define the terms acid and base. also, define ph and describe the relationship between ph and the h concentration of a solution.

Aqueous sodium bicarbonate wash is a common laboratory technique used to remove acidic impurities from an organic compound. When an organic compound is treated with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution, it may react with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the following chemical reaction:

R-COOH + NaHCO3 → R-COONa + H2O + CO2

where R is the organic group.

The reaction produces carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which causes the solution to effervesce (bubble) and foam. This effervescence is a visual indicator that the reaction is taking place. The effervescence occurs because carbon dioxide gas is less soluble in water than in the organic solvent, and thus the gas is released from the solution.

Additionally, the reaction may cause the pH of the solution to increase, as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) can act as a weak base and react with acidic protons on the organic compound. The increase in pH can be detected using a pH indicator such as litmus paper or a pH meter.

Overall, the observations during the aqueous sodium bicarbonate wash include effervescence (bubbling and foaming) due to the release of carbon dioxide gas, and a possible increase in pH due to the reaction of bicarbonate ion with acidic protons on the organic compound. These observations indicate that the acidic impurities in the organic compound have reacted with the basic bicarbonate ion and have been removed from the solution.

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Based on the thermodynamic calculations, the specific heat of titanium trioxide was determined to be 308.27 K.

Refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines are a few examples of thermodynamic systems. An air conditioner is a black box that circulates refrigerant, changing its pressure at various locations to facilitate the transmission of heat.

The liquid's boiling point can be expressed as follows:

Boiling Point = ΔH/ΔS

The values of enthalpy and entropy for liquid and gaseous titanium chloride are given in the table attached.

The value of change in enthalpy ΔH for titanium chloride boiling is given as:

ΔH = Δ[tex]H{gas}[/tex] - Δ[tex]H_{liquid}[/tex]

ΔH = -763.2 - (804.2)kJ

ΔH = 41kJ/mol

The reaction's value for change in entropy is given as:

ΔS = Δ[tex]S_{gas}[/tex] - Δ[tex]S_{liquid}[/tex]

ΔS = 354.9 - 221.9 J/mol.K

ΔS = 133 J/mol.K

The formula for titanium tetrachloride's boiling point is:

Boiling point = 41000 J/mol/133 J/mol.K

Boiling Point = 308.27 K

Based on the thermodynamic calculations, the specific heat of titanium trioxide was determined to be 308.27 K.

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Answer: copper (I) chlorate

Explanation:

CuClO₃

Cu (copper) is a transitional metal, so its charge will depend on the charge for the polyatomic ion ClO₃. ClO₃⁻ is the chlorate ion and it has a -1 charge.

Since there is one copper ion, its charge must be +1 to balance with the -1 charge on the chlorate ion ClO₃⁻.

Cu⁺ and ClO₃⁻ is called copper (I) chlorate

The following are the result, which shows on which system work is done under pressure or not:

1. [tex]NaHCO_{3} (s) + HC_{2} H_{3} O_{2}(aq)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]NaC_{2} H_{3} O_{2} (aq) + H_{2} O(l) + CO_{2} (g)[/tex]

Answer: Work done by the system

2. [tex]2H_{2} O_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]O_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]2H_{2} O(g)[/tex]

Answer: No work done

3. [tex]N_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]3H_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]2NH_{3} (g)[/tex]

Answer: Work done on the system

4. [tex]H_{2} (g) + F_{2} (g)[/tex]⟶ [tex]2HF(g)[/tex]

Answer: No work done

1. [tex]NaHCO_{3} (s) + HC_{2} H_{3} O_{2}(aq)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]NaC_{2} H_{3} O_{2} (aq) + H_{2} O(l) + CO_{2} (g)[/tex]

An aqueous solution of [tex]NaC_{2} H_{3} O_{3}[/tex], liquid water, and gaseous [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is created in this reaction between the solid [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] and the liquid [tex]HC_{2} H_{3} O_{2}[/tex]. As the reaction generates a gas, it will expand against the environment and alter it. Therefore, the system does work.

2. [tex]2H_{2} O_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]O_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]2H_{2} O(g)[/tex]

In this process, hydrogen peroxide gas is broken down into oxygen gas and water vapour. As this is a gas-phase reaction, neither the system nor its surroundings will significantly expand nor contract. As a result, no work is done.

3. [tex]N_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]3H_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]2NH_{3} (g)[/tex]

In this process, nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are used to create ammonia gas. The reaction will cause the system's volume to drop since the reaction reduces the number of gas molecules from 4 to 2 in the first place. The environment will strive to compress the system. As a result, the system is under construction work done by a system.

