when Ca2+ C a 2 + enters the sarcoplasm is as follows : Ach released in synaptic cleft/space. Ach molecules bind to Ach-gated ion channels present on the sarcolemma.
The connection or communication between a muscle fiber's sarcolemma and axon terminal is known as a neuromuscular junction. This junction is in charge of transmitting potential from the axon terminal to the muscle fibre in order to cause the muscle to contract. It is comparable to the synapses found between two neurons.
Beginning at the neuromuscular junction when ACh is released from axon terminals and ending when C a 2 + enters the sarcoplasm, the following series of events occurs:
Synaptic cleft or gap where Ach was released To the Ach-gated ion channels found on the sarcolemma, Ach molecules bind. One channel is occupied by 2 Ach molecules. A channel leading to its opening undergoes conformational modifications. Entering the muscle fibre are positive charges (N a +). either the creation of an end plate potential or a local positive potential.
launch of the action potential and its propagation across the muscle fibre. Action potential is detected by DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors.
Channels for the release of C a 2 are opened. The sarcoplasm of the muscle is invaded by C a 2 + ions, which aid in muscular contraction.
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What are the scientific names of the four organisms
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
Humans - Homo sapiens
Dog - Canis familiaris
Cat - Felis domestica
Pea - Pisum sativum
Tiger - Panthera tigris
Lion - Panthera leo
The sit & reach test measures flexibility of what muscle?
The sit & reach test measures the flexibility of the hamstring muscles.
What is muscles?Muscles are a type of soft tissue found in most animals. They are specialized for movement, providing support and protection for organs, and generating heat. Muscles are composed of cells called fibers, each fiber containing many smaller muscle cells. These muscle cells contract, producing movement in the body. Muscles are connected to bones and other structures by tendons, which allow them to move the body, providing power and strength. Muscles also help to maintain posture and balance. Muscles have the ability to stretch and contract, allowing them to generate force and move the body in different directions. Muscles can also be used to hold objects in place, helping us to grip and manipulate objects.
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4. Michaela just found out recently that she is allergic to the toxin in honeybee stings. When she stepped on a bee at the swimming pool, she felt sick to her stomach, dizzy, and had trouble breathing. Fortunately, a paramedic gave her an injection that stopped the reaction. Michaela wants to avoid having the same kind of reaction in the future. She knows to avoid honeybees. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Which other stinging insects are most likely to have a similar toxin? *
The stinging insects likely to have a similar toxin as honeybee stings that can cause allergic reactions like trouble in the stomach, dizziness, and troubled breathing are: (A) insects of the same genus.
Allergic reactions are the reactions produced by the immune system of the body when attacked by a foreign invader called allergen. These reactions can be in the form of swelling, itchiness, redness, dizziness, pain, troubled breathing etc.
Genus is the taxonomic category in the hierarchical order of classification that lies between the species and higher level family. The organism of a genus share many common characteristics which are however less than then organisms of a common species.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Michaela just found out recently that she is allergic to the toxin in honeybee stings. When she stepped on a bee at the swimming pool, she felt sick to her stomach, dizzy, and had trouble breathing. Fortunately, a paramedic gave her an injection that stopped the reaction. Michaela wants to avoid having the same kind of reaction in the future. She knows to avoid honeybees. Which other stinging insects are most likely to have a similar toxin?
A. insects of the same genus
B. insects in the same class
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ultimately, the inner mitochondrial membrane transports proteins for what purpose?
The inner mitochondrial membrane is a critical component of the mitochondria, a cellular organelle that produces energy. It's major role is to transport proteins that are required for numerous cellular processes such as energy production, metabolism, and cell signalling.
Proteins traverse the inner mitochondrial membrane in a highly regulated process involving specialised transporters and chaperones. When these proteins enter the mitochondria, they are sorted and directed to their eventual destination within the organelle.
