Answer:
Accounts receivable balances are required to be reflected at net realizable value as of the balance sheet date. Use of the allowance method for estimating bad debt is the preferred method because it:________
C) A and B
Explanation:
Company XYZ can use the allowance method which ensures that the Accounts receivable balances are stated at their gross amount and not the net realizable value. Therefore, the allowance account is a contrary account with normally a credit balance. The allowance method is required by GAAP and provides for better matching of revenue with expenses. Company XYZ can use two methods for estimating bad debt under the allowance method. The first is the percentage sales method and the accounts receivable aging method. Whichever method is chosen depends on the decision of management.
Is most organization change forced on the organization by external factors or fostered from within? Explain.
Explanation:
Changes in a company's macroenvironment will be the most responsible for changes in its organizational processes.
Looking historically, it is possible to see how much the work and business environment has been directly impacted by changes in society.
Currently, the biggest change we can perceive is the phenomenon of globalization, caused by technological changes, which have made it possible to reduce distances and speed up the exchange of information, which has facilitated companies to reach international markets, increase their market and gain advantages strategic and competitive globally.
Write a short history of the Federal Reserve (FED). Explain how it operates in the United States. What is the function of the FED
Answer:
Background
The Federal Reserve Bank or he Fed as it is popularly known, was created by an Act of Congress in 1913 to serve as the Central Bank of the United States of America. It is therefore the Principal Bank in the United States and serves as the bank of the US Government by default. As the Central Bank, the Fed is in charge of Financial Institutions in the country especially Banks. They also controls the amount of USD in circulation through different methods such as Open Market Operations, Discount and Reserve ares and requirements and the actual printing of money ( they decide how much money the Treasury Department's Bureau of Engraving and Printing should print).
Responsibilities
The Fed is in charge of Monetary policy which it uses to maintain interest rates and money supply in the United States. As already stated which some additions, the Fed's responsibilities are;
To act as the US Government's bankTo regulate and oversee financial institutionsInfluence money supply and interest rates.Modus Operendi
Open Market Operations - This is a method by which the Fed controls money supply. Using Open Market Operations (OMO), the Fed sells or purchases Government securities through a number of securities dealers who compete on a price basis. By buying Government securities the Fed puts money into the Economy as payment for the securities and when they sell they reduce money supply. Reserve Requirements - This is a percentage of total deposits that banks are to keep with the Fed to protect against Bank failure. This requirement can be increased or decreased to control the amount of money that banks hold and by extension money supply. Discount Rate - This is the interest charged on loans to banks from the Fed. Controlling it is also a tool in Monetary Policy.An investor purchases a TIPS bond with a 3% coupon. During the first year, if the inflation rate is 8%, the principal value of the security at the end of that year will be closest to:_________
Answer:
assuming that the cost of the bond was originally $1,000, its principal will be adjusted to $1,000 x (1 + 8%) = $1,080 at the end of the year.
Explanation:
TIPS stand for Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, which means that the principal value of the security will be adjusted to inflation. The coupon rate is not adjusted, but since the principal is, if inflation rises, you will receive a higher coupon rate and the maturity value of the security will also increase.
Here we are assuming that the value of the principal amount of bond investment is $4000, so the principal value of security at the end of the year will be $4320.
The calculation is done by taking the inflation rate into consideration which is 8% as compared to coupon rate 3%. The rate of Interest is taken as 8% as the inflation rate is greater than the coupon rate.
The TIPS bonds are also referred to as the Treasury-Inflation Protected Security bonds and as the name suggests if the inflation rate beats the coupon rate of such bonds it is applied to the appreciation.The coupon rate over these bonds is generally lower than the average inflation rate every year as it makes the investors secured that their money is at least at par with the rate of inflation.The calculation of principal value of such bonds at the maturity of one year can be calculated using the following formula,[tex]\rm Principal\ Value= Amount\ Invested\ x\ (1+\ Inflation\ Rate)[/tex]
Putting the values in the formula we get,
[tex]\rm Principal\ value= 4000\ x\ (1+0.08)[/tex]
[tex]\rm Principal\ value= 4000\ x\ 1.08[/tex]
Therefore the principal value of the bond is obtained as $4320.
