Elements of group 18 belongs to the family of noble gases with a general electronic configuration ns²np⁶, where the valence shell is completely filled.
The elements of group 18 are considered to be noble because they have a completely filled valence shell due to which they donot have the tendency to gain, lose or share their valence electrons with other atoms. Thus, they are highly unreactive.
The elements belonging to noble gas family are: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon(Ar), Krypton(Kr), Xenon(Xe), Radon(Rn).
under conditions of standard pressure and temperature, these elements exists as gases with very low chemical reactivity so they are known as inert gases.
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N2+ 3H2= 2NH3+ energy Design criteria are the desired features of a design. Identify at least two criteria for the design of the ammonia-making process. Explain why these criteria are important.
Efficiency and safety are important criteria for the design of ammonia production processes, as they consume less energy and reliably produce large amounts of ammonia with minimal risk of accidents.
What are Design Criteria?Design criteria are specific characteristics or requirements that a design must meet in order to be successful. They provide clear and measurable criteria for evaluating designs, ensuring that the final product meets the needs and expectations of customers or users. Design criteria include not only technical specifications such as size, weight and materials, but also performance requirements such as safety, efficiency and durability. It can also include cost-related criteria such as manufacturing cost, ease of maintenance, and environmental aspects. The process of identifying and defining design criteria is an important step in the design process as it helps ensure that the final product meets user needs and is fit for purpose. This is important because as much of the reactants (nitrogen and hydrogen) as possible are converted to ammonia, thereby maximizing the yield of the process. This is important to make the process economical and produce large amounts of ammonia.
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2. Explain the relationship between the key terms in
each of the following pairs.
a. direct pressure and indirect pressure
b. goal and action plan
If someone who look up to does anything that makes you want to do something, this is known as direct pressure directly from the other person's mouth. The plan you use to accomplish the goal it your activity.
Describe pressure.The Standard unit for pressures seems to be the pascal (Pa), which is equal to one newton / square meter (N/m2) of pressure is defined of surface. An object's pressure is inversely related to its force and proportional to both
Why does pressure exist?Pressure is created by molecules moving quickly and crashing into the container's walls. The quantity and intensity of molecular collisions in a given region determine the pressure there.
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the half life of the isotope of uranium of mass number 234 grams is 2.5 * 10^5 years . how long after isolation of a sample of this isotope will only one sixth of the original mass be left
AThe half-life of an isotope is the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. If the half-life of a sample of uranium-234 is 2.5 * 10^5 years, it means that after 2.5 * 10^5 years, half of the atoms in the sample will have decayed.
If you want to know how long it will take for only one sixth of the original mass to be left, you can use the following formula:
t = (half-life) * log(2) / log(1/6)
Plugging in the values, we get:
t = (2.5 * 10^5 years) * log(2) / log(1/6)
This simplifies to:
t = 3.7 * 10^5 years
So it will take approximately 3.7 * 10^5 years for only one sixth of the original mass to be left.nswer:
From the information on the table, determine the Mass of
the alloy, Volume of alloy, then the density of the alloy. Be
sure to follow the rules of significant figures in calculations.
Mass of Alloy _____g Bolume of the alloy ______mL. Density of the alloy: ____g/mL.
Answer:
mass of alloy=165.36g
volume of alloy=21.2ml
density of alloy=7.8g/ml
Which of the following is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid? (A) NaF (aq) + HCI (aq) → Naci (aq) + HF (aq) (B) Na+ (aq) + F- (aq) + H+ (aq) + CI+ (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl - (aq) + HF (aq) (C) Na+ (aq) + CI+ (aq) → NaCl (aq) (D) F- (aq) + H+ (aq) → HF (aq)
The net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid is B. Na+ (aq) + F- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + HF (aq)
This is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The balanced equation for this reaction is NaF (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) +HF (aq).
The net ionic equation is derived by canceling out the spectator ions, which are ions that don't participate in the chemical reaction. In this case, Na+ and Cl- are spectator ions, which means that they don't participate in the reaction and are present in the same form on both sides of the equation. Therefore, they are cancelled out, leaving the net ionic equation Na+ (aq) + F- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + HF (aq).
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Explain the relationship between an element's row number in the periodic table and the highest principal quantum number in the element's electron configuration. How does this relationship differ for main-group elements, transition elements, and inner transition elements
The row number in the periodic table corresponds to the highest principal quantum number (n) in the element's electron configuration, also known as the element's valence shell.