The inner mitochondrial membrane contains a number of specialised transporters, including the inner mitochondrial membrane translocase (TIM) and the outer mitochondrial membrane translocase (TOM). These transporters collaborate to facilitate protein import into the mitochondria. Protein transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane begins with specialised chaperones recognising targeting signals on the protein.
These chaperones subsequently interact with the TIM and TOM transporters, allowing the protein to pass through the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Once inside the mitochondria, the protein is sorted and directed to its final destination using its unique targeting signals. Some proteins are sent to the matrix, the mitochondria's innermost compartment, where they participate in energy production via the oxidative phosphorylation process. Other proteins are directed to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where they help in transport and metabolism.
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if the sequence on the dna molecule calls for a protein with the following dna codons, (1) what would be the sequence on the mrna, (2) what would be the sequence on the trna, and (3) what would be the amino acid sequence of the protein being made?
1) The mRNA sequence would be AUG AAU GUU UGG UAU UAA.
2) The sequence of the tRNA would be UAC UUA CAA ACC AUA AUU.
3) The amino acid sequence of the protein being made would be the Methionine Asparagine Valine Tryptophan Tyrosine STOP.
A three-nucleotide sequence in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a particular amino acid. Certain codons indicate the beginning or finish of translation. These are known as start (or termination) codons. A three-nucleotide sequence present on tRNA that binds to the equivalent mRNA sequence is known as an anticodon. The anticodon sequence determines which amino acid is delivered by the tRNA molecule.
The molecule found inside cells holds the genetic information necessary for an organism's growth and function. DNA molecules enable this information to be handed along from generation to generation. A double-stranded helix of DNA is kept together by weak hydrogen bonds among purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs.
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two scientists awarded for discovering the structure of dna. what are the names of the two scientists?
Two scientists who are awarded for discovering the structure of DNA are Francis Crick and James Watson.
At noontime on 28 February 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson strolled into The Falcon bar in Cambridge and declared "We have found the mystery of life." Prior that morning, in the close by Cavendish research facility, the two researchers had found the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.DNA was found in 1869, however it took until 1943 preceding researchers understood that DNA was the hereditary material in cells, and that it contained a code forever. The following stage was to figure out its design, to comprehend how the quality, the essential unit of heredity, works and the way things are passed starting with one age then onto the next.
Kink and Watson were attempting to fabricate a 3D model of the DNA particle. However, they were not by any means the only ones chipping away at tracking down its design. They were rivaling a group at Lord's School London, who were utilizing another strategy called crystallography to concentrate on DNA.
This revelation influenced the universe of science and medication until the end of time. Cramp, Watson, and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize for their work in 1962.
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True/False? the pancreas is part of the endocrine system and also part of the digestive system.
The pancreas is vital for the endocrine system and the digestive system. That is on the feet that it secretes hormones into the bloodstream and pushes and secretes catalysts into the gastrointestinal system. The correct answer is true.
The pancreas plays double parts - it is an organ of the stomach-related framework and of the endocrine framework. The exocrine pancreas produces catalysts that assist to process food, especially protein. The endocrine pancreas makes the hormones insulin, which assists with controlling glucose levels.
The pancreas has stomach-related and hormonal capabilities: The catalysts discharged by the exocrine organ in the pancreas assist with separating starches, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. These catalysts travel down the pancreatic conduit into the bile channel in a dormant structure.
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which organelles are found in plant cells but are not found in animal cells? multiple choice plastids. centrioles. endoplasmic reticula.
Plastids are organelles found in plant cells, but not in animal cells. Here option A is the correct answer.
Plastids are membrane-bound structures that play a crucial role in the storage and synthesis of food in plant cells. There are several types of plastids, including chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis, and leucoplasts, which are involved in the synthesis and storage of starch, fats, and oils.
Centrioles, on the other hand, are present in animal cells but not in plant cells. Centrioles are cylindrical structures that are involved in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is found in both plant and animal cells and plays a key role in the synthesis and folding of proteins and lipids. The ER is an extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules that is interconnected with the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus.