4. [tex]H_{2} (g) + F_{2} (g)[/tex]⟶ [tex]2HF(g)[/tex]

In this process, fluorine gas and hydrogen gas are used to create hydrogen fluoride gas. This reaction does not involve any major expansion or compression of the system or its surroundings since the quantity of gas molecules does not change. As a result, no work is done.

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A given amount of liquid at a specific temperature would not have a fixed volume. This statement is true.

A liquid is a virtually incompressible fluid that adapts towards the shape of its container while maintaining a (near) constant volume regardless of pressure.

As such, it is a member of the four basic matter states (the others being solid, gas, and plasma) and the only one having a set volume but no fixed form. A liquid is made up of small vibrating matter particles called atoms that are bound together by intermolecular connections. A given amount of liquid at a specific temperature would not have a fixed volume. This statement is true.

Therefore, the given statement is true.

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When balancing a chemical equation, the permissible is option: A. placing a coefficient in front of a formula

This is permissible because it is used to balance the number of atoms on each side of the equation.

For example, if there are two oxygen atoms on the left side of the equation and only one on the right side, a coefficient of 2 can be placed in front of the oxygen on the right side to balance the equation.

b. removing elements from a formula
This is not permissible because it changes the identity of the substance and would not accurately represent the chemical reaction.

c. adding or removing a substance
This is not permissible because it changes the overall reaction and would not accurately represent the chemical reaction.

d. changing a subscript in a formula
This is not permissible because it changes the identity of the substance and would not accurately represent the chemical reaction.

In conclusion, only placing a coefficient in front of a formula is permissible when balancing a chemical equation.

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Therefore, approximately 7.58 grams of HNO3 are produced from 8.30 grams of NO2.

In chemistry, a mole (mol) is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance. One mole of a substance is defined as the amount of that substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12. This number of particles is known as Avogadro's number and is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

Here,

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and water (H2O) to form nitric acid (HNO3) is:

3 NO2 + H2O → 2 HNO3

This equation tells us that for every 3 moles of NO2 reacted, 2 moles of HNO3 are produced.

To determine the number of moles of NO2 in 8.30 g, we first need to calculate its molar mass:

Molar mass of NO2 = 14.01 g/mol + 2(16.00 g/mol) = 46.01 g/mol

Number of moles of NO2 = mass ÷ molar mass = 8.30 g ÷ 46.01 g/mol ≈ 0.1805 mol

From the balanced equation, we know that 3 moles of NO2 produce 2 moles of HNO3. So, the number of moles of HNO3 produced from 0.1805 mol of NO2 is:

Number of moles of HNO3 = (2/3) × 0.1805 mol = 0.1203 mol

Finally, we can use the molar mass of HNO3 to convert this number of moles into grams:

Molar mass of HNO3 = 1(1.01 g/mol) + 1(14.01 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol) = 63.01 g/mol

Mass of HNO3 produced = number of moles × molar mass = 0.1203 mol × 63.01 g/mol ≈ 7.58 g

Therefore, approximately 7.58 grams of HNO3 are produced from 8.30 grams of NO2.

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The chlorophyll in the leaves of a plant traps the energy in sunlight as the sunlight strikes the leaves. option B is the correct answer.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in chloroplasts within plant cells, and it is responsible for absorbing light energy and using it to power the process of photosynthesis. The other options listed (roots, stem, stomata) are important parts of a plant, but they do not directly trap energy from sunlight.

Chlorophyll helps in trapping solar radiation. It helps in the absorption and assimilation of minerals from the soil. It helps in the synthesis of carbohydrates that serves as food for the entire plant.

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Answer:b

Explanation:

Answer: About 95 grams

Explanation:

When reading these types of graphs, it helps to know about solubility curves.

Any point on the line is considered a saturated solution.

Any point above the line is considered a supersaturated solution.

Any point below the line is considered an unsaturated solution.

If you look at x-axis where the temperature is listed, look for 30°C. Move up the graph until you come to the line for NaNO₃. It appears at 30°C there are about 95 grams.

Strontium chloride, which is used in fireworks, contains a 1:2 ratio of cations to anions.

The complete question is:

Determine the ratio of cations to anions in each, strontium chloride, used in fire works

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In IPv6, each extension header is identified by a specific value known as the "Next Header" field. This field specifies the type of header that follows the extension header, allowing to correctly interpret the packet.

The value in the Next Header field indicates whether the next header is a routing header, a hop-by-hop options header, a fragmentation header, or some other type of extension header.

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a network layer protocol for packet-switched networks. It is the successor to IPv4 and was designed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses, as well as to provide improvements in routing and security. IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space than IPv4, which is necessary to accommodate the increasing number of devices and users on the Internet.

IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers, written in hexadecimal notation, and are typically represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons. IPv6 addresses can be divided into subnets, and the addressing architecture allows for automatic address configuration and the efficient routing of packets.

In addition to the larger address space, IPv6 provides a number of other enhancements over IPv4, including improved routing efficiency, better support for mobile devices, and stronger security features. However, IPv6 adoption has been slow, due in part to the need for significant changes to network infrastructure and the perceived complexity of the protocol.

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According to solubility graph, NaCl is considered unsaturated when 40g of solute is dissolved at 40ºC.

Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance which is basically solute to form a solution with another substance. There is an extent to which a substance is soluble in a particular solvent. This is generally measured as the concentration of a solute present in a saturated solution.

The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent ,its pH and presence of other dissolved substance. It is also dependent on temperature and pressure which is maintained.

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If a hydrogen (H) atom and helium (He) atom travel at same speed, then the following is true about de Broglie wavelengths of the atoms : C)The H atom is about 4 times longer than the He atom.

The de Broglie wavelength of particle indicates length scale at which wave-like properties are important for that particle. De Broglie wavelength is generally represented by symbol λ or λdB, where h is Planck constant.

We may apply the de Broglie wave equation λ=hmv to solve for the wavelength of the moving electron. Louis de Broglie introduced that particles, such as electrons, could be described not only as particles but also as waves.

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Because SO2 and O2 have a 1: 0.5 stoichiometric ratio, a drop in SO3 concentration is greater than a decrease in O2 concentration.

one or more new substances are formed as a consequence of the rearrangement of the molecules or atoms of multiple substances that come into contact.

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When a substance changes into an entirely new substance with different properties, it is called a chemical change.

A chemical change is a process where a substance undergoes a transformation that results in the formation of a new substance with different chemical and physical properties. During a chemical change, chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, leading to the creation of a different substance.

Chemical changes are typically irreversible and involve a release or absorption of energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. Examples of chemical changes include combustion, oxidation, and digestion. In contrast, physical changes involve a change in the physical state or form of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

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The equations correctly relate the change in entropy, reversible heat, and kelvin temperature of a process are

Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder of a thermodynamic system. Entropy is also a definition of the energy available in a system of a certain form. In equations, entropy is represented by the letter “S” and has units of joules per kelvin.

If we give an example of the melting of ice, in solid form ice tends to have a low degree of disorder so it has a small entropy value.

Meanwhile, when the ice melts and changes into a liquid form, the entropy value will increase because the liquid phase has a higher disorder than the solid phase. If the water evaporates into a gaseous form, the degree of disorder will also increase so that the entropy value will also increase because the gaseous form has the highest degree of disorder.

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The entropy change of the gas is ΔS = 4.74 R.

The entropy change of the gas in an isochoric process can be calculated using the formula ΔS = nCvln(T2/T1), where n is the number of moles of gas, Cv is the molar specific heat at constant volume, T1 is the initial temperature, and T2 is the final temperature.

Given that n = 10 mol, Cv = 3/2 R for a monoatomic ideal gas, T1 = 273 K, and T2 = 373 K, we can plug these values into the formula to find the entropy change:

ΔS = 10 mol × (3/2 R) × ln(373 K/273 K)

ΔS = 15 R × 0.316

ΔS = 4.74 R

Therefore, the entropy change of the gas is 4.74 R.

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The three things that you need to include when describing the position of any object include the reference point, the distance, and the direction of the object.

Let's say we have a chair in a room, we can describe its position as follows;

The chair was positioned 30 cm from the bed while facing northward.

In order to describe the position of an object, the person making the description ought to include the distance. In the above example, the distance is 30 cm.

Next, a reference point should be used and in this case, the reference point is the bed. Finally, the direction of the object should be mentioned in the description. The direction in this case is North. So, the above description incorporates the three main points.

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The energy of attraction between a cation with a valence of 3 and an anion with a valence of -3 the centers which are separated by 4.6 nm is  -9.69·10⁻¹¹N.

F = k·q₁·q₂ ÷ r².

F is attraction force.

k is Coulomb's law constant, 8,9·10⁹ N·m² / C².

q₁ is  quantity of charge of cation.

q₂ is quantity of charge of anion.

r is distance between anions.

q₁ = 3·1,6·10⁻¹⁹ = 4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C.

q₂ = -3x 1·6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C. = -4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C.

F = k·q₁·q₂ ÷ r².

F = 8.9·10⁹ N·m²/C²  · 4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C · (-4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C.) ÷ (4·6 x 10⁻⁹ m)².

F =  -2.05·10⁻²⁷ N·m² ÷ 2.116·10⁻¹⁷ m².

F = -9.69·10⁻¹¹N.

Therefore, an anion with a valence of -3 and a cation with a valence of 3 have centers that are separated by 4.6 nm, and the energy of attraction between them is -9.69 x 10¹¹N.

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It is TRUE that when we add salt to a pot of boiling water or sugar to a pitcher of iced tea, we expect that the solute will completely dissolve.

What is Solubility?

The concentration of the saturated solution is the solubility of a solute. The amount of solute that may dissolve in the solvent at a particular temperature is known as a saturated solution. If the solute has completely dissolved in the solvent, the mixture is said to be an unsaturated solution.

When a solute dissolves in water, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases and because of this boiling point increases and freezing point decreases.

Therefore, the solute (salt or sugar) will dissolve completely in (solvent) boiling water.

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An increase in pressure will not favor either the reactants or products. The reaction will remain at equilibrium.

To predict whether an increase in total pressure will favor the reactants or products, we need to look at the balanced chemical equation and the stoichiometry of the reaction.

The effect of pressure on each equilibrium is as follows:

H2O(g) + C(s) ↔ H2(g) + CO(g)

An increase in pressure will favor the side of the equation with fewer moles of gas.

In this case, the reaction will be favored in the direction of the products, H2(g) and CO(g).

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ↔ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

An increase in pressure will favor the side of the equation with fewer moles of gas.

In this case, the reaction will be favored in the direction of the products, NO(g) and H2O(g).

CO(g) + H2O(g) ↔ CO2(g) + H2(g)

The total number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation.

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The reverse osmosis better than flash distillation because as models based on evaporation require both electrical and thermal energy to function, salty water RO (SWRO) has a 3–4 times lower energy requirement than MSF and 2-3 times lower energy requirement than MED.

A partly permeable membrane is used in the reverse osmosis method of water filtration to extract bigger particles, undesirable compounds, and ions from drinking water.

Advantages - It aids in balancing the solute content on the two sides of the membrane. Effective water softening is achieved via reverse osmosis, which is very simple to maintain.

Disadvantages -It uses a great deal of energy. Deionization requires a lot of pressure. Minerals being deionized cause a rise in water acidity.

Advantages -Distillation utilizes waste heat, which is cost-effective. Its output gain ratio is high. In comparison to reverse osmosis, supply water quality is less important.

Disadvantages - In the event that waste heat is not available, it has a high operational cost. High temperatures are associated with increased corrosion and scale development.

Thus, Reverse osmosis is a membrane treatment procedure primarily utilized to distinguish dissolved solutes from water.

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The reagents you would use to synthesize the required in any synthesis. compounds below from benzene is [HNO₃, H₂SO₄] is used first then followed by reagent [Br₂, FeBr₃]. the correct answer is F and A.

We are going to employ reagents in option 'f' followed by reagents in option 'a' in the manufacture of m-bromonitrobenzene[3-Nitro-1-bromobenzene/1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene] from benzene using the reagents given by using the fastest reagents, that is, the reagent with the least number of steps.

To produce m-bromonitrobenzene [3-nitro-1-bromobenzene/1-bromo-3-nitrobenzene] from benzene in the fewest steps possible using the reagents provided, the first step is to nitrate the benzene using the reagents in option 'f', i.e., HNO₃, H₂SO₄to produce nitrobenzene. The following is the chemical reaction's equation:

C₆H₆ + HNO₃, H₂SO₄ ⇒ C6H5NO2.

In the reaction process, N+O₂ is utilized [from the reaction:

HNO₃ + H₂SO₄⇔ N⁺O₂ + HSO₄⁻ + H₂O].

STEP TWO: The next step is to combine the reagents listed in Option 'a' [Br2, FeBr3] with the nitrobenzene that was produced during the nitration of benzene in Step One above. The bromination of nitrobenzene is the name of this process.

C₆H₅NO₂ + Br₂, FeBr3 ⇒ C₆H₄BrNO₂.

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These attractions are called: hydrogen bonds. Option D is the correct answer.

This refers to is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.

