After their extensive series of explorations into what is now the continental United States in the 1500s, the Spanish concluded that the distant, and semi-arid land was of little value, and not worth settling.
Other aspiring conquistadors pushed deeper into the Americas in response to Spain's desire to grow its empire. In search of gold, Hernando undertook voyages to what is now the southeastern United States. They spread European diseases everywhere they went, killing thousands of native people in addition to the explorers themselves.
After learning of wealth to the north, Coronado organised a significant expedition to the regions north of Mexico City. Over the ensuing years, they explored what is now the southwestern United States. In what is now New Mexico, the explorers fought the Tiwa during the winter of 1540–1541 The voyage, however, didn't find any gold or silver; it merely rendered Coronado bankrupt.
The correct answer is option 4.
Know more about Spain's explorations here
https://brainly.com/question/6637844
#SPJ4
explain the relationship to ww1 and the treaty of versailles to losing or gaining territory
The treaty of Versailles is one of the most arguable treatiesin history. The treaty so-called ''war guilt'' clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for Word War I. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied Powers.
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, one of the events that triggered the start of the war.
The treaty gave some German territories to neighboring countries and placed other German territories under international supervision.
To learn more about treaty of Versailles :
https://brainly.com/question/12230867
Evaluate the changes in China under the Qin emperors rule?
Answer: As a result of those modifications, Qin gradually started to annex its neighboring states and became a significant force in China. quiz from Britannica.
11. What is the meaning of assimilate?
The word 'Assimilate' means to become part of a group, country, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society, etc.
People who are or become assimilated in a group or society or country become similar to others by learning and using the customs and culture of the new society.
The most common form of assimilation is linguistic assimilation which often remains in world headlines. It is a widely discussed and debated topic in various societies.
Some forms of Assimilation are -
1. progressive assimilation
2. Regressive assimilation
3. Reciprocal assimilation.
Synonyms - Incorporate, comprehend, etc.
Learn more about Assimilate: https://brainly.com/question/23050993
French Revolution was started in the year? a.1786 b.1787 c.1788 d.1789
Answer:
May 5, 1789
Explanation:
The French Revolution began in 1789 and lasted until 1794. King Louis XVI needed more money but failed to raise more taxes when he called a meeting of the Estates General.
lincoln expresses misgivings (1862) the furnace of civil war. T/F
True, Lincoln voices reservations in 1862, in the midst of the Civil War.
The term "civil war" or "intrastate war" refers to conflict between organized factions within the same state (or country). One side may want to change national or local legislation, grab control of a certain region, overthrow the government, or seize control of a specific territory. Between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a group of eleven southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860 and 1861, was fought the American Civil War. Long-standing differences on the legitimacy of slavery were a major factor in the conflict's initiation. People had been arguing the issues—economic policies and practices, cultural values—in the Northern and Southern states for more than 80 years before the conflict ever broke out.
Learn more about Civil War here
https://brainly.com/question/24992590
#SPJ4
Who was the longest-ruling female ruler of Russia?
Catherine the Great was the longest-ruling female ruler of Russia.
She was born Princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1729 and married Peter III of Russia in 1745. She quickly gained popularity among the people and, when Peter was overthrown, Catherine declared herself Empress of Russia in 1762 and she became the longest ruling female ruler.
She was a great reformer, pushing for Western-style reforms in the country and expanding its borders. She was also a patron of the arts, commissioning works from the likes of Voltaire, Diderot, and Grimm.
During her reign, Catherine presided over the golden age of the Russian Empire and was responsible for much of its modernization. Her reign lasted from 1762 to 1796 and was the longest of any female ruler in Russian history.
To learn more about Russia , click here:
https://brainly.com/question/9695945
#SPJ4
Answer: Catherine II
Explanation:
mississippi was the first state to secede from the union. T/F
Above statement is incorrect. South Carolina was the initial state to renounce the Union. During a special convention on December 20, 1860, South Carolina decided to secede from the union.
Did Mississippi secede from the Union?On January 9, 1861, Mississippi declared its independence from the US. Members of the state's secession convention felt it was their responsibility to explain the reason to the world in doing so.
What 7 states seceded first?Following South Carolina's secession, six additional states—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—also declared their independence, with Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina threatening to do the same. Confederate States of America was ultimately composed of these eleven states.
To know more about Confederate States of America visit: brainly.com/question/29823950
#SPJ4
What did the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress say?
The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress was an official statement issued by the American colonies on October 14, 1774.
It outlined the grievances of the colonies against the British government and declared their rights as British citizens. The main points of the declaration included a condemnation of the Intolerable Acts, the right to bear arms, the right to a jury trial, and the right to petition the king.
