Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from molecular sequences are regularly taken into consideration extra dependable than the ones reconstructed from morphological characters,
In component due to the fact convergent evolution, which confounds phylogenetic reconstruction, is assumed to be rarer for molecular sequences than for morphologies. Both molecular and morphological statistics have critical roles in elucidating evolutionary records and phylogeny. Advantages of molecular statistics encompass the massive variety of characters which can be available (1) in addition to state-of-the-art fashions of series evolution that can be utilized in phylogenetic analyses (2). Molecular clocks permit the time of divergence of ancestral sequences to be estimated. When we perform a phylogenetic evaluation our number one goal is to deduce the sample of the evolutionary relationships among the DNA sequences which can be being compared.
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in a dna strand successive nucleotides are linked by?
a. oxygen bonds
b. nitrogen bonds
c. hydrogen bonds
A polymer or nucleotides called DNA is joined to one another by three to five phosphodiester bonds.
What holds the DNA's nucleotides together?Nucleotides make up DNA and RNA, and they are connected to each other in a sequence via chemical interactions between their neighbouring nucleotides' phosphate groups and sugar bases, known as ester bonds. Each nucleotide has a sugar at its 3' end and a phosphate at its 5' end.
Are phosphodiester bonds used to connect nucleotides?When nucleotides were incorporated onto DNA, a phosphodiester bond forms between neighbouring nucleotides, which is a covalent binding between a nucleotide's 5' phosphate group and its 3'-OH group (see below). Each DNA strand thus has a phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate "backbone".
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A cell containing only pure water is placed into a solution containing 1m sucrose. The cell's membrane is impermeable to water, sucrose, sodium ions and chloride ions. How could you make the cell isosmotic to the outside solution? choose all of the correct answers.
Correct option b and e ) Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 0.5M NaCl and Add sucrose to the cell until it contains 1M sucrose.
Two solutions are isotonic to each other if the have the same osmotic pressure.
Since the cell is impermeable to sucrose, sodium and chloride ion outside the cell, For the solution inside the cell to be isoosmotic to the solution outside the cell, same 1M of sucrose should be added to the solution inside the cell to balance osmotic pressure.
If osmolarity is the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of moles per litre, also the addition of an ionic 0.5M Na+Cl- to the solution inside the cell will also balance the osmotic pressure.
0.5M if NaCl will dissociate and create an equivalent 1M osmotic pressure inside the cell.
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Full Question :A cell containing only pure water is placed into a solution containing 1M sucrose. The cell's membrane is impermeable to water, sucrose, sodium ions and chloride ions. How could you make the cell isosmotic to the outside solution? Choose all of the correct answers. a. Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 1M NaCl. b. Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 0.5M NaCl. c. Increase the number of sodium channels on the cell membrane. d. Increase the active transport of water out of the cell. e. Add sucrose to the cell until it contains 1M sucrose.
in terms of the source of their carbon, plants are_____ , and animals are_____
In terms of the source of their carbon, plants are autotrophs, and animals are heterotrophs.
Plants are the most commonly known form of autotroph, however there are numerous more types of autotrophs. Animals are heterotrophs because they lack the chlorophyll pigment required for photosynthesis, so they feed on live creatures. An autotroph is a living organism that can generate its own food from light, water, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals.
Autotrophs are also known as producers as they manufacture their own food. Consumers are heterotrophs since they consume producers or even other consumers. Heterotrophs include dogs, birds, fish, and humans. Heterotrophs live on the third and second tiers of a food chain, which is a series of species that offer energy and nutrients to other organisms.
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Which factor of insect success results in the need for limited resources?Reproductive PotentialSmall SizeFlightMetamorphosis
Small Size and Flight of insect results in the need for limited resources.
What factors contribute to insects' success?
Insects are thought to be so successful because they are tiny, have an exoskeleton for protection, and can fly. They may disperse to different locations and flee from predators thanks to their small size and flight ability.
Metamorphosis is the process of an animal's body changing suddenly and repeatedly throughout its life cycle to transition from a larva to an adult. Frogs, butterflies, for instance, etc. There are four stages to a complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The animal appears different at each step of complete transformation than it did at any other stage.
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What is the function of QuickLyse spin columns?