Complete question:
which organelles are found in plant cells but are not found in animal cells?
A - plastids.
B - centrioles.
C - endoplasmic reticula.
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there are four electron transport carriers in the etc of eukaryotes. which pair is correctly matched? multiple choice question. complex iii - nadh dehydrogenase complex complex i - succinate dehydrogenase complex complex iv - cytochrome c oxidase complex complex ii - cytochrome bc1 complex
The pair that correctly matched about electron transport carriers in the etc of eukaryotes is Complex III- cytochrome bc1 complex (option 4)
The inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic organisms houses the electron transport chain and the location of oxidative phosphorylation. The electron transport chain uses the energy generated by the interactions between oxygen and reduced substances such cytochrome c and (indirectly) NADH and FADH2 to pump protons into the intermembrane space, creating the electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, also known as complex III or the cytochrome bc 1 complex, is a multifunctional oligomeric membrane protein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic organisms or the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells.
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A 4-year-old is brought into the ed crying. He cannot bend his left arm after his older sister pulled it. The physician performs an x-ray and it shows the patient has a dislocated nursemaid's elbow. The ed physician reduces the elbow successfully. The patient is able to move his arm again. What icd-10-cm codes are reported?
A 4-year-old is brought into the ed crying. He cannot bend his left arm after his older sister pulled it. The physician performs an x-ray and it shows the patient has a dislocated nursemaid's elbow. The ed physician reduces the elbow successfully. The patient is able to move his arm again therefore the icd-10-cm codes reported are S53.032A, Y93.89.
What is Medical coding?This is referred to as the process in which medical diagnosis, treatments etc are translated into numeric and alphanumeric characters in other to reduce ambiguity.
ICD-10 code S53. 032A is for nursemaid's elbow, left elbow, initial encounter while the Y93.89 is used to indicate the activity of the person seeking healthcare for an injury.
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A certain substance does not conduct heat or electricity, and breaks easily when hit with a hammer. What other property might this substance have?
This substance might be brittle, which is a common property of non-conductors of heat and electricity.
Brittle substances are characterized by their low resistance to fracture and breaking easily under stress. Other common properties of brittle substances include low toughness and low ductility, which means that they have little ability to absorb energy or deform under stress before breaking.
Examples of brittle substances include glass and ceramics. These materials are often used in applications where heat and electrical conductivity are not required and where high mechanical strength is not a concern, such as in the production of glassware or ceramic tiles.
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a hypothesis that explains how new organisms or new characteristics can appear suddenly in the fossil record is called:
punctuated equilibrium. Any cumulative, net change in an organism's or population's features over a long period of time is considered to constitute evolution, or "descent with modification," in biology.
Alleles, variations, trait values, and character states are expressly included, as well as their emergence and propagation. James Hutton, a Scottish geologist, first proposed the idea that the laws governing geologic processes have not changed over the course of Earth's history in 1785 at meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His ideas, which were later published in two volumes as Theory of the Earth (1795), were subsequently formulated as a theory. Simply put, a time gap in a continuous rock record is referred to as an unconformity.
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when phospholipids are placed in water, they spontaneously form a bilayer. why?
Phospholipids are placed in water, and they spontaneously form a bilayer because they are amphipathic molecules, which means they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
What is the bilayer formed by phospholipid?When phospholipids are placed in water, the hydrophilic head groups are attracted to the water molecules, while the hydrophobic tails are repelled by the water molecules, as a result, they form the structure that protects the hydrophobic area from the water, and this arrangement results in the formation of a bilayer, where two layers of phospholipid molecules are arranged tail-to-tail.
Hence, they spontaneously form a bilayer because they are amphipathic molecules, which means they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
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When an individual is heterozygous for a trait This means that they have _____?
When an individual is heterozygous for a trait This means that they have different alleles .