It also declared that the colonies would not pay any more taxes without representation in the British Parliament. The declaration was an important step in the colonies' move towards independence from Britain, and it ultimately led to the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
For more questions like American click the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/4955044
#SPJ4
What are the two types of calendar that people follow?
Please Help Me! Bless you!!
-
3. How did woman-only press conferences give working an advantage in the workplace?
The main message can be conveyed to a large audience at once at press conferences.
Whose first lady held press conferences only for women?The press conferences that Eleanor Roosevelt held.
The main message can be conveyed to a large audience at once at press conferences. At a press conference, every reporter or journalist congregates at one location. Instead of seeing multiple media and making the same statement or responding to the same questions repeatedly, the speaker merely makes the announcement once.
She fought for the rights of World War II refugees as well as for more opportunities for women in the workforce, as well as for African Americans and Asian Americans. Roosevelt continued to be involved in politics for the next 17 years after her husband's passing in 1945.
To learn more about Eleanor Roosevelt refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/1389751
#SPJ1
"I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed
constitution, but would even be dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers which are not granted, and on this very account,
would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do?"
Alexander Hamilton
The Federalist Papers, #84.
Hamilton expresses the fear that protecting specific rights might imply that any unmentioned rights would not be protected. This fear was eliminated
by the inclusion of what Amendment in the Bill of Rights?
A 1st
B 7th
C 5th
D 9th
Hamilton expresses the fear that protecting specific rights might imply that any unmentioned rights would not be protected. This fear was eliminated by the inclusion of 9th Amendment in the Bill of Rights.
Give a brief account on Bill of Rights.The first ten amendments of the United States Constitution make up the United States Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights amendments, which were proposed after the often acrimonious 1787–1788 debate over ratifying the Constitution and written to address the concerns raised by Anti-Federalists, add to the Constitution specific guarantees of individual freedoms and rights, unambiguous restrictions on the scope of the government's authority in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not expressly granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states. The principles enshrined in these amendments are based on earlier ones, particularly the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and Magna Carta (1215).
Thus, option (D) is correct.
To know more about, Bill of Rights, visit :
https://brainly.com/question/6836926
#SPJ1
In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread from Europe and the USA to Mexico. How does the Industrial Revolution affect Mexico? Give examples
Cities in the United States grew quickly, and the market economy was expanding at a rapid rate thanks to industrialization and significant transportation advancements.
What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Europe and America?Agricultural harvests, train transportation, and energy generation all became more efficient as a result of the industrial revolution in Europe and America. Because of the cheaper cost of commodities made possible by mass production, people could save money for other purposes and amass personal riches.
Despite all these negative consequences, the Industrial Revolution also had certain benefits, like increased economic growth and increased accessibility to commodities. Additionally, it contributed to the establishment of a thriving middle class, which took some of the aristocracy's former economic sway.
Thus, Cities in the United States grew quickly, and the market economy was expanding.
For more information about Industrial Revolution on Europe and America, click here
https://brainly.com/question/14667045
#SPJ1
john greene mentions that china is discussed ‘almost constantly’ on tv & in the news give one recent & specific example and assess how it is related to our study of ancient china.
A recent example of China being discussed in the news is its relationship with the United States.
The two countries have had a complex relationship, marked by tensions on issues such as trade, human rights, and technology. This is related to the study of ancient China because it provides context for understanding the country's modern-day foreign policy and its place in the world.
Understanding China's current relationships with other countries and its role in the global political and economic landscape can also help provide insight into its historical development, as well as the ways in which its ancient culture and traditions have influenced its current policies and priorities.
To know more about human rights click on the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/3444313#
#SPJ11
what year was churchill first elected to parliament?
Churchill was first elected to Parliament in 1900.
The Significance of Winston Churchill's Election to Parliament in 1900Winston Churchill was one of the most influential leaders of the twentieth century. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, and a renowned public speaker. Despite all of his later accomplishments, Churchill's career began with a humble start in British politics. In 1900, Churchill was elected to the House of Commons, beginning his long and remarkable career in public service.
Churchill's first election to Parliament was a significant moment in British history. At the time of his election, Churchill was only 25 years old, and he was the youngest member of the House of Commons. His election was seen as a sign of change in British politics, as the young Churchill represented a new generation of leaders. His election was also significant for his personal career, as it gave him the opportunity to gain experience in British politics and to build relationships with other members of Parliament.
Throughout his career, Churchill was a controversial figure in British politics. His outspoken views often caused disagreement and controversy, but he was also respected for his political knowledge and experience. In Parliament, Churchill worked on a variety of issues, ranging from foreign affairs to welfare reform. He was an active member of the Conservative Party, and he was also a member of the Liberal Party for a period of time.