Spin column- grounded nucleic acid sanctification is a solid phase birth system to snappily purify nucleic acids.
Spin Column- Grounded is one of the RNA birth styles that comprise of four stages videlicet lysis of cells, list of nucleic acid to silica gel membrane, washing the nucleic acid bound to the silica gel membrane, and elution of the nucleic acid. a small ‐ scale chromatography procedure in which fluid is moved through the column by centrifugal force. It has the advantage that several columns can be run contemporaneously in the centrifuge rotor. Classic spin column- grounded DNA and RNA sanctification uses silica membrane columns to insulate nucleic acid from cell, towel, blood, and other sample types. DNA or RNA is bound to silica using high attention of a chaotropic swab similar as guanidine hydrochloride.
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Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of__
a. cell differentiation.
b. morphogenesis.
c. cell division.
d. cell elongation.
Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation. Option A, C and D will be correct.
Cell differentiation refers to the process by which cells become specialized in their structure and function. In plants, different cells differentiate into various types of tissues and organs, such as leaves, stems, roots, and flowers, each with a specific function.
Cell division is the process by which a single cell will divides into two or more daughter cells. In plants, cell division plays a crucial role in growth by increasing the number of cells and tissues that make up the plant body.
Cell elongation refers to the process by which cells increase in length. In plants, cell elongation is a key factor in growth, as it allows the cells to become longer and contribute to the overall increase in size of the plant body. Overall, the growth of a plant body is the result of a complex interplay between these processes, which work together to produce the characteristic shape and size of the plant.
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What are the other functions of the bones aside from support and protection?
Answer:
Bone provides shape and support for the body, as well as protection for some organs. Bone also serves as a storage site for minerals and provides the medium—marrow—for the development and storage of blood cells.
Explanation:
n/a
herbivory on brassica plants can induce the production of defensive chemicals such as glucosinolates. for example, one effect of these chemicals is the inhibition of growth of caterpillars feeding on the plant. do a web search to learn more about glucosinolates and describe another way in which they can provide a defense for plants against being eaten. be sure to write the function in your own words.
These plants use a powerful defense mechanism known as the "mustard oil bomb" to destroy their enemies: If plant tissues are harmed, glucosinolates or the chemical myrosinase are released.
What functions do glucosinolates have in the body?Recent research demonstrates the positive impacts of glucosinolates, which also have direct antibacterial properties and regulatory roles in inflammation, stress hormone, phase I physiology, and antioxidant activities.
Are glucosinolates poisonous to people?Although glucosesinolates are non-toxic, they are broken down into thiocyanates, nitriles, and isothiocyanates. Thiocyanates induce hypothermia, isothiocyanates cause goitrin, which lowers the blood tetraiodothyronine content, while nitriles cause hepatocellular hypertrophy and thickening.
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A common feature of thermal pollution and artificial eutrophication is that they both:
A. have sources that are difficult to identify and control.
B. cause large mats of algae to bloom in fresh water.
C. are a result of power plants and other industrial activity.
D. decrease the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.
What are the Epimysium Perimysium and Endomysium?
The dense connective tissue that envelops the entire muscle tissue is called the epimysium. The connective tissue that envelops each mass of muscle filaments is called the perimysium. The connective tissue known as the endomysium covers each and every muscle fiber, and muscle cell.
Each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is sheathed in the thin layer of areolar connective tissue known as the endomysium, or within the muscle. Nerves and capillaries are also present.The muscle fiber's cell membrane is protected by the sarcolemma.
Endomysium is the name for the smallest and deepest region of muscle connective tissue. This thin layer supports the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium, which are all necessary for the excitation and subsequent contraction of a muscle fiber.
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how do we determine if an animal is truly extinct?
A species can only be declared extinct today if there is "no reasonable doubt that the last individual member has perished," according to updated 1990s regulations. For each species under consideration, scientists today take into account information on the population size, number of breeding adults, geographic range, and habitat degradation.
It was proposed in the 1980s that an extinction should be declared if a species went 50 years without being seen. Although it seemed like a lot of time, it wasn't enough. After decades or even centuries since their previous observation, many species have been found again. For the first time in 170 years, the black-browed babbler, for instance, was just discovered in Borneo's jungles!