Heterozygous means having multiple alleles for the same trait. You have a heterozygous genotype for that gene if the two versions differ. The interaction of the two alleles influences which traits are expressed. A homozygous dominant genotype is defined as an organism with two dominant alleles for a trait.
Using the example of eye color, this genotype is written BB. A heterozygous genotype is defined as an organism with one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with the same two copies of a gene for a particular trait is said to be homozygous for that trait, whereas an organism with different copies of a gene for a particular trait is said to be heterozygous for that trait.
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How many strands are read at a time during transcription
Answer:1
Explanation:
dna strands its only one since its a double helix it has 2 strands
according to the most parsimonious evolutionary history, what terms (one or more than one) apply to the similarity of fins between fishes and orca?
According to the most parsimonious evolutionary history, the similarity of fins between fishes and orcas can be explained by shared ancestry, convergent evolution, parallel evolution, or a combination of these terms. Here option D is the correct answer.
The fins of fishes and orcas are often used as an example to illustrate different evolutionary mechanisms.
Shared ancestry refers to the idea that two organisms have a common ancestor and have inherited similar traits from that ancestor. If the fins of fishes and orcas are similar because they both descended from a common ancestor that had similar fins, then the explanation for the similarity is shared ancestry.
Convergent evolution refers to the independent evolution of similar traits in separate species as a result of similar environmental pressures or adaptations to similar ecological niches. If the fins of fishes and orcas are similar because they both evolved fins as adaptations to similar environments or to perform similar functions, such as swimming, then the explanation for the similarity is convergent evolution.
Complete question:
What best explains the similarity of fins between fishes and orcas according to the most parsimonious evolutionary history?
A. Shared ancestry
B. Convergent evolution
C. Parallel evolution
D. All of these
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which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? group of answer choices to regulate blood glucose level to protect vital organs from shock to insulate the body from temperature extremes to secrete proteins that help regulate energy balance to store fat
The function not performed by adipose tissues is: (a) to regulate blood glucose level.
Adipose tissues are the connective tissues present all over the body made of depositions of fat. They are generally also referred as body fat. They can be found in various types like: under the skin (subcutaneous fat), between internal organs (visceral fat) and the inner cavities of bones (bone marrow adipose tissue).
Blood glucose refers to the concentrations of glucose dissolved in the blood. It is obtained from the food that an individual consumes and is required by the cells to synthesize energy for the body functions.
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What are some costs and benefits of growing food locally versus shipping food from far away locations? Do these costs and benefits change if we focus on individuals or large groups? ( answer this question with an explanation :D)
The costs and benefits of growing food locally versus shipping food from far away locations can vary depending on the context and perspective. Many other factors like resources, environmental conditions, etc.
whether it comes from a single person or a sizable group.
Individuals should:advantages of regional food production
Fresher and healthier food: Compared to food that has been transported across vast distances, food that is locally farmed is frequently fresher and maintains more nutrients.
Supports local economy:
Consumers may help local farmers and the community by purchasing food that has been farmed nearby.
Environmentally friendly: By growing food close to where it will be consumed, local transportation has a lower environmental impact than long-distance shipping.
Depending on the context and viewpoint, whether it comes from an individual or a large group, there might be differences in the costs and advantages of producing food locally vs shipping it from far-off places.
When large groups cultivate their own food locally, they learn more about the problems involved in food production.
Local food production costs:
Limited resources: Large groups might not have access to the land, water, and manpower needed for large-scale food production.
Limited selection: In regions with a shorter growing season, the selection of locally cultivated food may be restricted.
In conclusion, the pros and cons of producing food locally versus importing it from afar are complex and can differ significantly depending on the situation and viewpoint. In the end, whether to grow food locally or import it from far-off places will rely on a number of variables, such as the availability of resources, dietary requirements and preferences, and potential environmental effects.
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What is true about the secondary structure of proteins?
Answer:
The secondary structure arises from the hydrogen bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.