Hence, the correct value of the TIPS bond in which an investor invests his money will grow to a value of $4320.
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What role does politics play in shaping fiscal and monetary policies?
Answer: Fiscal policies refer to government efforts to influence the economy through taxation without representation and spending decisions that are designed to encourage growth. Monetary policies refer to actions that shape the economy by influencing interest rates and the supply of money. Politics plays a role by making taxes higher and by influencing interest rates.
Explanation:
Vicky Robb is considering purchasing the common stock of Hawaii Industries, a rapidly growing boat manufacturer. She finds that the firm’s most recent (2020) annual dividend payment was $2.50 per share. Vicky estimates that these dividends will increase at a 20% annual rate, g1, over the next 3 years (2021, 2022, and 2023) because of the introduction of a hot new boat. At the end of the 3 years (the end of 2023), she expects the firm’s mature product line to result in a slowing of the dividend growth rate to 8% per year, g2, for the foreseeable future. Vicky’s required return, rs, is 15%. Required: What is the current (end-of-2020) value of Hawaii’s common stock, P0 = P2020.
Answer:
P0 = $51.9956 rounded off to $52.00
Explanation:
The two stage growth model of DDM will be used to calculate the price of a stock whose dividends are expected to grow over time with two different growth rates. The DDM values a stock based on the present value of the expected future dividends from the stock.
The formula for price of the stock today under this model is,
P0 = D0 * (1+g1) / (1+r) + D0 * (1+g1)^2 / (1+r)^2 + ... + D0 * (1+g1)^n / (1+r)^n +
[ (D0 * (1+g1)^n * (1+g2) / (r - g2)) / (1+r)^n ]
Where,
D0 is the dividend today or most recently paid dividendg1 is the initial growth rate which is 20%g2 is the constant growth rate which is 8%r is the required rate of returnP0 = 2.5 * (1+0.2) / (1+0.15) + 2.5 * (1+0.2)^2 / (1+0.15)^2 +
2.5 * (1+0.2)^3 / (1+0.15)^3 +
[(2.5 * (1+0.2)^3 * (1+0.08) / (0.15 - 0.08) / (1+0.15)^3)
P0 = $51.9956 rounded off to $52.00
In the CSU Online Library, using the Business Source Ultimate database, search for and read the article titled "How Barbie Lost her Groove," by Nash and Duvall (2005). Compose a persuasive response that includes the following elements:Explain why Mattelâs managers were able to slowly change decision making over time and what kinds of cognitive errors contributed.
Answer:
Explanation:
Mettel is one of the best toy producers on the planet. It battles in the overall toy industry which is amazingly forceful and demands expedient changes in the thing as indicated by prerequisites, taste, and tendency of the customers. The association had included noteworthy throw of the doll business which records for $10 billion out of a year. The advantage of the association was its existence famous Barbie dolls which had over half portion of its benefit. Barbie was moved in the year 1960 and was doing magnificent in the market starting now and into the foreseeable future. Mother's who played with Barbie, supported the dolls over others for their young ladies and granddaughters as it had an ideal women picture. Starting late the closeout of Barbie wound up stale as the kind of the customers had changed. With pushing world, women social points of view took an adjustment in standpoint. The current women hold all along with a substitute view towards the activity of youngsters, occupation, marriage, sex, etc.
The directors at Barbie were peppy by the advantage which they were making out from Barbie and didn't want to alter the thing. The directors were uneasy from revealing the enhancements since they accepted that changing the nearness of the doll may influence on the closeout of the thing. Mattel's bosses didn't get that if the structure of the doll isn't changed with the taste and tendency of the customers, it might lose its a ground of being the best in the market. Customers have recognized arrangements progression as a significant part of buying decision standards. Primarily, bargains headway offers customers the opportunity to get more than they presumed possible.
The mental trip of control may have added to Mattel's steadiness in its dynamic procedure. The hallucination of control makes administrators overestimate the level of their order over a situation. The administrators of Mattel were affected in the continued with the accomplishment of the Barbie doll. They set up their sureness regarding past advancement and would not perceive vital changes inside the earth. They overestimated the association's ability to continue surpassing competitors and didn't have a game plan for a condition, for instance, the introduction of the Bratz doll. They were sure that if anything happened to challenge Barbie's success, they would easily have the alternative to vanquish it.