Learn more about Winston Churchill at: https://brainly.com/question/25495942
#SPJ4
which were key characteristics of fascism in italy? select four options. -One political party or dictator ruled the state.
-Citizens were required to be obedient to the state.
-The government indoctrinated young people.
-The government censored the press.
Fascism is characterized by authoritarian and ultra-nationalist political ideology, hence Option (A), appears to be the nearest possible answer.
In layman's word Fascism is a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator, who controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government's ideology.
The Fascists adheres to the idea of a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology which supports the absolute power of state over its resources and society.
The world saw the rise of fascism ideology during the 20th century i.e, second-world war (1939-45). Mussolini is very often associated behind this ideology, who also formed the first Fascist government in Italy.
Mussolini founded his own newspaper and made it into the voice of all the elements—the veterans, the unemployed, the renegade socialists, the nationalists, and so forth—who were discontented and disillusioned with democracy.
Learn more about Fascism: https://brainly.com/question/27761917
What was Washington’s response to American Settlers ignore treaties with Native Americans?
George Washington's response to American settlers ignoring treaties with Native Americans was to enforce the treaties and try to maintain peaceful relations with the Native American tribes.
Washington believed that it was important to uphold the treaties and to avoid violence with the Native American populations, as he saw them as valuable allies in his efforts to secure American independence. He issued proclamations and took other steps to enforce the treaties and maintain good relations with the Native American tribes. However, despite his efforts, many American settlers continued to ignore the treaties and engage in conflicts with Native American communities, which led to a series of devastating wars in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Learn more about George Washington here: brainly.com/question/14598321
#SPJ4
S leading the major terror threat
3) Close Reading: According to President Truman, who is leading the maior te
to the Greek state?
terrorists led by the communists was leading the major terror threat to the Greek state.
The communists' terrorist actions posed a threat to Greece. The United States helped Greece develop into an independent democracy that respected itself. According to President Truman, the main terrorist threat to the state of Greece is being led by terrorists who are communists. In order to prevent communist rule in Greece, President Truman suggested that the US donate $400 million to the country. The 33rd president of the United States, Harry S. Truman, presided from 1945 to 1953. He was a prominent member of the Democratic Party who had previously served as Franklin Roosevelt's 34th vice president from January to April 1945 and as a senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945.
To learn more about President Truman click here
brainly.com/question/13822697
#SPJ4
Question
Close Reading: According to President Truman, who is leading the major terror threat to the Greek state?
In accordance with President Truman, terrorists headed by communists are advancing into the state of Greece.
While Greek is the official language of Greece and Athens, English is also commonly spoken, so you shouldn't have any issues when visiting the city. Particularly in the most popular tourist areas of the city, English is commonly spoken in Greece. Ancient philosophers from Greece, like Socrates, Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle, to name a few, are well-known. They created the Olympic Games and theatre, and it is credited with establishing democracy in the West. Greek-style temples of grand architecture were created by the ancient Greeks. A potential situation where Greece might leave the Eurozone to address the current Greek government debt crisis was discussed primarily in the early to mid 2010s.
Learn more about Greece here
https://brainly.com/question/31810
#SPJ4
1. What important things were going on in this country at the time the document was written?
The Declaration of Independence detailed the justifications for the colonies' desire for independence.. The American colonists were able to formalize an alliance with the French government and secure French support for their struggle against Great Britain by proclamation their independence.
What did the early Americans battle for?The Thirteen Colonies—also referred to as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or subsequently as the United Colonies were a series of British colonies along North America's Atlantic coast. Traditional divisions of the Thirteen Colonies at the time of independence were: New England (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut); Middle (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware); Southern (Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina; and Georgia).Many colonists desired the creation of a new nation by seceding from Great Britain. The leaders reunited in Philadelphia once more in 1776. They both agreed that the colonies ought to be sovereign, independent nations. They wanted Thomas Jefferson to create a document that articulated these concepts for them.To learn more about American colonist, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/21754363
#SPJ1
Which of these functions is the most important in the daily lives of individuals?
Answer:
what functions?
Explanation:
your functions aren't listed
What did Executive Order 9981 effectively put an end to?
Executive Order 9981 effectively put an end to segregation in the Armed Forces.
President Harry S. Truman issued this executive order banning segregation in the armed forces on July 26, 1948. In 1940, African-Americans made up almost ten percent of all Americans (12.6 million people out of a total population of 131 million).
On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services in an effort to integrate the segregated military.