Damage to the _________ would prevent the flow of CSF from the spinal cord and brain.a) meningesb) nucleic) cerebral aqueductd) pia mater
Damage to the cerebral aqueduct would prevent the flow of CSF from the spinal cord and brain. option c)
A column of nerve fibres that extends from the skull base to the middle of the back. It has three thin membrane-like layers of protecting tissue covering it. The vertebrae encircle the spinal cord and its surrounding membranes (back bones). The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord (CNS).
The spinal cord's three main functions are to coordinate reflexes, transmit sensory data from the body to the brain, and transmit motor orders from the brain to the body.
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What structures are encountered by a light stimulus as it enters the eye?
The structures contacted by a light stimulus when it enters the eye are the cornea, pupil, and iris.
Light first goes through the cornea. The cornea is a dome-shaped structure that bends light so help the eye focus. A portion of this light reaches the eye through a hole known as the pupil. The iris (the colorful component of the eye) regulates how much light enters the pupil. The iris, or coloured component of your eye, regulates the quantity of light that enters. It then passes through the lens. This is the transparent structure within the eye that directs light rays to the retina.
The light then travels through the vitreous humour. This is the transparent, jelly-like fluid that fills the eye's centre. It aids in keeping the eye circular in form. The light eventually reaches the retina. This is the nerve layer that lines on back of the eye and is sensitive to light. The picture is reversed in this case. The optic nerve is then in charge of conveying the impulses to the brain's visual cortex. The impulses are converted into pictures by the visual brain.
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Hormones produced by the body can change the way that genes get turned on and off. Hormones are a type of ____ factors.
A. Simple
B. Complex
C. External
D. Internal
Answer: chemical messengers
Explanation: yes
what does it mean when pea plants are described as being true-breeding
True-breeding is the process of selecting plants with desired characteristics and mating them over generations to produce offspring with the same physical characteristics as the parent plant, known as selective breeding.
What is true-breeding?True-breeding refers to creatures that always generate offspring with the identical characteristics as their parents. In other words, true-breeding creatures produce genuine offspring, which are identical to their parents.
True-breeding pea plants are those that have a constant genetic composition and generate offspring with the same physical traits as the parent plant. This occurs when a characteristic manifests itself in a predictable manner and is unaffected by external variables. True-breeding plants are sometimes known as "pure-bred" or "inbred" plants. True-breeding plants are significant in agriculture and research because they may be utilised as a dependable source of genetic material and to generate vast numbers of plants with the same features. True-breeding involves choosing plants with desirable features and marrying them over numerous generations such that their progeny consistently reflect the same traits. This is known as selective breeding.
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if a brown guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig to produce an offspring with both brown and white spots or patches, what is the relationship between the alleles for fur color
Black and white guinea pigs (BB) are crossed to produce offspring (bb). Black coat colour in guinea pigs is a dominant characteristic, whereas white is a recessive one.
The chance increases when heterozygous black pigs are crossed. The F1 generation is black when purebred (homozygous) white guinea pigs are bred with homozygous black guinea pigs. Three-fourths of the F2 generation will be black and one-fourth will be white if individuals from the F1 generation are crossbred (i.e. mated with one another). When both of these alleles are found in a heterozygote, the phenotypes of the two individuals are combined. Because cream is a mixture of yellow and white, a yellow and white guinea pig is what is produced when they are crossed.
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PLEASE HELP ITS TIMED!!
1. Which of the following is one way that a mutagen can cause mutations?
A. It causes the DNA strand to weaken because mutagens stop the cell cycle
B. It causes base pairing to happen faster
C. It causes the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA to weaken which can lead to inversions and translocation
D. It interferes with base pairing which decreases the error rate during DNA replication
2. In a mutation, which of the following statements is false?
A. Errors on a gene will be copied onto the mRNA
B. Codons never change
C. New codons sometimes code for the same amino acid
D. A new phenotype (trait) may appear
Answer:
D. It interferes with base pairing which decreases the error rate during DNA replication
B. Codons never change
Explanation: