As a central bank has greater independence from the​ government, the​ economy's inflation rate tends to

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The​ economy's inflation rate tends to stable and low

Explanation:

As a central bank has greater independence from the government, the economy inflation rate tends to be stable and low Because when central banks are independent from the government, they tend to make better monetary policy decisions as they do not work for votes, so they take suitable measure without thinking about politics. Thus, they have better credibility in the country.

The independence granted to the central bank tend to let the bank utilizes its full fiscal knowledge at its disposal with the help of past record, knowledge of accountant, economist, financial analyst and other expert working under the independent and head bank. This leads to stability in the economy, and inflation expectation are low.


Related Questions

"A customer calls a registered representative to sell 500 shares of an over-the-counter stock and tells the representative that he wants the trade done privately - not in the public market. This is:"

Answers

Answer:

Not allowed, FINRA prohibits private securities transactions. Trading must be done with the knowledge of your firm in the public securities markets

Explanation:

Since in the question it is mentioned that call of the customer registered the representative for selling off  500 shares over the counter stock and the transactions should be done in privately

here according to the FINRA, it prohibits the transactions in which the person deals in private securities also there should be knowledge in the firm for the securities market held in market

Assume the spot rate for the British pound currently is $1.5701/£. Also assume the one-year forward rate is $1.5574/£. A risk-free asset in the U.S. is currently earning 3.2 percent interest rate. If interest rate parity holds, what rate can you earn on a one-year risk-free British security? A) 2.37 percent B) 4.57 percent C) 3.67 percent D) 4.04 percent E) 4.92 percent

Answers

Answer:

D) 4.04 percent

Explanation:

Spot rate is £1 = $1.5701

Forward exchange rate after 1 year is £1 = $1.5574

Risk free rate in US = 3.2 %

Forward rate = {Spot rate * (1 + risk free rate in US)} / (1 + risk free rate in UK)

1.5574 = {1.5701 * ( 1 + 0.032)} / (1 + risk free rate in UK)

(1 + risk free rate in UK) = (1.5701 * 1.032) / 1.5574

Risk free rate in UK = (1.62034 / 1.5574) - 1

Risk free rate in UK = 1.0404 - 1

Risk free rate in UK = 0.0404

Risk free rate in UK = 4.04%

Catherine wants to calculate the _____ to show the wealth created per employee. The formula for this calculation will involve subtracting the cost of capital from the net profit after taxes and then dividing this figure by the full-time head count. a. human economic value added (HEVA) b. human capital return on investment c. human capital value added (HCVA) d. working capital ratio

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

What layout type is a conventional supermarket and how does it differ from a manufacturing operation using the same layout type

Answers

Answer:

Grid layout

Explanation:

In most of  the supermarket store, when there is a billing section located in that the opposite end of the entry and the exit gate i.e. nearest is located. Also the products are arranged in a rack throughout the whole supermarket.

So this presentation refers to the grid layout which is easy for the customers to pick up their order and bill it at the billing section in an organized manner

In the grid layout all the products are presented on the rack while on the other hand, in the cellular layout, the products are transferred from one station to another station

your Christmas ski vacation was great, but it unfortunately ran a bit over budget. All is not lost, because you just received an offer in the mail to transfer your $14,000 balance from your current credit card, which charges an annual rate of 21.8 percent, to a new credit card charging a rate of 12.4 percent. a. How much faster could you pay the loan off by making your planned monthly payments of $325 with the new card

Answers

Answer:

If the interest rate decreases, you will be able to pay back the loan in only 58 months, which is 27 months less than with the higher interest rate.

Explanation:

I prepared an amortization schedule using the 21.8% rate, an it would take 85 months to pay of your debt completely. But if the interest rate decreases to 12.4%, it will take you only 58 months.

Maxwell Inc.'s stock has a 50% chance of producing a 25% return, a 30% chance of producing a 10% return, and a 20% chance of producing a -28% return. What is the firm's expected rate of return?
a. 9.41%.
b. 9.65%.
c. 9.90%.
d. 10.15%.

Answers

Answer:

c. firm's expected rate of return =  9.90%

Explanation:

The computation of the firm expected rate of return is shown below:

= Chance of producing × return + Chance of producing × return + Chance of producing × return

= 50% × 25% + 30% × 10% + 20% × -28%

= 0.125 + 0.03 - 0.056

= 9.90%

We simply applied the above formula so that the firm expected rate of return could come and the same is to be considered

"On November 10th, a customer buys 200 shares of ABC stock at $50 per share. On November 29th of the same year, the customer sells the stock at $44. On December 15th of the same year, the customer buys ABC stock at $49. The customer's cost basis in ABC stock is:"

Answers

Answer:

$55 per share

Explanation:

Calculation for the customer's cost basis in ABC stock

Based on the information given we were told that the customer bought the stock at the amount of $50 in which he later sold at the amount of $44 making the customers to have a loss of $6 per share ($50-$44), which means the customer adjusted of the cost basis on the stock will be calculated as :

ABC stock $49 + Loss of $6 per share

=$55 per share.

Therefore The customer's cost basis in ABC stock is: $55 per share.

The weaknesses of a multi-country strategy are that
A. It is especially vulnerable to fluctuating exchange rates and it can usually be defeated by companies employing cross-market subsidization tactics.
B. Each country’s strategy is different from the strategies employed in other countries and it is harder to build multiple profit sanctuaries.
C. It presents a firm with greater exposure to increases in tariffs and restrictive trade barriers than does a global strategy.
D. It is less conducive to building competitive advantage by transferring company competencies and resources across country boundaries and it does not promote building a single, unified competitive advantage.
E. It is unsuitable for the markets of emerging countries and it can usually be defeated by companies using export strategies or global strategies.

Answers

Answer: D. It is less conducive to building competitive advantage by transferring company competencies and resources across country boundaries and it does not promote building a single, unified competitive advantage.

Explanation:

Multi-Country Strategy is a strategy whereby there is matching of each country market and the circumstances in the local market. Multicountry strategies differ in terms of mission achievement, brand presentation etc

One weakness of the strategy is that it is less conducive to building competitive advantage by transferring company competencies and resources across country boundaries and it does not promote building a single, unified competitive advantage.

What is the future value of $450 at an interest rate of 15 percent one year from today?

Answers

Answer:

$517.50

Explanation:

we have to use the future value formula:

future value = present value x (1 + interest rate)ⁿ

present value = $450interest rate = 15%n = 1 year

future value = $450 x (1 + 15%) = $450 x 1.15 = $517.50

The basic premise of finances is that the value of money changes over time, i.e. one dollar today is worth more than one dollar tomorrow. That is because the money yo have today can be invested and it can interest, therefore, it will be worth more in the future.

Long Beach, Inc., a lessor, charges Applewood Corp., a lessee, a $10,500 nonrefundable fee to enter into a five-year operating lease. The lease is effective on January 1, 2016. It provides for monthly rental of $2,400. In Applewood's income statement for the year ended June 30, 2016, rent expense should be

Answers

Answer:

Rent expense= $30,900

Explanation:

Non-refundable fee expense for year 2016 = $10,500 / 5

Non-refundable fee expense for year 2016 = $2,100

Annual rent expenses = Monthly rental * 12 month

Annual rent expenses = $2,400 * 12

Annual rent expenses = $28,800

Rent expense for year ended June 30, 2016 = Annual rent expense + Non-refundable fee expense for the year

Rent expense  = $28,800 + $2,100

Rent expense = $30,900

intext:"On December 31, there were 26 units remaining in ending inventory. Using the periodic LIFO inventory costing method, what is the value of cost of goods sold"

Answers

Answer:

$5,400

Explanation:

Calculation for the value of cost of goods sold

Calculation of Cost of goods sold

Units of sales × Purchase = Cost of goods sold

6 units ×$ 120.00 = $720

5 units ×$ 125.00 = $ 625

9 units×$ 130.00 =$ 1,170

11 units ×$ 135.00 =$ 1,485

10 units × $ 140.00 =$1,400

TOTAL $5,400

Therefore the value of cost of goods sold will be $5,400

A government bond with a coupon rate of 7% makes semiannual coupon payments on January 15 and July 15 of each year. The Wall Street Journal reports the asked price for the bond on January 30 at $1,001.25. What is the invoice price of the bond? The coupon period has 182 days.

Answers

Answer:

invoice price (dirty price) = $1,004.13

Explanation:

semi-annual coupon = $1,000 x 7% x 1/2 = $35

clean price = $1,001.25

accrued interest = (Jan. 30 - Jan. 15) x $35 x 1/182 = $2.88

invoice price (dirty price) = clean price + accrued interest = $1,001.25 + $2.88 = $1,004.13

the dirty price or invoice price of a bond includes any accrued interest that the bond may have earned in the period between the last coupon payment and the transaction date.

A party's oral agreement to pay another's debt is never enforceable.
A. True
B. False

Answers

Answer: A. True

Explanation: The Statute of Frauds denies enforceability to certain contracts that do not comply with written requirements. Therefore, a party's oral agreement to pay another's debt is never enforceable as such agreements and contracts must be in writing in order to become enforceable. Any oral modification is likely not enforceable if it falls under Statute of Frauds which renders any contract that is not in writing as void.

If a cost is a common cost of the segments on a segmented income statement, the cost should:_________.
a. not be allocated to the segments.
b. be excluded from the income statement.
c. be treated as a product cost rather than as a period cost.
d. be allocated to the segments on the basis of segment sales.

Answers

Answer:

the correct answer is

If a cost is a common cost of the segments on a segmented income statement, the costshould:A) be allocated to the segments on the basis of segment sales.

Explanation:

hope this helps u!!!

When you want to save time recording progress and don't mind slightly less accuracy, which progress reporting approach would you choose?

Answers

The complete question reads;

When you want to save time recording progress and don't mind slightly less accuracy, which progress reporting approach would you choose?

a. tracking work and remaining work at the task level

b. tracking % complete at the task level

c. tracking work at the assignment level

d. tracking % complete at the assignment level

Answer:

d. tracking % complete at the assignment level

Explanation:

Remember, tracking the percent of completion of the assignment level would be indicating an overview of the entire assignment which may be slightly less accurate compared to the other listed options.

Thus, to save time recording progress this is the best viable option.

What is the effect of a stock split (not effected in the form of a stock dividend) on each of the following? Retained earnings Total Paid-in capitala. no effect increaseb. no effect no effectc. increase decreased. decrease increase1. Option A2. Option B3. Option C4. Option D

Answers

Answer:

2. Option B

b. no effect no effect

Explanation:

A stock split simply doubles the number of outstanding stocks and decreases by half the current price of the stocks, it doesn't change total paid in capital, nor retained earnings. Sometimes certain accounting procedures just rearrange accounts, like collecting accounts receivables increases cash, but current assets don't change. But in this case, not even that happens. The balance of retained earnings and total paid in capital are not affected by this.

Suppose the Fed doubles the growth rate of the quantity of money in the economy. In the long run, the increase in money growth will change which of the following?
a. The price level
b. The inflation rate
c. The quantity of physical capital
d. The size of the labor force

Answers

Answer: The price level and the inflation rate.

Explanation:

It should be noted that in the long run, the changes in money supply affects the nominal variables like inflation rate, exchange rate, price level and does not affect the real variables.

Therefore, when the Fed doubles the growth rate of the quantity of money in the economy. In the long run, the increase in money growth will change the price level and the inflation rate.

In the long run the increase in the money growth will change the

The inflation rate

The answer to this question can easily be traced to the quantity theory of money.

This theory has it that if there is a doubling in the quantity of money that is available in an economy, it would also lead to a doubling in the price level in the same economy.

When the price level rises, this would also lead to a rise in the levels of inflation in the economy.

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Mishoe Corporation has provided the following contribution format income statement. Assume that the following information is within the relevant range. Sales (1,000 units) $ 50,000 Variable expenses 32,500 Contribution margin 17,500 Fixed expenses 12,250 Net operating income $ 5,250 The break-even point in unit sales is closest to:______ a) 0 units b) 895 units c) 700 units or 650

Answers

Answer:

700 units

Explanation:

Mishoe corporation has a sales of $50,000(1,000 unit)

Variable expense is $32,500

Contribution margin is 17,500

Fixed expenses is 12,250

Net operating income is $5,250

The first step is to calculate the contribution margin per unit

= $17,500/1000

= $17.5 per unit

Therefore, the break-even point in unit sales can be calculated as follows

= Fixed cost/contribution margin per unit

= $12,250/$17.5

= 700 units

Hence the break-even point in unit sales is closest to 700 units

Barga Co.'s net sales for Year 1 and Year 2 are $663,000 and $744,000, respectively. Its year-end balances of accounts receivable follow: Year 1, $64,000; and Year 2, $91,000. Complete the below table to calculate the days' sales uncollected at the end of each year.
Days' Sales Uncollected
Choose Denominator: / Choose Numerator: * Days = Days' Sales Uncollected
Year 1: days
Year 2: days

Answers

Answer:

Year 1 = 35.23 days

Year 2 = 44.64 days

Explanation:

Days' Sales Uncollected = Accounts receivable / Net Sales * Days

Year 1 = $64,000 / $663,000 * 365 days = 35.23 days

Year 2= $91,000 / $744,000 * 365 days = 44.64 days

Why might a purely competitive industry advertise, even if individual firms do not? Choose one
A. An industry cannot advertise because it is not an actual business.
B. An industry would never advertise in a purely competitive market.
C. An industry can advertise to promote its products without shifting the average total cost curve for individual firms.
D. The industry can selectively promote firms and force some out of business.
E. The industry hopes to boost overall demand for the substitute goods.

Answers

Answer:

B. An industry would never advertise in a purely competitive market.

Explanation:

A purely competitive market is one where the products being sold are nearly the same, that is they are standardised.

It is also called perfect competition.

Sellers are unable to differentiate their products from others. So there is no point advertising in this type of market because this only increases marginal cost of the firms.

Advertising effort for standardised products will have little effect on consumer choice.

In this type of market the price is determined by what the buyer is willing to pay.

The purely competitive industry advertise, even if individual firms do not is because of

B. An industry would never advertise in a purely competitive market.

The following information regarding the purely competitive market is:

It is the market where the products are sold are of similar nature. It increase the marginal cost. It is also known as the perfect competition. Since the products are homogeneous so advertising is not needed.

Learn more: brainly.com/question/17429689  

Pensacola Inc. exchanged old equipment for new equipment in two exchange transactions. Each transaction has commercial substance.

Old Equipment
Book Value Fair Value Cash Received
Equipment A $74,000 $81,300 11,300
Equipment B $61,600 $54,800 10,300

For Equipment B, Pensacola would record a gain/(loss) of:__________

a. $5,300
b. $(6,800)
c. $(7,800)
d. none of these answer choices are correct

Answers

Answer:

b. $(6,800)

Explanation:

The computation of the gain or loss recorded for the equipment B is shown below:

Fair value of old equipment                $54,800

Less: book value of old equipment    $61,600

Pensacola would record a gain /(loss) (-$6,800)

Since the book value is more than the fair value so the Pensacola would received a loss of -$6,800

Hence, the correct option is B.

Determine whether each of the following examples would be included in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). a. When Judy went to the grocery store yesterday, she bought three pounds of potatoes. Judy's purchase of potatoes (Click to select) . b. Ford Motor Company buys four tires to put on a new Ford Mustang. The purchase of the tires (Click to select) . c. The U.S. Air Force purchases two new fighter jets from Boeing. The purchase of the two fighter jets (Click to select) . d. When Joey had his birthday last week, his grandmother sent him a $100 bill that he could spend.

Answers

Answer:

Items included in GDP

Judy's purchase of potatoes

The purchase of the two fighter jets

Explanation:

Gross domestic product is the total sum of final goods and services produced in an economy within a given period which is usually a year

GDP calculated using the expenditure approach = Consumption spending by households + Investment spending by businesses + Government spending + Net export

Net export = exports – imports  

Items not included in the calculation off GDP includes:  

1. services not rendered to oneself

2. Activities not reported to the government  

3. illegal activities

4. sale or purchase of used products

5. sale or purchase of intermediate products

Judy's purchase would be included as part of consumption spending by households on non durable items.

The purchase of the tires would not be included in the calculation of GDP because the tires are intermediate goods. Only final goods are included in the purchase of GDP

The purchase of the two fighter jets would be included in GDP as part of government spending

the $100 gift would not be included in the calculation of GDP  

Consider the following income statement: Sales $ 1,040,136 Costs 676,704 Depreciation 153,900 Taxes 22 % Calculate the EBIT.