The National Urban League, the NAACP, and civil rights campaigners like A. Philip Randolph encouraged President Truman to extend the safeguards provided to African Americans in the civilian Department of Defense to the armed forces.
Learn more about Executive Order 9981 at https://brainly.com/question/30337659
#SPJ4
T/F the great european churches and cathedrals of the medieval period were important to the development of western music
True, the evolution of western music was influenced by the enormous churches and cathedrals of medieval Europe.
Europe, which can be seen on the bottom-right of the map in the late medieval copy of one such map, is only a small portion of a much wider world, as can be seen. African importance is equal to that of Asia's. Medieval thought was always open to this notion. Since there was supposedly little growth in science and culture during this time, the Middle Ages are frequently described as being dismal. Feudalism ruled as the main form of government during the time. Traditionally, the term "Middle Ages" refers to the time period in European history that spanned roughly 500 to 1400–1500 ce. The phrase was first employed by academics in the 15th century to refer to the time frame that stretched from their own era to the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire.
Learn more about medieval here
https://brainly.com/question/17326019
#SPJ4
how would you characterize ideo’s human-centered innovation culture, process, and philosophy? what are the core elements? how are they useful?
IDEO's human-centered innovation culture, process, and philosophy can be characterized as being empathy-driven, iterative, and multidisciplinary.
The core elements include an emphasis on empathy, which involves understanding and empathizing with users to identify their needs and pain points; an iterative design process that involves prototyping and testing ideas; and a multidisciplinary approach that brings together designers, engineers, and other experts from diverse fields to tackle complex problems.
These elements are useful in ensuring that the end result of any innovation is centered on the needs and experiences of real people, leading to solutions that are more effective and user-friendly.
In conclusion, Ideo's human-centered innovation culture, process, and philosophy are the core elements of their success. They allow the team to rapidly prototype ideas, foster creativity, and create products that are truly meaningful to the user.
To Read more about Innovation, Visit-https://brainly.com/question/17516732
#SPJ11
Question
How did the Lewis and Clark Expedition influence the everyday lives of United States citizens?
Responses
It increased trade between the Americans and the French.
It ended conflict between Americans and American Indians.
It increased land prices dramatically east of the Mississippi River.
It encouraged the westward movement of the American people.
Answer:
It encouraged the westward movement of the American people.
Explanation:
Tell me if I got it wrong pls:)
describe two ways in which the united states responded to soviet aggression in europe after world war ii.
With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to democracies threatened by authoritarian forces at home and abroad.
During World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States fought as allies against Nazi Germany. But the alliance began to crumble as soon as the war in Europe ended in May 1945. The tension became apparent during his July Potsdam Conference, where the victorious Allies negotiated a joint occupation of Germany.
The Soviet Union has decided to set up a buffer zone between its borders and Western Europe. It established communist governments in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, and East Germany.
As the Soviet Union tightened its grip on Eastern Europe, the United States initiated a policy of containment to prevent the growing influence of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party in Western European countries such as France, Italy, and Greece.
In the 1940s, the United States overturned its traditional resistance to interfering in European affairs. The Truman Doctrine (1947) promised aid to a government threatened by the overthrow of communism. The Marshall Plan (1947) provided billions of dollars in economic aid to combat political instability that could pave the way for communist takeover of democratically elected governments.
France, Great Britain and the United States controlled parts of the city of Berlin in the depths of communist East Germany. When the Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic to the city in 1948, the United States and Britain responded with massive air shipments that supplied the besieged city for 231 days until the blockade was lifted. In 1949, the United States joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the first mutual security and military alliance in American history. The creation of NATO also spurred the Soviet Union to form an alliance with the communist governments of Eastern Europe, formalized by the Warsaw Pact in 1955.
Learn more about Economic assistance:
https://brainly.com/question/14538159
#SPJ4
How did President Ronald Reagan's buildup of American arms contribute to the fall of communism?
A number of circumstances, including Reagan's fervent anticommunism and propensity for strong anti-Soviet rhetoric.
How did President Ronald Reagan's buildup of American arms contribute to the fall of communism?Led to a deterioration in relations with the Soviet Union in the initial years of his administration. Reagan boldly questioned the Soviet Union's legitimacy during his first press conference as president; two years later, in a famous address in Florida, he called the Soviet Union "an terrible empire" and "the focus of evil in the modern world."
The Soviet Union's actions also strained relations, particularly in December 1981 when the communist government of Poland imposed martial control on the nation in order to repress the autonomous labour organisation Solidarity under severe pressure from Moscow .
Learn more about Ronald Reagan here
https://brainly.com/question/3489301
#SPJ1
what news does mary warren bring from the court which concerns elizabeth?
The news which was brought by Mary warren is that Elizabeth's name was brought up in court.
