Williams and Karau found that individuals would ___________ other social loafing members if the task was meaningful.

The theory of emotion based on the central premise that physiological responses to stimuli come first and that they determine or induce emotions is known as the somatic theory of emotion.

This theory proposes that emotions arise from the perception of changes in bodily sensations or "somatic" responses, such as changes in heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension, rather than being triggered directly by external events. The theory suggests that our interpretation of these bodily sensations leads to the experience of different emotions.

The somatic theory of emotion is one of the earliest and most influential theories of emotion, proposed by William James in the late 19th century. According to this theory, emotions are not just subjective feelings, but are also accompanied by a range of bodily sensations and changes. The theory emphasizes the importance of the body in the experience of emotions and highlights the intimate connection between the mind and the body. However, some critics have argued that the theory does not fully explain the complexity of emotions, which also involve cognitive, social, and cultural factors.

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According to the legal principle of assumption of risk, a defendant may avoid liability by showing that the plaintiff voluntarily and unreasonably exposed themselves to a known danger.

Therefore should have been aware of the potential harm that could result from their actions. This defence is often used in cases involving inherently dangerous activities or sports, where the plaintiff knowingly chooses to participate in the activity despite the risks involved. In order to successfully assert the defence of assumption of risk, the defendant must demonstrate that the plaintiff had actual knowledge of the risk, fully appreciated the nature and extent of the danger, and voluntarily and unreasonably chose to expose themselves to the risk.

This can be a complex and fact-intensive analysis, requiring a detailed examination of the specific circumstances of each case.

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Neuromotor impairments are brain-related impairments that also restrict one's ability to move other body parts. The correct answer is (D).

The World Health Organization defines disability in three ways: Weakness in an individual's body construction or capability, or mental working; Amputation, vision loss, and memory loss are all examples of impairments. limitation in activity, such as having trouble seeing, hearing, walking, or solving problems.

An impairment, in the traditional sense, is a problem with a body structure or organ; incapacity is a useful restriction concerning a specific action; Furthermore, a handicap is a disadvantage in life when compared to one's peer group.

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Q-Impairments that are the result of injury to the brain that also affect the ability to move

parts of one's body are

A) neurological impairments.

B) traumatic brain injuries.

C) orthopedic impairments.

D) neuromotor impairments.

Mean difference and relative risk are examples of effect measures, which are used to quantify the magnitude of the effect of an exposure or intervention on a particular outcome.

Mean difference is the difference in means between two groups, and it is commonly used for continuous outcomes such as blood pressure or cholesterol levels. On the other hand, relative risk is the ratio of the risk of an outcome in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group, and it is commonly used for binary outcomes such as disease incidence or mortality. Meta-analysis is a statistical method used to combine the results of multiple studies on the same topic, and it allows for the estimation of an overall effect size across studies. To perform a meta-analysis, effect measures from each study are collected and combined using appropriate statistical methods. Mean difference and relative risk are commonly used in meta-analyses to summarize the results of studies with continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Overall, mean difference and relative risk are important effect measures that allow for the comparison and combination of results from different studies in a meta-analysis. They are useful tools for synthesizing evidence and making informed decisions about the effectiveness of interventions or exposures.

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The discomfort we feel when our attitudes are not in line with our actions is called cognitive dissonance. This occurs when we hold two conflicting beliefs or values and experience psychological discomfort as a result.

For example, if someone believes that smoking is harmful but continues to smoke, they may experience cognitive dissonance. This discomfort can be reduced by changing either their attitude or behavior.

The power of the situation refers to how environmental factors can influence behavior. This can include social norms, expectations, and the presence of others. For example, someone may be more likely to conform to the behavior of a group if they feel pressure to fit in.

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon is a technique used to gain compliance from others. It involves starting with a small request and then gradually increasing the demands. For example, if someone agrees to sign a petition, they may be more likely to make a donation later on.

The fundamental attribution error is a cognitive bias where we overemphasize the role of personal characteristics and underestimate the impact of situational factors when explaining someone's behavior. For example, we may assume that someone who is late for a meeting is lazy or irresponsible, without considering external factors such as traffic or an emergency.

Role-playing involves adopting a particular persona or behavior in order to fulfill a specific role. This can be used in therapy or training to help individuals learn new skills or behaviors. For example, a teacher may role-play a difficult conversation with a parent in order to practice effective communication skills.

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Muzafer Sherif is BEST known for the Robbers Cave experiments and for his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes.

Muzafer Sherif was a social psychologist known for his contributions to the study of social norms, group dynamics, and intergroup relations. He was born in Turkey in 1906 and immigrated to the United States in 1935. Sherif is best known for his Robbers Cave experiment, which demonstrated how group identity and intergroup conflict can emerge in even the most innocuous settings. In the experiment, two groups of boys were brought to a summer camp and quickly developed strong group identities, which led to hostility and conflict when they were pitted against each other.

Sherif also developed the concept of social norms, which are the unwritten rules that govern behavior in a given society or group. He argued that these norms are important for maintaining social order, but they can also lead to group polarization and intergroup conflict. Overall, Muzafer Sherif's research contributed greatly to our understanding of how social groups function and interact with each other.

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A severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic is known as a "flight of ideas."

This phenomenon is commonly associated with mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder, particularly during manic episodes, and schizophrenia. Flight of ideas involves rapid speech and a continuous flow of thoughts that seem unrelated or tangentially connected. It can be challenging for listeners to follow the speaker's train of thought, as the individual may jump from one topic to another without providing any context or logical connection. This communication pattern can make it difficult for the person experiencing it to convey their thoughts effectively and may result in misunderstandings or confusion.

In some cases, flight of ideas may also include elements of pressured speech, where the person feels an urgent need to communicate their thoughts and may speak more quickly, loudly, or forcefully than usual. It is essential to understand that individuals experiencing a flight of ideas may not be aware of the disjointed nature of their speech, as they often believe their thoughts are connected and make sense.

Treatment for the flight of ideas typically focuses on addressing the underlying mental health disorder, such as managing bipolar disorder through mood stabilizers, antipsychotic medications, and psychotherapy. By effectively managing the condition, individuals can regain control over their thought processes and improve their verbal communication.

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True. Good classroom management is essential for creating a functional and productive learning environment. Effective management strategies ensure that students are engaged in learning, on task, and able to concentrate without distractions.

This, in turn, improves their overall academic performance and leads to positive outcomes in the classroom.
A well-managed classroom also helps to minimize disruptions and maintain a positive atmosphere where students feel safe, respected, and valued. Effective management practices include establishing clear rules and expectations, providing meaningful feedback, building positive relationships with students, and using a variety of teaching strategies to meet the diverse needs of learners.True. Good classroom management is essential for creating a functional and productive learning environment. Effective management strategies ensure that students are engaged in learning, on task, and able to concentrate without distractions.
Furthermore, good classroom management is not only beneficial for students but also for teachers. It helps to reduce stress and burnout, increases job satisfaction, and enhances professional growth and development. Therefore, investing time and effort in developing effective classroom management skills is crucial for creating a successful and rewarding teaching experience.

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Hawthorne uses ambiguous language in diction such as "seems," "must," "appears," "perhaps," and "maybe" several times when describing the events in the woods.

It is clear that Hawthorne wants to leave the events open to interpretation, which allows the reader to engage with the story and come to their own conclusions. By using ambiguous language, Hawthorne creates a sense of mystery and uncertainty, which adds to the overall tone of the story.

Additionally, the ambiguity allows the reader to consider different possibilities and interpretations, which makes the story more thought-provoking and engaging. Overall, Hawthorne's use of ambiguous language adds depth and complexity to the story, making it a more compelling read.

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Marx used the concept of "false consciousness" to describe the state of mind, which leads the working class and the poor to accept their lack of monetary rewards, power, and prestige because they believe the system is truly meritocratic and that they deserve their fate.

False consciousness refers to the distorted perception of reality where individuals from the working class and the poor do not recognize the true nature of their social and economic conditions. Instead, they believe in the meritocratic ideals that are perpetuated by the dominant capitalist class. This misperception serves to maintain the status quo, as it prevents the working class from recognizing their shared interests and organizing to challenge the existing social and economic structures.

Marx's concept of false consciousness is rooted in his analysis of class struggle and the role of ideology in shaping people's perceptions of their social positions. By accepting the belief that the system is meritocratic, workers and the poor are less likely to question the inequality that exists and demand changes to improve their conditions. This, in turn, helps perpetuate the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist class, as it keeps the workers complacent and unwilling to fight for a more equitable distribution of resources and power.

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In the twilight series movies, main character Edward Cullen can be seen driving a Volvo car. This is an example of product placement.

Product placement is a form of advertising in which a company's product is prominently displayed or used in a scene of a movie, television show, video game, or other media. It is a way for companies to reach a large audience and increase brand recognition, as well as associate their product with certain values or lifestyles portrayed in the media. In the case of the Twilight series, the use of the Volvo car was a deliberate choice to convey a sense of luxury and sophistication, as well as to align the brand with the youthful and trendy image of the movie franchise.

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If  the Revenue and expenditures are sitting on a balance at the same level. The  words that can best be applied to this budget is: B. balanced.

When a government  income and expenditures are the same  the budget is balanced which tend to means that the government does not spend more than it takes in.

When income and expenditures are not the same  the budget is unbalanced. A surplus tend  to occur when income exceeds expenditures, a  deficit happens when income exceed revenue. In this instance, neither a deficit nor a surplus exists because revenue and expenses are equal.

Therefore the correct option is B.

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Rochelle has achieved the stage of conservation in her experiment with the Kool-Aid. Conservation refers to the understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance or arrangement is altered. In this case, Rochelle poured the Kool-Aid from the original glass into a smaller toy teacup, which changed its appearance and arrangement.

However, Rochelle was able to recognize that the amount of Kool-Aid remained the same despite the change in appearance.

She then poured the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a tall glass, which changed its appearance and arrangement once again. Rochelle was able to recognize that the amount of Kool-Aid remained the same even though it was now in a different container.

Finally, Rochelle poured the Kool-Aid back into the original glass, which returned it to its original appearance and arrangement. Rochelle was able to recognize that the amount of Kool-Aid remained the same throughout all of the changes in appearance and arrangement.

Overall, Rochelle's experiment demonstrates her understanding of conservation, which is an important developmental milestone in cognitive development.

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In Hootsuite Inbox, you can view both public and private messages on connected social media accounts.

The Inbox feature allows users to manage and respond to all of their social media messages in one place. This includes direct messages, comments, and mentions on various social media platforms. By viewing both public and private messages, users can monitor and engage with their audience effectively and efficiently. Additionally, users can also filter their Inbox to focus on specific types of messages or social media platforms, such as public comments only or private messages only.

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The groups of people who live among those who are cooperative may be more likely to survive than those people who live among groups of people who are competitive. This idea is referred to as the "survival of the fittest" principle, which was originally proposed by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer and later popularized by Charles Darwin in his theory of natural selection.

The basic idea is that individuals and groups who are better adapted to their environment, whether through cooperative behavior, physical traits, or other characteristics, are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. This principle can apply to many different aspects of life, from evolutionary biology to economics and social behavior.

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The total score would be either 9 or 10, depending on whether the newborn was given 1 or 2 points for Respiration. Based on the criteria you provided, the APGAR score for this newborn would likely be a 9 or 10 out of 10.

The score is calculated based on five categories: Appearance, Pulse (or heart rate), Grimace (or reflex irritability), Activity, and Respiration. Each category is scored on a scale of 0-2, with a total possible score of 10. In this case, the newborn appears completely pink (2 points for Appearance), has a heart rate of 140 (2 points for Pulse), withdraws upon suction of nares (2 points for Grimace), is actively moving (2 points for Activity), and crying vigorously (2 points for Respiration).

Therefore, the total score would be either 9 or 10, depending on whether the newborn was given 1 or 2 points for Respiration.

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Stage directions. The term used to describe the characters and help you understand what they are thinking or feeling is Stage directions.

Stage directions are the term used to describe the written instructions in a play that tell actors where to move, how to say their lines, and what to do with props. These directions help the audience to understand the characters and their emotions, as well as the setting of the scene. Stage directions also provide important information to the actors and the production team, such as when to enter and exit the stage, where to stand, and how to use special effects.

They can also indicate the tone of the play or a particular scene, such as whether it is meant to be serious, humorous, or suspenseful. Without stage directions, a play would lack structure and coherence, making it difficult for both actors and audience members to fully understand and appreciate the story being told.

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This falls under the principle of non-discrimination, where government assistance is available to all individuals who meet the eligibility criteria, regardless of their race, gender, creed, or color.

In other words, the government provides assistance based on need and does not discriminate against individuals based on their personal characteristics.
All individuals who qualify for government assistance can receive it, without regard for their race, gender, creed, or color. This falls under the principle of non-discrimination, which ensures equal treatment and access to resources for all eligible individuals.

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The human relations approach is aimed at understanding how psychological and social processes interact with the work situation to influence performance. (option 4)

This approach focuses on the importance of social and psychological factors in the workplace, such as interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, and communication. The human relations approach emphasizes that workers are not just machines, but rather individuals with emotional and social needs that must be met in order to achieve high levels of productivity and job satisfaction.

This approach recognizes the importance of treating employees as individuals, providing opportunities for personal and professional growth, and creating a positive work environment that promotes teamwork, collaboration, and mutual respect.

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Complete Question:

The __________ approach is aimed at understanding how psychological and social processes interact with the work situation to influence performance. Group of answer choices

The type of coping involved in Steve's case is "meaning-focused coping".

Meaning-focused coping is a coping strategy in which an individual reinterprets and finds meaning in a stressful or difficult situation.

In this case, Steve experienced the stressful situation of flunking out of college due to excessive partying. However, instead of simply trying to forget about the situation or avoid it, he reflected on it and found meaning in the experience. He recognized it as a valuable lesson, and used it as an opportunity to re-think his goals for the future.

By using meaning-focused coping, Steve was able to transform a negative experience into a positive learning experience. He was able to find new meaning in his situation and use it as motivation to make positive changes for his future.

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When we make judgments about someone we just met and know little about, stereotypes Influenceour interpretations and memories of them

When we meet someone new, we tend to form initial judgments about them based on our past experiences, cultural influences, and societal norms. These judgments are often formed through the use of stereotypes, which are preconceived notions about a particular group of people.

Stereotypes can affect our interpretations and memories of someone, as they lead us to make assumptions about their personality traits, behavior, and values.

For example, if we meet someone who is from a certain ethnicity or religion, we may unconsciously apply stereotypes that we have learned from our surroundings. This can lead us to interpret their behavior in a certain way, even if it is not accurate or fair.

Additionally, our memories of that person may be influenced by the stereotypes we hold, causing us to remember certain behaviors or incidents that support our preconceived notions.

It is important to recognize that stereotypes can be harmful and limiting, as they prevent us from seeing people as individuals and limit our ability to form meaningful connections with them.

By becoming aware of our own stereotypes and challenging them, we can open ourselves up to new experiences and perspectives, and form more accurate and nuanced judgments about the people we meet.

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The construct validity of a measure of emotional intelligence would be supported by positive correlations between scores on the measure and scores on a measure of Gardner's multiple intelligences.

Gardner proposed that there are different types of intelligences, including interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence, which are closely related to emotional intelligence. Therefore, if a measure of emotional intelligence is valid, it should correlate positively with measures of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

This would demonstrate that emotional intelligence is a distinct and important form of intelligence that is not simply a measure of general cognitive ability. Valid measures of emotional intelligence are essential for accurately assessing and developing this important skill.

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Children and adolescents who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions are called neglected.

Negligence toward children represents one of the main frequent types of child maltreatment. It can have an unfavorable long-term impact on a child's physical and mental health. Parental mental health, poverty, drug and alcohol addiction, and other multifaceted problems can all contribute to child neglect.

Most parents don't intentionally neglect their children; instead, they have excellent intentions. But regrettably, some parents can't provide for a child's requirements in a satisfactory manner. A kid who has been neglected may experience physical, psychological, and behavioral effects that affect their entire development and health. Neglect may have long-lasting effects and can result in high-risk behaviors, even if a child is taken out of a poor circumstance.

Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

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The United Nations has taken a strong stance against child labor and considers it a violation of children's rights. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989, sets out the fundamental human rights of all children, including the right to education, healthcare, and protection from exploitation.

Article 32 of the Convention specifically addresses child labor, stating that children should not be involved in work that is likely to be hazardous or interfere with their education, or that is harmful to their health or development. The UN also recognizes that cultural traditions must be respected, but not at the expense of children's rights. The International Labour Organization (ILO), which is part of the UN, has also adopted conventions and recommendations on child labor, setting out minimum standards for the elimination of child labor. These efforts reflect the global commitment to protecting the well-being and future of children.

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The viewpoint presented by Professor Crisman best illustrates the evolutionary perspective in psychology. This perspective emphasizes the importance of natural selection and adaptation in shaping human behavior and traits, including mate preferences.

According to this perspective, certain traits, such as height and physical strength, may have been advantageous for survival and reproduction in our ancestors' environments, and therefore were more likely to be passed down through generations. This perspective also acknowledges that human behavior and preferences can be influenced by both biological and cultural factors. In contrast, the psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences as the basis for behavior and personality development. While both perspectives offer valuable insights into human behavior, Professor Crisman's view on mate preferences aligns more closely with the evolutionary perspective.