In fact, some recently found species had already been officially declared extinct, proving that extinction need not be permanent. These species are known as Lazarus species; for example, the Miles' robber frog was revived after being discovered in a cloud forest in Honduras in 2008.
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why can humans dissipate heat so well, compared to other animals?
More extensive cutaneous blood vessels than in any other animal can be found in humans.
How can animals get their body heat out?Water from the skin, tongue, and nose of land animals is frequently lost to evaporation into the atmosphere. Evaporation can serve as a cooling technique by removing heat. For instance, many mammals have the ability to improve evaporative cooling in response to elevated body temperatures by triggering systems like sweating and panting.
What are the deep pressure-sensing dermal sensory structures?The receptors in the epidermal layer of skin are known as Pacinian corpuscles. These really are mechanoreceptors that really can detect high-frequency vibrations and pressure.
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Fish eat different larvae found in the water. The fisherman eats the fish and the transfer of energy moves through the food chain. Where does the energy originate or begin?
Responses
A the fishthe fish
B the humanthe human
C the sunthe sun
D the larvae
Option A is Correct. The sun is the source of the energy. Snapper and grouper populations will decline as a result of the lionfish eating their different larvae.
The local fishermen will thus need to find alternative sources of income. The food chain get affected by invading species among themself. Each type of living thing has the potential to become invasive. It could be a kind of plant, a bug, a fish, a fungus, or a cane toad that resembles an amphibian.
Even non-native organisms that are harmful to ecosystems can leave behind seeds or eggs. The environment, human health, and the economy may all be harmed by these animals. Species that spread aggressively, develop swiftly, breed, and are given the label of "invasive" are considered to be such.
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Correct Question:
Fish eat different larvae found in the water. The fisherman eats the fish and the transfer of energy moves through the food chain. Where does the energy originate or begin? A) the sun B) the fish C) the larvae D) the human.
A burn caused by boiling water causes proteins inside your cells to lose their functions. Explain why the high temperature causes this to happen. a. The increased temperature disrupts covalent bonds such as peptide bonds which causes the proteins to lose their primary structures and abilities to catalyze reactions.
b. The increased temperature disrupts weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding which causes the proteins to lose their primary structures and abilities to catalyze reactions. c. The increased temperature disrupts weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding which causes the proteins to lose their tertiary structures and abilities to bind specific molecules. d. The increased temperature disrupts covalent bonds such as peptide bonds which causes the proteins to lose their tertiary structures and abilities to bind specific molecules.
c.The increased temperature disrupts weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding, which causes the proteins to lose their tertiary structures and abilities to bind specific molecules.
Protein molecules receive kinetic energy from heat or ultraviolet light, which causes their atoms to vibrate more quickly and displaces the hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces, which are rather weak.
When a protein solution is heated to a boiling point, the protein frequently denatures, becoming insoluble and remaining so long after cooling. An example of irreversible denaturation is the heat-induced denaturation of egg white proteins, which occurs while cooking an egg. The native, or original, protein and its denatured counterpart share the same basic structure. However, the tertiary structure of the protein is destroyed at high temperatures due to the disruption of the weak forces between charged groups and the weaker forces of mutual attraction of nonpolar groups.
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The attachment point on the chromosome for spindle microtubules is the: a.telomere. b.centromere. c.origin of replication. d.sister chromatid. e.allele.
b.centromere. The chromosomal region known as the centromere is where the kinetochore, the attachment site for spindle fibres, is created.
It is in charge of ensuring that chromosomes are properly segregated during cell division. Telomeres locate chromosomes in the cell nucleus and guard chromosomal ends from enzymatic fusions and destruction. For each linear chromosome to function properly, centromeres and telomeres are components that are essential to that process.
Most often, highly condensed heterochromatin areas are used to characterise telomeres and centromeres. Centromeres and telomeres, on the other hand, have a special epigenetic makeup because they have been found to contain both eu- and heterochromatin-specific epigenetic changes. The proper operation of both areas is made possible by this specificity, which affects chromosome homeostasis.
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bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called____
Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called "Haversian canals" or "osteonic canals".
These canals contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply and nourish the bone tissue. The concentric circles of bone cells are called lamellae, and they surround the Haversian canals in a structure known as an osteonic or Haversian system.
The Haversian system is the basic unit of structure in compact bone, and it allows for the efficient exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bone cells and the blood vessels. The arrangement of the lamellae in the Haversian system also helps to resist compressive and torsional forces, making bone a strong and resilient tissue.
Overall, Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called Haversian canals.
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What kind of attraction holds the oppositely charged ions together in an ionic bond?
The two ions that make up an ionic bond are held together by a powerful electric force of attraction.
What kind of attraction exists between ions of various charges?Ionic bonds, also known as electrovalent bonds in chemical compounds, are created when opposingly charged ions electrostatically attract one another. When the valence (outside section) electrons of one atom are permanently transferred to another atom, a bond of this type is created.
What kind of attraction towards one another?Since opposite charges attract, these ions have the opposite charges. Ionic bonds are created by the electrostatic attraction of positive and negative ions. Therefore, an ionic bond's positive and negative ions are attracted to one another by electrostatic forces.
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a compound machine is a combination of two or more. true or false?
A compound machine is one that is composed of many fundamental machines. Compound machines like a wheelbarrow or corkscrew solely consist of simple machines.
What does a compounding device actually do?A compound machine is one that is composed of many fundamental machines. Compound machines like a wheelbarrow or corkscrew solely consist of simple machines. Large compound devices like autos are composed of several simple machines.
What kinds of machines fall under the compound category?A machine made up of two or more basic machines is referred to as a compound machine. Compound machines include tools like clippers, a manual pencil sharpener, cranes, and bulldozers.
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During photosynthesis, _____ is reduced to _____.a. CO2; sugarb. H2O; CO2c. sugar; O2d. O2; H2Oe. CO2; O2
During photosynthesis, CO₂ is reduced to sugar.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing one's own food by capturing the sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide from the environment. The process is carries out by green plants, some bacteria and fungi. The most essential pigment for photosynthesis is chlorophyll. The process is accomplished in two reactions: light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction.
Sugar is the major form of food formed by the plants after performing photosynthesis. Glucose is the major sugar formed. Apart from it formation of sucrose is also observed. This is done by the capture and reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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What is dual innervation means that an individual effector:
Individual effectors with dual innervation get input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Heart rate has antagonistic effects on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Many autonomic nervous system effector organs have dual innervation, which means they receive competing signals from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system raises heart rate, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system lowers heart rate. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the heart, glands, and smooth muscles (dual innervation). Furthermore, they are frequently active reciprocally, which means that when one division's activity increases, the activity of the other division lowers.
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the energy required to change a solid into a liquid is known as the heat of ____.a.) vaporization
b.) sublimation
c.) fusion
d.) fission
e.) condensation
The energy required to change a solid into a liquid is known as the heat of fusion. The correct answer is C.
Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point, while maintaining constant temperature and pressure.
When a solid absorbs heat, its temperature increases until it reaches the melting point. At this point, the heat energy absorbed is used to break the intermolecular bonds holding the solid together, resulting in a phase change from solid to liquid.
Heat of fusion is an important concept in many industrial processes, such as melting of metals, melting of ice for drinking water, and melting of wax for making candles.
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What are three ways invasive species can invade an ecosystem?
Invasive species can invade an ecosystem in three main ways:
Accidental IntroductionDeliberate IntroductionNatural DispersalWhat are invasive species?Invasive species are species that are not native to an ecosystem and have a negative impact on native species and the ecosystem as a whole. They can be plants, animals, or microorganisms that are introduced to an ecosystem either deliberately or accidentally, and are able to establish and spread rapidly, often outcompeting native species for resources and altering the ecosystem in negative ways.
Invasive species can cause harm to the environment by disrupting food webs, altering habitats, and reducing biodiversity. They can also harm human interests by reducing crop yields, causing damage to infrastructure, and spreading diseases
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What is the carrying capacity of the graph?
0.3 million
0.5 million
2012
2007
0.4 million
Answer: B
Explanation:
i know
Is DNA the genetic material for bacteria as well as humans?