Galles Corporation is evaluating an extra dividend versus a share repurchase. In either case, $13,000 would be spent. Current earnings are $2.00 per share, and the stock currently sells for $50 per share. There are 5,000 shares outstanding. Ignore taxes and other imperfections.
a. Evaluate the two alternatives in terms of the effect on the price per share of the stock and shareholder wealth per share. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Alternative I Extra dividend
Price per share $
Shareholder wealth $
Alternative II Repurchase
Price per share $
Shareholder wealth $
b. What will the company's EPS and P/E ratio be under the two different scenarios? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answers to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Alternative 1
EPS $
P/E ratio
Alternative II
EPS $
P/E ratio
Answer:
$13,000 must be either spent as a dividend or used to repurchase stocks
they can be used to repurchase $13,000 / $50 = 260 stocks
or pay an extraordinary dividend of $13,000 / 5,000 = $2.60
A) assuming a perfect capital market:
if stocks are repurchased, then the price of the stocks will not change
if a cash dividend is paid, after the dividend is paid, the price of the stocks will fall to $50 - $2.60 = $47.40
B) current EPS = $2, so net income = $10,000
if stocks are repurchased, then the EPS = $10,000 / (5,000 - 260) = $2.11
if a cash dividend is paid, EPS will not change
current P/E ratio = $50 / $2 = 25
if stocks are repurchased, then the P/E ratio = $50 / $2.11 = 23.7
if a cash dividend is paid, then the P/E ratio = $47.40 / $2 = 23.7
Lohn Corporation is expected to pay the following dividends over the next four years: $12, $9, $8, and $3.50. Afterward, the company pledges to maintain a constant 7 percent growth rate in dividends forever. If the required return on the stock is 14 percent, what is the current share price?
Answer:
The current share price is 56.60
Explanation:
The expected dividend by Lohn Corporation in 1st year, D1 = $12
The expected dividend by Lohn Corporation in 2nd year, D2 = $9
The expected dividend by Lohn Corporation in the third year, D3 = $8
The expected dividend by Lohn Corporation in the fourth year, D4 = $3.50
Given the interest rate = 14%
Now use the present value of all dividends and then add all to find the current share price.
Present value (PV) = Future value / (1+r)^n
r = interest rate
n = time period
PV of D1 = 12 / 1.14 = 10.53
PV of D2 = 9 / 1.14^2 = 6.93
PV of D3 = 8 / 1.14^3 = 5.40
PV of D4 = 3.50 / 1.14^4 = 2.07
D5 = 3.50 * 1.07 = 3.745
P4 = D5 / (14%-7%) = 53.5
PV of P4 = 53.5 / 1.14^4 = 31.68
The Stock price = 10.53 + 6.93 + 5.40 + 2.07 + 31.68
The Stock price = 56.60
IBM creates and sells additional stock to Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley then resells it to the U.S. public. Morgan Stanley is acting as a(n)
Answer:
Asset transformer.
Explanation:
Firstly, asset transformation is explained to be the process which involves asset creation which are from liabilities which posses different attributes combining small businesses etc. Therefore asset transformers are seen to purchase one security from a customer or makes and creates a separate claim in order to raise funds. In as much as it is seen as a risky thing to do; this is because these asset been acquired will be riskier than the deposit used to raise funds because the intermediary hopes to profit on the spread between the rate earned on the asset claim and the rate paid on the liability claim. Therefore this spread form is said to be positive, generally speaking, the asset must be riskier than the liability.
A futures contract is a contract that essentially gives the owner of the contract the ability to buy some specific amount of a good at a given price at a point in the future. In a 1984 paper entitled "Orange Juice and the Weather," economist Richard Roll showed that the price of frozen orange juice futures could be used to predict errors in weather forecasts for Florida made by the National Weather Service. That is, there were times in which the price of orange juice futures did a better job of predicting the temperatures in Florida than did the National Weather Service! Given this information, which of the following would the efficient markets hypothesis suggest was occurring?
a. Investors in orange juice futures were using publicly available information that scientists at the National Weather Service were not using
b. Scientists at the National Weather Service had private information that they were not making available to the public when issuing weather forcasts
c. The futures market was on an extended lucky streak
d. Frozen orange juice futures must have been a riskier investment than the stock market since you had to bet against scientific experts to do well
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Investors in orange juice futures were using publicly available information that scientists at the National Weather Service were not using which would the efficient markets hypothesis suggests was occurring. The correct option is A.