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The Five-Factor Model (FFM) includes "Extraversion" as a trait that reflects an affectionate, active, fun-loving, and passionate person.

Extraversion is one of the five broad dimensions or traits in the FFM, also known as the "Big Five" personality traits, which are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Extraversion reflects individual differences in sociability, assertiveness, and positive emotionality. People who score high on extraversion tend to be outgoing, talkative, energetic, and seek stimulation and social interaction. In contrast, people who score low on extraversion tend to be more reserved, introspective, and prefer solitary activities.

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One form of misrepresentation is knowingly making a false statement upon which another may rely to their detriment. In other words, it occurs when someone intentionally provides incorrect information that negatively affects another party who depends on that information.

Misrepresentation is a legal concept that arises in various situations, such as in contract law, tort law, or even in criminal law. It often involves a party providing false or misleading information to induce another party into entering into an agreement, resulting in harm or loss to the victim. This could be a false statement about the quality of a product, the financial status of a company, or even about one's personal background.

To prove misrepresentation, the victim must typically show that the false statement was made knowingly, that they relied on the statement, and that they suffered damages as a result. In some cases, misrepresentation can lead to a voidable contract, allowing the injured party to rescind the agreement and seek compensation for any losses suffered. In more severe cases, the individual making the misrepresentation may face legal penalties or be held liable for any harm caused by their actions.

Overall, misrepresentation is a serious issue that can have significant consequences for both the party making the false statement and the party who suffers harm as a result of relying on that information.

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In Giordano et al.'s theory, when a person forms a new identity and sees it as inappropriate for him/her to engage in deviant behavior, they have experienced a cognitive transformation.

Cognitive transformation is an essential aspect of the desistance process in the life-course perspective of crime. It highlights the importance of personal and social factors in shaping an individual's criminal trajectory. This transformation occurs when an individual reevaluates their life, past decisions, and future aspirations, leading to a change in their identity and perception of what is considered appropriate behavior.

According to Giordano et al., this change in identity can be influenced by various factors, such as exposure to conventional social bonds, positive role models, and pro-social support networks. These factors can help an individual develop a sense of belonging and purpose, which can encourage them to adopt a more conventional lifestyle.

In summary, the cognitive transformation in Giordano et al.'s theory highlights the importance of personal and social factors in shaping an individual's decision to desist from deviant behavior. This process involves a shift in identity and self-concept, leading to the recognition of the inappropriateness of deviant behavior and the motivation to change.

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The ethical climate of  E. independence relies on each individual's personal moral ideas to dictate their workplace behavior.

In an independent ethical climate, employees are encouraged to use their own judgment and decision-making skills to make ethical choices. This type of climate values individual autonomy and emphasizes personal responsibility.

In an independent ethical climate, there is a level of trust between employees and management, which allows for open communication and collaboration. Employees are expected to act in the best interest of the company and its stakeholders but are also given the freedom to make decisions that align with their personal values and beliefs.

In conclusion, the independent ethical climate relies on each individual's personal moral ideas to dictate their workplace behavior. This climate values individual autonomy and personal responsibility, which encourages open communication, collaboration, and innovation. It is a necessary climate for industries that prioritize creativity and risk-taking. Therefore the correct option E

The Question was Incomplete, Find the full content below :

Ethical climates of​ ______ rely on each​ individual's personal moral ideas to dictate his or her workplace behavior.

A. law and code

B. aggressiveness

C. rules

D. caring

E. independence

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The problem of social inequality in France has been a long-standing issue that has persisted for centuries. The French society was divided into various classes with the aristocracy being at the top, followed by the bourgeoisie, and the working class at the bottom.

The privileged class enjoyed significant wealth, power, and status, while the lower classes struggled to make ends meet. The French Revolution of 1789 was a significant turning point in the country's history, which aimed to eliminate social inequality and establish a fair and just society.

However, change has been slow and hard to come by due to several factors, including the entrenched power and influence of the privileged class, resistance to change, and the inability of the lower classes to unite and fight for their rights.

Additionally, the French government has often been reluctant to implement significant reforms that would lead to greater equality, as they have been fearful of upsetting the status quo and losing the support of the privileged class. This has resulted in a persistent problem of social inequality that has continued to exist to this day, with significant economic and social disparities between different classes of people in France.

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