Both prokaryotic organisms and humans contain DNA as their genetic makeup. the archaea and the bacteria, which scientists think have distinct evolutionary lines
That which is prokaryotic?Cells without a nucleus or other organelles make up prokaryotes, which are types of organisms. Bacteria and archaea, two separate subgroups of prokaryotes with alleged independent evolutionary histories, are classified as separate prokaryotes. Small, single-celled creatures with a very straightforward structure make up the majority of prokaryotes.
DNA is present in prokaryotic cells?A free-floating chromosome, typically circular and not protected by a nuclear membrane, is a feature of prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria. In place of that, the DNA merely resides in the nucleoid, a part of the cell.
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Fill The Blank? tyrosinase catalyzes a reaction that oxidizes ______________________ and ______________________ is the product.
The enzyme TYROSINASE catalyzes the oxidation of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), resulting in the production of dopaquinone, in the presence of oxygen.
Tyrosinase has the peculiar ability to catalyze three different biochemical processes, including the hydroxylation of a monophenol, catechol dehydrogenation, and dihydroxyindole dehydrogenation, all within a single metabolic pathway.
Tyrosinase, an oxidoreductase in the general category of enzymes, is a component of the oxidation and reduction processes in the epidermis. The major role of the enzyme in the melanogenesis process is to catalyze these chemical events. When an enzyme is present, the rate of the reaction is higher than when an enzyme is not there.
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Was Julian the only chemist working on the synthesis of physostigmine?
In 11 synthetic stages, Julian and Josef Pikl, a chemical assistant, put together physostigmine starting with phenacetin. The three-year endeavor was chronicled in a number of publications published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
The parasympathomimetic alkaloid physostigmine, commonly known as eserine from éséré, the West African name for the Calabar bean, is very poisonous and acts as a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It naturally exists in the fruit of the Manchineel tree and the Calabar bean.
Percy Lavon Julian and Josef Pikl created the substance for the first time in 1935. It is offered in the United States as eserine salicylate and eserine sulfate, as well as under the brand names Antilirium and Isopto Eserine.
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What is the difference between serosanguinous and sanguineous?
serosanguineous (containing blood; may also be present in a healthy, healing wound)
sanguineous (primarily blood),
Which of the following plants produces seeds but not flowers? a Maize b Mint c Peepal d Pinus
Pinus is basically a gymnosperm which produces the seeds but does not produce flowers.
The correct option is option d.
Gymnosperms are basically categorized as the seed producing plants, but unlike the case of angiosperms, they produce seeds without the flowers or fruits. These plants basically develop on the surface of the scales or surface of leaves, or even at the end of stalks and form a cone-like structure.
Gymnosperms are the plants in which ovules are not found to be enclosed within an ovary wall, unlike what is seen in the case of angiosperms. It remains exposed before as well as after the fertilization and also before developing into seed. Pinus is a gymnosperm which bears na-ked seeds but not a flower.
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If a mutation results in an organism with new characteristics what might be formed.
If an organism develops new traits as a result of a mutation, a species will eventually emerge if more mutations of this type continue to appear in the individual.
What potential effects might a mutation have on an organism?Mutations may have an impact on an organism by altering its phenotype, or they may have an impact on the way DNA codes its genetic information (genotype).When mutations take place, they may be completely fatal or they may result in the conclusion (death) of an organism.
What characteristics do mutations have?A mutation is a change in the genetic sequence.DNA's basic building block, a single - base base, can transform into another nucleotide base through mutation.While more significant mutations may affect numerous genes on a chromosome.
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what is bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes?
Bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes are called staphylococci.
The skin and mucous membranes of both humans and animals frequently contain staphylococci, which are spherical bacteria. Although they maintain the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining procedure, they are categorised as Gram-positive bacteria because of the strong peptidoglycan coating in their cell walls.
Skin infections, pneumonia, and sepsis are just a few of the illnesses that Staphylococci can bring on in people. Because some staphylococci strains are resistant to numerous drugs, infections may be more challenging to treat. Moreover, Staphylococci can create toxins that result in food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, a potentially fatal illness marked by fever, hypotension, and organ failure. The spread of staphylococcal infections can be halted by maintaining good hygiene, which includes frequent hand washing.
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