It is revealed that Mary Warren is now a court officer. She has evolved from being kind and shy to being a rebellious and important character. Thanks to this her newfound power, in Act II Scene 2, Mary says that her Warren was justified in defying her own employers John and Elizabeth and her Proctor. I feel She tells them that 39 people will be arrested and that Sarah Osborn will be hanged, but that Sarah Goode will not be hanged because she is said to be pregnant. Mary also informs Proctor that she goes to court every day to do her important work.
The last thing she will say is that she saved Elizabeth's life today. Inform her that Elizabeth has been accused of witchcraft and that Mary spoke on her behalf to save Elizabeth's life.
Mary Warren gives a first-hand account of what has happened in court over the past few weeks. When we last left the girls, they had just started hysterically calling random names of women they claimed were enchanted to avoid being accused of dancing in the woods. But when Mary Warren returns home from the courtroom as Act Two's officer, we see just how far things have come. Mary reveals two important and surprising pieces of information.
Learn more about court:
https://brainly.com/question/12580528
#SPJ4
QUESTION 1: Which Philippine educational system agency is
being referred by the given text? Explain the goals of this
institution in achieving quality education on basic education
level.
The Philippine educational system agency is being referred by the given text is The Department of Education(DepEd).
The Department of Education is the organization to which the given paragraph alludes (DepEd). The executive branch of the Philippine government is in charge of guaranteeing access to, advancing equity in, and raising the standard of basic education.
In order to give students enough time to master concepts and skills, foster lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skill development, employment, and entrepreneurship, the Department of Education's curriculum program, known as the K to 12 Program, covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school [SHS]).
The primary objective of the DepEd is to safeguard and advance every Filipino's right to a comprehensive, egalitarian, and culture-based basic education.
Learn more about DepEd at https://brainly.com/question/21366316
#SPJ4
TRUE or FALSE. isolationism had strong elite and mass support during the cold war.
TRUE ; isolationism had strong elite and mass support during the cold war.
Isolationism is a political philosophy that advocates a national foreign policy that opposes involvement in other countries' political affairs, particularly wars. As a result, isolationism fundamentally advocates neutrality and opposes participation in military alliances and mutual defense treaties
Isolationism, in its purest form, opposes all commitments to foreign countries, including treaties and trade agreements. This distinguishes isolationism from non-interventionism, which also advocates military neutrality but does not necessarily oppose all international commitments and treaties. This is in contrast to colonialism, expansionism, and liberal internationalism.
China is one example of isolationism. China cut itself off from the rest of the world in the fifteenth century and has remained largely isolated since then. While China dispatched massive expeditions in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, no further expeditions sailed
Learn more about Isolationism
https://brainly.com/question/19519907
#SPJ4
Which explains why the Compromise of 1850 intensified the argument about slavery?
The Fugitive Slave act was passed requiring all Americans to return runaway slaves.
Free states in the West added more antislavery votes to Congress.
California joined the United States as a slave state.
The Missouri Compromise led to a migration of abolitionists to the South.
The Fugitive Slave act was passed requiring all Americans to return runaway slaves which also intensified the argument about slavery during the Compromise of 1850. Hence, option A holds true.
What is the significance of the Compromise of 1850?The Compromise of 1850 was a series of events in which at least five laws concerning slavery and slave trade were passed in American society. California was admitted to the Union as a free state.
The movements of California to join the Union severely disrupted the stability of the slave and free states. This heightened the debate over slavery throughout American society.
Therefore, option A holds true regarding the event of the Compromise of 1850.
Learn more about Compromise of 1850 here:
brainly.com/question/18367808
#SPJ1
The earliest strategy the Union developed to defeat the Confederacy involved:
A. using a naval blockade to cut off supplies to Southern states.
B. arming enslaved people to attack Confederate troops.
C. completely destroying cities and farms to terrify Southern citizens.
D. focusing all military force on one Confederate state at a time.
The earliest strategy the Union developed to defeat the Confederacy involved using a naval blockade to cut off supplies to Southern states. Hence, option A is correct.
What was the Union strategy called?Scott created the Anaconda Plan, a Union plan that focused on a maritime blockade and the use of river systems in the South, in 1861. As the Civil War started, he was one of Lincoln's top counselors.
Yet in 1864, after President Abraham Lincoln named General Ulysses S. Grant as the supreme commander of the Union forces, the secret to success was discovered. Grant came up with a military strategy that finally forced Lee to surrender, working in tandem with Lincoln's other tactical attempts to erode the Confederate resolve to resist.
Thus, option A is correct.
For more information about Union strategy called, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/15227147
#SPJ1