What are the features of the efficient market hypothesis?The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) holds that all stocks are perfectly priced based on their inherent investment properties, which all market participants have equal knowledge of. Financial theories are subjective. In other words, there are no proven laws in finance.
According to the efficient market hypothesis, new information is immediately reflected in stock prices, and thus neither technical nor fundamental analysis can generate excess returns. The efficient market hypothesis has been called into question on theoretical and empirical grounds.
Thus, the ideal selection is option A.
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Using the fixed-order-quantity model, which of the following is the total ordering cost of inventory given an annual demand of 36,000 units, a cost per order of $80, and a holding cost per unit per year of $4?
A) $849.
B) $1,200.
C) $1,889.
D) $2,267.
E) $2,400.
Answer:
E. $2,400
Explanation:
Given that;
Annual demand = 36,000 units
Cost per order = $80
Holding cost per unit per year = $4
Firstly, we will need to calculate the EOQ.
EOQ = √2DS / H
= √ 2 × 36,000 × $80 / $4
EOQ = 1,200 units
Total ordering cost per year therefore is
= Annual demand / EOQ × Cost per order
= (36,000 / 1,200) × $80
= $2,400
OceanGate sells external hard drives for $200 each. Its total fixed costs are $30 million, and its variable costs per unit are $140. The corporate ta rate is 30%. If the economy is strong, the firm will sell 2 million drives, but if there is a recession, it will sell only half as many.a. What is the firms' degree of operating leverage?b. If the economy enters a recession, what will be the firm's after tax cost of profit?
Answer:
a. 1.33
b. $337,000,000
Explanation:
Degree of operating leverage = Contribution ÷ Earnings Before Interest and Tax
= 2,000,000 × ($200 - $140) ÷ ($120,000,000 - $30,000,000)
= 1.33
Recession : After tax Cost of Profit
Sales (2,000,000 × $200) $400,000,000
Less Variable Costs (2,000,000 × $140) ($280,000,000)
Contribution $120,000,000
Fixed Cost ($30,000,000)
Profit Before Tax $90,000,000
Taxation ($27,000,000)
Profit After tax $63,000,000
After tax Cost of Profit = Sales - Profit After tax \
= $400,000,000 - $63,000,000
= $337,000,000
The valuation allowance account that is used in conjunction with deferred taxes relates:_______
Answer: contra asset
Explanation:
A contra asset account is one whereby the account balance will either be a negative balance or zero.
The valuation allowance account that is used in conjunction with deferred taxes relates contra asset.
Considered to be the first theory of international trade, ______________ principal assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. a. Collectivism's. b. Mercantilism's. c. Capitalism's. d. Economic conservatism's.
Answer:
B. Mercantilism's.
Explanation:
This form of trade was seen to be practiced by Great Britain within the 16th to the 18th century and it is explained to be a trade pattern where the a country uses its economy to built its power to be stronger and this is particularly done at the expense of other countries. This model is seen to encourage exports to other economies while imports are been highly restricted. In as much as this was been a pattern for the Europeans, other factors were been seen to happen in a bid to practise this model well which includes:
i). Tariff barriers, quotas or non-tariff barriers.
ii). Secretion and storage of foreign currency reserves, plus gold and silver reserves.
iii). National investments in research and development to maximise the efficiency and capacity of the domestic industry and many more only to mention but few.
Which of the following is one of the three arguments in favor of narrow corporate social responsibility discussed in this chapter?
a. let-government-do-it
b. visible-hand
c. society-lacks-the-expertise
d. business-can-handle-i
Answer: let-government-do-it
Explanation:
The narrow corporate social responsibility has to do with the fact that corporations and businesses already contribute a positive quota to tye economy by generating revenue when they make profit, which they use in supporting the wages of employees, provision of employment, investments opportunities, and payment of taxes.