Answers

Answer:

$209,532

Explanation:

EBIT is calculated as seen below;

EBIT = Sales - costs - depreciation

Sales. $1,040,136

Less:costs ($676,704)

Less:depreciation ($153,900)

EBIT. $209,532

Report the effects for each of the following independent transactions using the financial statement effects template provided Balance Sheet Noncash Assets Earned Transaction Cash Asset + Liabilities+ Contributed Revenu Capital Capital
(a) Issue stock for $1,500 cash
(b) Purchase inventory for $750 cash
(c) Sell inventory from (b) for $3,000 on credit
(d) Record $750 for cost of inventory sold in (c)
(e) Receive $3,000 cash on receivable from (c) Totals

Answers

Answer:

since there is not enough room here, I prepared an excel spreadsheet

Explanation:

 

Which of the following did management at Zappos do to reduce the level of formalization in their organization?
A. They avoided asking their customer service reps in call centers to follow a detailed script.
B. They increased their reliance on drop-shipment orders.
C. They established top-down management as their primary strategy.
D. They put an end to the practice that enabled employees to horizontally rotate to different jobs once they had mastered a particular job.

Answers

Answer:

A. They avoided asking their customer service reps in call centres to follow a detailed script.

Explanation:

Formalisation refers to the manner in which the company follows extra depth of procedures and takes extra unnecessary care of the customers, or even in the internal procedures of organisation also.

For the customers perspective, we have:

As asking their customers for service reps again and again will make the entire process formalised, and leaving it on the discretion of customers that when they want to avail the service makes it less formal and comfortable for customers.

Thus, avoiding the detailed script with some unnecessary details every time and following up again and again the function becomes less formal and comfortable.

Final Answer:

Option A

"Globalization results in a greater degree of __________ across markets than would be present otherwise."

Answers

Answer:

Homogeneity

Explanation:

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Suppose that Airstream and Crossroads are the sole producers of a fuel-efficent recreational vehicle. The two firms currently charge the same price for their products. If neither firm reduces the price of its fuel-efficent recreational vehicle, each firm earns $30 million in profit. If both firms reduce their prices, then each firm will earn $10 million in profit. If one firm reduces its price and the other does not, then the firm that reduces price will earn a profit of $60 million while the other firm will earn a profit of $2 million. Assuming that collusion is not a possibility, the Nash equilibrium occurs when:_________.
A. both firms will reduce their price.
B. Crossroads will reduce its price and Airstream will maintain its current price.
C. Airstream will reduce its price and Crossroads will maintain its current price
D. both firms will maintain their current price.

Answers

Answer:

A. both firms will reduce their price.

Explanation:

                                                                      Airstream

                                                not change price              lower price

                                                 $30 /                                 $60 /

                 not change price             $30                                    $2

Crossroads

                    lower price          $2 /                                     $10 /

                                                           $60                                    $10

Airstream's highest payoff results from lowering its prices = $60 + $10 = $70

Crossroads highest payoff results from lowering its prices = $60 + $10 = $70

Nash equilibrium exists when both Airstream and Crossroads lower their prices.

A market where prices reflect all available public information is _____.
a. strong form efficient
b. semistrong efficient
c. not efficient
d. weak form efficient

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is:

b.) semistrong form efficient

Explanation:

In financial economics, the efficient-market hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that asset prices reflect all available information. The concept theorizes that the market is generally efficient, because it holds that a market cannot be beaten, because it incorporates all the important determination information into current share prices.

There are three versions of an efficient market hypothesis:

1. strong form efficient: This version states that all information - both information available to the public, and those not publicly known - is completely accounted for in stock prices, and there is no information type that can give an investor an advantage in the stock market.

2. semi-strong efficient: This version believes that only information readily available to the public can be used to factor prices and that changes in prices to new equilibrium levels are a product of this public information.

3. weak form efficient: This version assumes that current stock prices reflect all security market information. It contends that past price and volume data have no relationship to the direction or level of security prices. It concludes that excess returns cannot be achieved using technical analysis.

Before ending the meeting, John Noble informed Howie that he would be sending out an e-mail to all employees asking for suggestions as to how the jobs could be restructured to improve productivity. As Howie walked back to the production site, he shook his head, "Is Noble from a different planet"? Does he really think our workers have a clue?" Unlike Noble, Howie does not realize that:_____.
a) employees can be motivated by open communication.
b) employees seek equity.
c) employee perceptions of equity are usually underestimations.
d) employees will offer ways to simplify job tasks.