Difference between relationship of main-group elements, transition elements, and inner transition elements.For main-group elements, the highest principal quantum number increases from n = 2 in the first row to n = 3 in the second row and n = 4 in the third row. This means that main-group elements in the first row have their valence electrons in the 2nd energy level (n=2), elements in the second row have their valence electrons in the 3rd energy level (n=3) and elements in the third row have their valence electrons in the 4th energy level (n=4).
Transition elements have electron configurations that deviate from this pattern, they have electrons in higher energy level (n>3) but these electrons are not in the valence shell. They have a different valence electron configuration which allows them to exhibit multiple oxidation states, and also they have a d-block in their electron configuration
Inner transition elements also deviate from this pattern, they also have electrons in higher energy level (n>3) but these electrons are not in the valence shell. They have a different valence electron configuration which allows them to exhibit multiple oxidation states, and also they have a f-block in their electron configuration.
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How can light help us understand atoms?
Answer: We can calculate the energy levels of an atom
Explanation:
Spectral lines tell us how many different energy levels an atom has, and how far apart those energy levels are spaced.This is possible because spectral lines are the result of an excess (emission lines) or deficiency (absorption lines) of observed photons emitted from certain types of matter. The lines are caused by electrons moving between energy levels within individual atoms. Since each element emits it's own unique spectrum, this means that different types of atoms must have a distinct number of electrons in very particular energy levels.
what are the two quantities in this module for which we will develop unit factors to do dimensional analysis with chemical substances?
Dimensional evaluation makes use of conversion elements to use the unit in an quantity into an equal amount expressed with a exclusive unit.
For example, a conversion aspect might be used to transform meters to centimeters. Dimensional evaluation (additionally referred to as aspect label approach or unit evaluation) is used to transform from one set of gadgets to another. This approach is used for each simple (ft to inches) and complex (g/cm3 to kg/gallon) conversions and makes use of relationships or conversion elements among exclusive units of gadgets. A conversion ratio (or unit aspect) is a ratio same to one. This ratio includes the names of the gadgets for use withinside the conversion. It may be used for conversions in the English and Metric Systems, in addition to for conversions among the systems. The conversion unit is primarily based totally upon the idea of equal values.
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When bonding, atoms seek to achieve a stable-
A.
noble gas configuration.
B.
halogen gas configuration.
C.
low ionization energy configuration.
D.
high electronegativity configuration
When bonding, atoms try to achieve a stable noble gas configuration.
Atoms are always trying to achieve stability. In the modern periodic table, noble gases present in the group 18 are the most stable. They have a completely filled outermost or the valence shell, that is, it contains 8 valence electrons in its valence shell.
Due to this stable electronic configuration, they are inert in nature, that is, they do not have a tendency to react by sharing or losing their electrons. When participating in a bonding, atoms try to lose or gain electrons to reach their nearest noble gas configuration and attain stability.
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A 1. 0108 g sample of an unknown nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 10. 0090 g of benzophenone and produces a solution that freezes at 35. 8 C. If the pure benzophenone melted at 48. 1 C, what is the molecular weight of the unknown compound?
The molecular weight of the unknown compound is 80.864g.
Give a definition of freezing point depression.Only the solute's concentration affects freezing point depression; the solute's mass or chemical composition have no bearing. When it's cold outside, salt is often used to prevent ice from forming on roads by lowering the freezing point of water.
Depression in freezing point is Kb x m
T(f) - T = Kb x m
48.1 - 35.8 = 9.8 x m
m = 1.255
m = moles of solute x 1000/mass of solvent
moles of solute x 1000 / 10.0090 = 1.255
moles of solute = 0.0125
moles = mass / molar mass
1.0108 / molar mass = 0.0125
molar mass = 1.0108 / 0.0125
molar mass = 80.864
so the molecular weight is 80.864g.
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How many gram i hydrogen ga (H2) are in 2600 ml comtainer at 35 degree celiu and a preure of 165 mmHg
108gm of hydrogen gas is present in2600ml container at 35-degree Celsius and at pressure of 165mm Hg.
Given data:
water = 2600ml
temp = 35°C & 95k
pressure = 165mm Hg & 0.162atm
From given information we apply ideal das equation to get moles.
PV = nRT
0.162atm * 2600ml = n 0.0821 * 95k
n = 54
Now we know 1 mole of hydrogen contain 2.016gm hydrogen.
In 54 moles we have 108gm hydrogen.
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what is the magnetic field due to the wire at the location of the electron?
The trick with this type of problem is that they usually don't tell you anything because they don't seem to have enough information. But the key is in the phrase "parallel to the wire".
A charged particle in a field should normally bend. If not, there must be some other force at work that balances the magnetic force. In this case it is the electron attraction.
Therefore, the magnetic force on the electrons must be "upwards" (i.e., the electrons are supposed to be downwards, hence towards the wire). Also, its size must be equal to mg of electrons (its mass is easy to find).
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what are the two quantities in this module for which we will develop unit factors to do dimensional analysis with chemical substances?
The two portions on this module for which we can broaden unit elements to do dimensional analysis with chemical materials are volume and mass.
volume is a degree of the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by using an object or substance. it's miles regularly measured in liters, cubic centimeters, or cubic meters. volume is used to measure the potential of a field, the dimensions of an object, or the quantity of liquid or gas in a given space. it's also used to determine the mass of an item, because the density (mass in line with unit quantity) is often acknowledged.
the 2 portions of volume and mass are critical for doing dimensional analysis with chemical substances because they help to measure the amount of a substance in distinct gadgets. extent is vital for measuring the quantity of liquid materials, and mass is critical for measuring the quantity of strong substances. each of these portions are vital for accurate and specific measurements of chemical substances, making them crucial for dimensional analysis.
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A binary covalent bond exists between
A. Any element
B. 2 nonmetals
C. 1met and 1 nonmetal
D. 2 metals
A binary covalent bond exists between 2 nonmetals.
These compounds are termed similarly to binary ionic compounds even though they don't contain ions.
These guidelines apply to the nomenclature of binary covalent compounds:
The complete name of the first element in the formula is given first.
The name of the second element refers to it as an anion.
Prefixes are employed to indicate the number of atoms in a compound. The prefix mono- is dropped if the first element only has one atom.
For instance, carbon monoxide is the name given to CO rather than monocarbon monoxide.
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Is irony the expected outcome?
In literary classes, the three most popular types are verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony. When a speaker or narrator says something that contradicts what they mean, what they intend, or what the context necessitates, this is called verbal irony.
What is irony?One thing is expressed while another is meant in an ironic statement. For example, on a chilly, wet gray day, you would exclaim, "What a gorgeous day!" Alternatively, if you were suffering from a severe case of food sickness, you may respond, "Wow, I feel terrific today." "ffers points of view and ideas that are, at most, intriguing... However, it does not reach the truth." Ronagh and Souder are particularly concerned with scientific assertions that are not meant to be taken seriously.
Here,
The three most common varieties in literary studies are verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony. Verbal irony occurs when a speaker or narrator says something that contradicts what they mean, what they intend, or what the context requires.
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The empirical formula for the compound having the formula H₂C₂O4 is
C₂O₂H₂
COH
COH ₂
CO₂H
C₂H₂
Answer:
CO₂H
Explanation:
The empirical formula gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
The ratio of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in H₂C₂O₄ is:
H : C : O
2 : 2 : 4
They have a common factor of 2, so we can divide the atoms of each element by 2:
H : C : O
1 : 1 : 2
This gives us HCO₂ or CO₂H
I need help plssss:(
the question is in the photo
Why do different substances have different properties?
Different substances have different properties because of the differences in their atomic and molecular structure, bonding types, and strength of their chemical bonds. These differences can be due to the number of atoms, the arrangement of atoms, and the types of electrons involved in the bonding.
The properties of elements and compounds are determined by the types and arrangements of the atoms that make up the substance. For example, water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have different properties due to their different molecular structures. Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, while hydrogen peroxide is made up of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. may have different characteristics. The strength of chemical bonds between atoms or molecules can be affected by the number and type of electrons involved in the bond. Because of this, some substances are more stable than others and have higher melting and boiling points.
In addition, some properties are also affected by the physical state of the material, such as solubility, density, and conductivity. These properties are determined by the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance.
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In the molecules below, areas that have a partial negative charge are pink and areas that have a partial positive charge are blue.
The attractive force between these two molecules has most likely been produced by
covalent bonds.
dipole-dipole interactions.
dipole-induced dipole interactions.
London dispersion forces.
The attractive force (intermolecular force) between these two molecules has most likely been produced by dipole-dipole interactions.
The correct option is B.
What are intermolecular forces?Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion that act between atoms and other kinds of nearby particles, such as atoms or ions, to mediate interactions between molecules.
Some intermolecular forces are:
covalent bonds.dipole-dipole interactions.dipole-induced dipole interactions.London dispersion forces.Considering the given molecules in the diagram:
Each molecule is made up of two distinct components, and as a result, each molecule has a constant bond dipole.
The attractive forces are dipole-dipole attractions because the dipoles do not cancel. The dipole-dipole attractions are substantially stronger than the dipole-induced dipole and London dispersion forces.
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The extended structure of sodium chloride (NaCl) is shown.
Which of the following describes the configuration of Layer 4 of the sodium chloride crystal?
OPTIONS
A
It will be identical in all of its characteristics to Layer 1.
B
It will contain 4 atoms of chlorine and 5 atoms of sodium.
C
It will have chlorine atoms in all four of its corners.
D
It will have sodium that are bonded only to other sodium atoms.
Sodium chloride crystal will contain 4 atoms of chlorine and 5 atoms of sodium. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is sodium chloride?In sodium chloride, each ion is usually surrounded by 6 ions of the opposite charge. The surrounding ions are positioned at the vertices of a regular octahedron.
In the language of close-packing, the larger chloride ions are arranged in a cubic array whereas the smaller sodium ions fill all the cubic gaps between them.
The basic structure is commonly known as the halite or rock-salt crystal structure. It can be represented as a face-centered cubic lattice with a two-atom basis or as two face centered cubic lattices. The one atom is located at lattice point, and the second atom is located halfway between lattice points along edge of the fcc unit cell.
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Can you describe , using full sentence , a car trip : o include distance , speed ,velocity and acceleration
Answer: Distance : The length of the space between two points.
Speed:The rate at which someone or something moves or operates or is able to move or operate.
Velocity: Velocity is the directional speed of an object in motion as an indication of its rate of change in position as observed from a particular frame of reference and as measured by a particular standard of time.
Accerelation: Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Accelerations are vector quantities. The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by the orientation of the net force acting on that object.
Explanation: Hope it helps!
Calculate the pH of each of the following solutions of a strong acid in water.
(a) 0.16 M HCl
(b) 4.4 M HClO4
(c) 2.3???10?11 M HI
The pH of each of the following solutions of a strong acid in water for (a) 0.16 M HCl is 0.78, (b) 4.4 M HClO4 is 3.35, (c) 2.31011 M HI is 10.64.
A strong acid is an acid that is completely ionized in water. Therefore, the pH of a solution of a strong acid in water can be calculated using the following formula:
pH = -log[H+]
(a) 0.16 M HCl:
= [H+]
= 0.16 M
pH
= -log(0.16)
= -(-0.78)
= 0.78
(b) 4.4 M HClO4:
[H+]
= 4.4 M
pH
= -log(4.4)
= -(0.35)
= 3.35
(c) 2.3 x 10^-11 M HI:
[H+]
= 2.3 x 10^-11 M
pH
= -log(2.3 x 10^-11)
= -(-10.64)
= 10.64
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What are the two factors that affect the arrangement of particles in a substance?
The two factors that affect the arrangement of particles in a substance are kinetic energies and intermolecular forces.
In chemistry, all the substances are composed of tiny particles which are in constant motion.
The substance which is made up of atoms, ions or molecules, all the particles possess kinetic energy and keep moving in all direction. On the other hand, intermolecular forces are also present in a substance which keeps the particles together within their boundaries and doesn't let them go far away. In this way substances maintain their shape, arrangement and properties.
In sum, two factors play a crucial role in maintaining the properties of a substance: Kinetic energy and intermolecular forces.
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Consider the following intermediate chemical equations. 3 equations. 1: upper C solid plus upper o subscript 2 gas right arrow upper C upper O subscript 2 gas Delta H 1 equals negative 393.5 kilojoules. 2: 2 upper C upper O gas plus upper O subscript 2 gas right arrow 2 upper C upper O subscript 2 gas Delta H 2 equals negative 566.0 kilojoules. 3: 2 upper H subscript 2 upper o gas right arrow 2 upper H subscript 2 gas plus upper O subscript 2 gas delta H 3 equals 483.6 kilojoules. The overall chemical equation is Upper C (s) plus upper H subscript 2 upper O (g) right arrow upper C upper o (g) plus upper H subscript 2 (g).. To calculate the final enthalpy of the overall chemical equation, which step must occur?