The argument believes that government should be allowed to do some other things.
You anticipate having to pay $30,000 per year for your child’s college education starting 10 years from now. You plan to finance four years of college by making quarterly deposits in a savings account starting now. The final deposit is made three months prior to the first college payment, for a total of 40 deposits. Each annual college payment is made in full at the beginning of the school year. If the savings account earns 8% per annum convertible quarterly, what should your quarterly deposit be?
Answer:
$1,741.81
Explanation:
we must first determine the total cost of college using the present value of an annuity due:
present value = $30,000 x 3.5771 (PV factor annuity due, 8%, 4 periods) = $107,313
to find the quarterly payment we can use the following formula:
future value of an annuity due = quarterly payment x FV annuity factor (2%, 40 periods)
future value of annuity due = $107,313FV annuity factor (2%, 40 periods) = 61.61002$107,313 = quarterly payment x 61.61002
quarterly payment = $107,313 / 61.61002 = $1,741.81
Which of the following statements is true of sales as a career?
The full question reads;
Which of the following statements is true of sales as a career?
The demand for sales professionals is expected to decrease in the next few years.
Sales as a profession does not offer much job security, as salespeople are the revenue producers for an organization.
Salespeople cannot switch industries easily, as different industries need specialized salespeople.
Salespeople can ultimately move to higher management positions.
Salespeople receive indirect feedback from their customers
Answer:
Salespeople receive indirect feedback from their customers
Explanation:
The fact is that it is not accurate to say sales as a profession does not offer much job security, as salespeople are the revenue producers for an organization because other professions may experience the same.
However, it is possible for salespeople to receive indirect feedback from their customers who may be surprised by a product's features or price.
On March 1, a business paid $3,840 for a twelve-month liability insurance policy. On April 1, the business entered into a two-year rental contract for equipment at a total cost of $23,160.
A) Determine the insurance expense for the month of March.
B) Determine the balance in prepaid insurance as of March 31.
C) Determine the equipment rent expense for the month of April.
D) Determine the balance in prepaid equipment rental as of April 30.
Answer:
a. Insurance expense for the month of march
= ($3,840 / 12 months) * 1 month
= $320 per month
b. Balance in prepaid insurance as of March 31
= ($3,840 / 12 months) *11 months remaining
= $3,520
c. Equipment rent expense for the month of April
= ($23,160 / 24 months) * 1 month
= $965
d. Balance in prepaid equipment rental as of April 30
= Nil ($0) as it is not mentioned that payment has been made, it is only mentioned that two year rental contract has been entered into.
Jamison Company produces and sells Product X at a total cost of $25 per unit, of which $15 is product cost and $10 is selling and administrative expenses. In addition, the total cost of $25 is made up of $14 variable cost and $11 fixed cost. The desired profit is $5 per unit. Determine the mark up percentage on total cost.
Answer:
Markup percentage on total cost = 20%
Explanation:
Markup percentage on total cost = Desired profit/Total cost
Markup percentage on total cost = $5/ $25
Markup percentage on total cost = 0.2
Markup percentage on total cost = 20%
The Benesch Company expects sales in 2018 of 205,000 units of serving trays. Benesch's beginning inventory for 2018 is 18,000 trays, and its target ending inventory is 27,000 trays. Compute the number of trays budgeted for production in 2018.
Answer:
214,000 trays
Explanation:
The computation of the number of trays produced is shown below:
= ending inventory units + expected sales units - beginning inventory units
= 27,000 + 205,000 - 18,000
= 214,000 trays
We simply applied the above formula so that the number of trays budgeted for production could come
Hence, the 214,000 trays is the answer
For Sunland Company, sales is $2600000, fixed expenses are $780000, and the contribution margin ratio is 36%. What are the total variable expenses? $499200 $2600000 $1664000 $936000
Answer:
$1,664,000
Explanation:
Given the following;
Sales = $2,600,000
Since we are given contribution margin ratio to be 36%,
We will use the formula for contribution margin ratio as depicted below to arrive at the total variable expenses.