Hydrogen bonds are strong intermolecular forces created when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom approaches a nearby electronegative atom. Greater electronegativity of the hydrogen bond acceptor will lead to an increase in hydrogen-bond strength.

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The quantity of heat energy released when 543 g of steam condenses is 1,228.5 kJ.

To calculate the quantity of heat energy released when 543 g of steam condenses, we need to use the heat of vaporization of water, which is the amount of energy required to vaporize one mole of water. The heat of vaporization of water is 40.7 kJ/mol at standard conditions.

First, we need to determine how many moles of water are in 543 g of steam. The molar mass of water is 18.015 g/mol, so we can calculate the number of moles as follows:

n = m/M = 543 g / 18.015 g/mol = 30.15 mol

Next, we can calculate the amount of heat energy released by multiplying the number of moles of water by the heat of vaporization of water:

q = nΔHvap = 30.15 mol x 40.7 kJ/mol = 1,228.5 kJ

Therefore, the quantity of heat energy released when 543 g of steam condenses is 1,228.5 kJ.

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Within 5 years the kinetic energy needed for the phase change of methane is increased by some factors. Hence, the arrow for change in kinetic energy for the phase change can be used here.

The phase change of a substance is the change from one state or phase to the other such as from solid to liquid, liquid to vapor etc. The minimum energy needed to overcome the barrier potential for a physical and chemical change is called its activation energy or activation potential.

A substance need kinetic energy to move apart its molecules which are strongly connected in liquid phase to convert it into vapor phase. If the activation potential increases, the substance need more kinetic energy.

Here, if the kinetic energy needed for the phase change of liquid methane increases. That is the reason why liquid methane in Titan not evaporated for some years.

Here the actual change in kinetic energy is increasing, thus, the methane gas is needed to gain more energy to evaporate. Hence, you have to add the first arrows given in the data.

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Calcium is a natural element, synthetic element after calcium is technetium, element in group 7 period 5 is also technetium.

a. Calcium (Ca) is a natural element that comes from the Earth's crust. It is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and can be found in minerals such as calcite, gypsum, and limestone.

b. The first synthetic element that is listed after calcium is technetium (Tc). It was discovered in 1937 by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè, who were able to produce it artificially by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons.

c. The element in Group 7 and Period 5 is Technetium (Tc). It is a synthetic element.

Technetium can only be produced artificially because most forms or isotopes of it (atoms of the same chemical element with different numbers of neutrons) have an excess of neutrons, making it very unstable.

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The heating curve of ethanol from point a to f is shown below

This is a heating curve of ethanol, where the x-axis represents the temperature in degrees Celsius and the y-axis represents the amount of heat energy absorbed by the sample.

Segment AB represents the heating of a solid ethanol sample, where the temperature rises until it reaches the melting point (-114°C). At point B, the solid starts to melt and coexists with liquid ethanol until all of the solid is melted. This segment BC represents the transition from solid to liquid phase, where the temperature remains constant while the substance absorbs heat energy to break the intermolecular bonds holding the molecules in the solid phase together.

Segment CD represents the heating of a liquid ethanol sample, where the temperature rises until it reaches the boiling point (78.4°C). At point D, the liquid starts to boil and coexists with gaseous ethanol until all of the liquid is vaporized. This segment DE represents the transition from liquid to gas phase, where the temperature remains constant while the substance absorbs heat energy to break the intermolecular bonds holding the molecules in the liquid phase together.

Segment EF represents the heating of a gaseous ethanol sample, where the temperature rises as the substance absorbs heat energy.

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Draw the Lewis structure for the biphenyl molecule. Draw Lewis Structure biphenyl molecule.

A molecule is a smallest unit of matter that can exist independently and is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. Molecules are the building blocks of all matter and are composed of atoms from the same element or from different elements. Molecules can exist as single atoms, or they can be combined with other atoms to form complex structures. Molecules can be found in liquids, solids, and gases.

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Le Châtelier's principle predicts the following outcomes if equilibrium is upset in the following ways:

If additional reactant is added, the equilibrium will shift towards the products to maintain a balance between the reactants and products.

If additional product is added, the equilibrium will shift towards the reactants to maintain a balance between the reactants and products.

If heat is added, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that absorbs heat to counteract the increase in temperature. If heat is removed, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that releases heat to counteract the decrease in temperature.

If pressure is increased in a gaseous system, the equilibrium will shift towards the side with fewer moles of gas to reduce the pressure. If pressure is decreased, the equilibrium will shift towards the side with more moles of gas to increase the pressure.