Answers

Answer:

a) employees can be motivated by open communication.

Explanation:

The answer is that Howie does not realize that employees can be motivated by open communication because by asking employees suggestions as to how jobs could be restructured to improve productivity, John Noble is trying to have a direct communication allowing employees to express their thoughts which will make them feel as part of the company and valued which will result in them feeling motivated to perform well in their job.

The other options are not right because employees won't be giving their opinions thinking on equity and ways to simplify job tasks are not the only suggestions that employees can provide.

Team members on agile projects need strong direction from the sponsor and project manager.
A. True
B. False

Answers

Answer:

B. False

Explanation:

We should first try to define what defines a project as "agile": it is generally divided into several iterations (or small sections) that interact as part of a larger whole system. One of the most important characteristics of agile projects is that their iterations are continuously reviewed by the project's members and those reviews should help to improve or correct the projects.

Team members tend to work more independently focusing on developing and finishing their specific iteration or segment. They generally do not work under continuous guidance from the project manager.

Other Questions
Examine this map. Which region was the second to industrialize following theIndustrial Revolution?A Region BOB Region AC. ReconD. Recon What is the probability that a randomly chosen student admitted in the hospital is between 11 and 14 years in a class of 14 boys and 12 girls one of the student is picked in a random what is the probability that the student is a girl 3. Why is it important to pay attention to the cultural and historical context while discussing social problems? Complete and balance the molecular equation for the reaction between aqueous solutions of ammonium acetate and potassium sulfide. What is the plaintiffs main concern about the state of public schools in Brown v. Board of Education? The curriculum was outdated and biased, which led to a poor quality of education in Topeka. The teachers were not credentialed, which led to disparities within the Topeka school system. The schools were racially segregated, which led to a lower quality of education for some students in Topeka. The school buildings were in poor condition, which caused low attendance rates in Topeka. 36,815 to the nearest hundred What role did his wife, Coretta Scott King, play while King was in jail how many lines are symmetry has an isosceles triangle How did the scientific revolution the enlightenment Cells grow in order for _____ to grow and reproduce. Jennifer earns $17.35 per hour at her job. She works 6 hours per day, 5 days per week. What is Jennifers gross income for a 2 week pay period? Which of the following is a monomial ? 9/x 11x2 20x9-7x 20x -14 1. When bisecting a line segment, why must you find the intersection points of the arcs both above and below the line segment? A. To make sure that you get a straight line to bisect the line segment. B. The intersection point above the line segment overestimates the midpoint, while the intersection point below the line segment underestimates the midpoint. C. Finding both intersection points helps if the line segment is not completely vertical or horizontal. D. Only one intersection point is needed to find the midpoint, but finding both points allows you to check your work. 2. A line segment has a length of approximately 10 cm. If a compass is set to a width of 9 cm, will it still be possible to bisect the line segment? Explain. A. No, it is not possible. The compass should be just a little bit wider than half of the length of the line segment, which in this case is 5 cm. B. Yes, it is still possible. The width of the compass in respect to the length of the line segment does not matter. C. No, it is not possible. The width of the compass should be exactly half of the length of the line segment, which in this case is 5 cm. D. Yes, it is still possible. So long as the compass is wider than half the length of the line segment and still intersects the line segment, it is possible to bisect the line segment. What are marginal costs, and what is its role in decision making? A meter is 100 centimeters, so a centimeter is one hundredth of a meter (0.01 meter). A meter was divided into two parts. One part was 0.37 meter long. How long was the other part? A 4.0 m length of gold wire is connected to a 1.5 V battery, and a current of 4.0 mA flows through it. What is the diameter of the wire? (The resistivity of gold is 2.44 10-8 m.) A. 9.0 m B. 8.5 m C. 17 m D. 48 m xProcesses that supply ATP, reducing power, and precursor metabolites are collectively referred to as ________ reactions. On a tree farm, a forester wants to estimate the total number of trees with diameters exceeding 12 inches. A map of the farm is available. Discuss the problem of choosing appropriate sampling units and an appropriate frame. In this 800,000-year climate record from Antarctica, we see that carbon dioxide concentrations have consistently ranged between ____________ parts per million while the climate system oscillated back and forth between glacial and interglacial periods.