Contribution margin ratio = Sales - Variable ) ÷ sales
36% = ( $2,600,000 - Variable expenses ) ÷ $2,600,000
Cross multiply
36% × $2,600,000 = $2,600,000 - Variable expenses
$936,000 = $2,600,000 - Variable expenses.
Collect like terms
Variable expenses = $2,600,000 - $936,000
Variable expenses = $1,664,000
As an HR manager, what tool would you most likely use to determine the compensation of employees found in competitor firms
Answer:
The correct approach will be "Compensation surveys ".
Explanation:
Compensation surveys help people to make carefully considered commercial management by providing you with accurate metrics predicated on your market, size of the organization, and the relatively close expertise competitors. Individuals allow us to better understand as well as analyze the talent economy, instead of being mandated either by market.When entering markets in a region, you should always choose the country with the lowest manufacturing costs for local production.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
b. False
Explanation:
Manufacturing costs are not the only thing that you have to consider when deciding where to start local production. E.g. you work for a multinational that wants to start selling its products in Africa. The country with the lowest production costs is probably South Sudan (or maybe some other country that is going through severe economic recessions or internal conflicts), but that doesn't necessarily mean that you are going to set up a facility there.
Production costs are just one factor to consider, other factors are as equally or even more important, e.g. market size, purchase power, economic stability, legal order and stability, etc. Why do you think that MB or BMW set up huge factories in America if production costs are much lower in most of the world.
g Within the context of corporation law, the concept of double taxation means that: Question 20 options: the government taxes both management salaries and dividends to managers the tax rate for corporations is double that of individuals the government taxes both earnings to corporations and dividends to individual shareholders the government taxes both earnings and retained earnings of the corporation
Answer: the government taxes both earnings to corporations and dividends to individual shareholders
Explanation:
Double taxation occurs when an income, asset, good or any other financial transaction is being taxed twice.
Within the context of corporation law, the concept of double taxation means that the government taxes both earnings to corporations and dividends to individual shareholders.
Amna works as a receptionist at a fashion magazine. One morning, her boss walks into the office and shouts at her, telling her that the front office is a mess and she needs to clean it instantly. After her boss leaves the room, Amna goes to the front office and violently slams trash into the bin. Which of the following best describes Amna's anger?
Answer:
can you tell the options
True or false: It is acceptable accounting practice to initially record prepaid rent in either a balance sheet or income statement account.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
In the initial period, the prepaid expenses should be recorded in the assets hand side of the balance sheet under the current asset column
But when some adjustments are made regarding this in terms of gains or expenses incurred, the same should be presented on the income statement
Hence, the given statement is false as it is recorded in the assets only during the initial period
The trend analysis report of Marswell, Inc. is given below (in millions)
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Net income $690 $604 $470 $404 $398
Trend percentages 173% 152% 118% 102% 100%
Which of the following is a correct conclusion from the above analysis?
A) Net income for 2017 has decreased by 1 18% over that for 2015.
B) Net income for 2017 has increased by 1 18% over that for 2015
C) Net income for 2017 has decreased by 18% over that for 2015.
D) Net income for 2017 has increased by 18% over that for 2015
Answer: D) Net income for 2017 has increased by 18% over that for 2015
Explanation:
Trend Analysis shows the difference in the value of a variable overtime. In the analysis below, the base year is 2015 and so has a trend percentage of 100%.
The increases or decrease in Net Income in subsequent years can be inferred by the different in the trend percentages of the various years. For instance, the increase (decrease) in net income in 2019 over 2015 is;
= 173 - 100
= 73%
This means that income in 2019 is 73% higher than it was in 2015.
The same goes for 2017 and 2015;
= 118 - 100
= 18%
Income in 2017 has increased by 18% since 2015.
In a case where two projects are not mutually exclusive and have returns exceeding the cost of capital, the firm should
Answer:
That two projects are not mutually exclusive means the firm can implement both projects. They should run both because they both have returns exceeding the cost of capital.
Explanation:
Suppose we have the following Treasury bill returns and inflation rates over an eight year period:Year Treasury Bills (%) Inflation (9%)1 7.82 9.422 8.6 13.043 6.44 7.554 5.6 5.355 6.02 7.316 8.25 9.677 11.23 13.988 12.85 13.37a. Calculate the average return for Treasury bills and the average annual inflation rate for this period.b. Calculate the standard deviation of Treasury bill returns and inflation over this period.c. What was the average real return for Treasury bills over this period?
Answer:
Year Treasury Bills Inflation Real return
1 7.82 9.42 -1.48
2 8.6 13.04 -3.93
3 6.44 7.55 -1.03
4 5.6 5.35 0.24
5 6.02 7.31 -1.20
6 8.25 9.67 -1.29
7 11.23 13.98 -2.41
8 12.85 13.37 -0.46
a. Average return for Treasury bill = (7.82 + 8.6 + 6.44 + 5.6 + 6.02 + 8.25 + 11.23 + 12.85) / 8
Average return for Treasury bill = 66.81 / 8
Average return for Treasury bill = 8.35125
Average return for Treasury bill = 8.35
Average annual inflation rate = (9.42 + 13.04 + 7.55 + 5.35 + 7.31 + 9.67 + 13.98 + 13.37) / 8
Average annual inflation rate = 79.69 / 8
Average annual inflation rate = 9.96125
Average annual inflation rate = 9.96
b. X bar = Average
Standard Deviation = (x-X)^2
For year 1 = (7.82 - 8.35)^2 = 0.2809. Hence, the Standard deviation of other years will be calculated and summed-up to give the Standard deviation of Treasury bill return and of Inflation over this period respectively.
Standard deviation of Treasury bill returns = 2.55
Standard deviation of inflation over this period = 3.20
c. Real return for Treasury bills = ((1+nominal return)/(1+inflation rate)-1)*100
For Year 1, Real return = (1 + 7.82%) / (1 + 9.42%) - 1) * 100
Real return = 1 + 0.078 / (1 + 0.0942) - 1 * 100
Real return = (1.078 / 1.0942) -1 * 100
Real return = 0.98519 - 1 * 100
Real return = -0.01480 * 100
Real return = -1.48
Hence, the average real return for Treasury bills over this period = (-1.48 + -3.93 + -1.03 + 0.24 + -1.20 + -1.29 + -2.41 + -0.46) / 8
Average real return for Treasury bills = -11.56 / 8
Average real return for Treasury bills = -1.445
Resling Travel offers helicopter service from suburban towns to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. Each of its 9 helicopters makes between 1,300 and 2,300 round-trips per year. The records indicate that a helicopter that has made 1,300 round-trips in the year incurs an average operating cost of $600 per round-trip, and one that has made 2,300 round-trips in the year incurs an average operating cost of $450 per round-trip.
Required:
1. Using the high-low method, estimate the linear relationship y =a + bX , where y is the total annual operating cost of a helicopter and X is the number of round-trips it makes to JFK airport during the year.
2. Give examples of costs that would be included in a and in b.
3. If Reisen Travel expects each helicopter to make, on average, 1,200 round-trips in the coming year, what should its estimated operating budget for the helicopter fleet be?
Answer:
1. y = $255 + $0.15 X
2. Examples of costs that would be included in a and in b.
a - Fixed Cost
Example : Maintenance Cost over the period
b - Variable Cost
Example : Maintenance Cost after every flight
3. $435
Explanation:
linear relationship
Fist determine the high point and the low point
High : 2,300 round-trips
Low : 1,300 round-trips
Then determine the variable cost
Variable Cost = Difference between Overheads ÷ Deference in Independent variables
= ($600 - $450) ÷ (2,300 - 1,300)
= $0.15 per round-trip
Determine the fixed cost element
Fixed Cost = Total Overheads - Variable cost at a point
Choosing the Highest point this will be :
Fixed Cost = $600 - $0.15 × 2,300
= $255
Then the linear relationship y =a + bX will be : y = $255 + $0.15 X
Examples of costs that would be included in a and in b.
a - Fixed Cost
Maintenance Cost over the period
b - Variable Cost
Maintenance Cost after every flight
Operating budget for the helicopter fleet with 1,200 round-trips in the coming year
y = $255 + $0.15 X
= $255 + $0.15 × (1,200)
= $435