The final enthalpy of the overall chemical equation is -475.9KJ. and 2nd step must occur to calculate the final enthalpy.
what is enthalpy?Enthalpy depends only on the system's composition, temperature, and pressure; it is unaffected by the system's history. It is a quality or state function that resembles energy and has energy-like properties (and is thus measured in units of joules or ergs).
1st equation
C(s) + O₂ → CO₂ ΔH₁ = - 393.5KJ
2nd equation
CO + O₂ → 2CO₂ ΔH₂ = -566.0KJ
3rd equation
2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂ ΔH₃ = 483.6KJ
Overall chemical equation is
C(s) + H₂ + O→ CO(g) + H₂(g)
The overall chemical equation's final enthalpy is
ΔH = ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ + ΔH₃
ΔH = - 393.5 -566.0 + 483.6
ΔH = -959.5 + 475.9
ΔH = -475.9KJ.
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A 5.05 g sample of quartz (SiO 2) contains 2.36 g of silicon. What are the percentages of silicon and oxygen in quartz
In quartz, silicon has a mass percent of 46.7% while oxygen has a mass percent of 53.3%.
Given the total mass of a sample of quartz (SiO2) (m1) = 5.05g
Mass of silicon (m2) = 2.36g
The percent composition of an element in a chemical compound is referred to as mass percent. Mass percent may be expressed as follows:
mass percent = mass of element/mass of sample x 100
The percent mass of silicon (p1) = 2.36/5.05 x100 = 46.7%
The substance was made of silicon and oxygen.
Thus, 100% Quartz =%Silicon +%Oxygen can be used to express the mass percentage of quartz.
100% Quartz = 46.7% + % Oxygen
% Oxygen = 53.3%
Hence the percentages of silicon and oxygen in quartz are 46.7% and 53.3%.
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The rate of effusion of a particular gas was measured and found to be 21.0 mL/min. Under the same conditions, the rate of effusion of pure methane (CH4) gas is 47.0 mL/min. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas
the particular gas effusion was 21.0. and the methane effusion rate is 47.0 The molar mass of the unknown gas is approximately 28.6 g/mol
The process through which a gas manages to escape through with a small hole or highly permeable barrier is known as effusion. A gas's rate of effusion is inversely proportional to its molar mass squared. The following equation describes this relationship: rate1 / rate2 = (sqrt(molar mass2) / sqrt(molar mass1)). where rate1 and rate2 are the rates of effusion of the two gases and molar mass1 and molar mass2 are the molar masses of the two gases.Given the rate of effusion of the unknown gas is 21.0 mL/min, and the rate of effusion of pure methane (CH4) is 47.0 mL/min, we can use the above equation to find the molar mass of the unknown gas:
(21.0 mL/min) / (47.0 mL/min) = sqrt(molar mass unknown) / sqrt(16.04 g/mol)
Squaring both sides of the equation, we get:
(21.0 mL/min)^2 / (47.0 mL/min)^2 = (molar mass unknown) / (16.04 g/mol)
Solving for molar mass unknown we get:
molar mass unknown = (16.04 g/mol) * (21.0 mL/min)^2 / (47.0 mL/min)^2
The molar mass of the unknown gas is approximately 28.6 g/mol
Please note that the above calculation is based on the assumption that the temperature and pressure are the same for both gases and that the gases are ideal
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A second row element has a large jump between its third and fourth ionization energies. What is the element
Be is the second element with two valence elements When a core electron is eliminated, the energy of ionization increases. From an element's electrical configuration, it is simple to see a significant change in ionization energy.
Electronically, beryllium is configured as 1s2 2s2. The outermost shell of beryllium has two valence electrons, hence the data on ionization energy will show a sharp rise or leap from the second to the third ionization energy due to the elimination of a core electron. Nitrogen has the following electrical configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p3. The outermost shell of nitrogen has five valence electrons, thus when one of them is removed, the ionization energy data for nitrogen will show a sharp rise or leap from the fifth to sixth ionization energy.
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Draw the stracture of 2-bromo-4-chloro-3, 3-dimethylhex-1-ene
answer :
this is the structure if you want it
The heat of vaporization for water is 40.7 kJ/mol. How much heat energy must 150.0 g of water absorb to boil away completely
The heat of vaporization for water is 40.7 kJ/mol. the heat energy must 150.0 g of water absorb to boil away completely is 6106 kJ.
The expression is given as :
q = m ΔH
where ,
q is heat energy
m is the mass
ΔH is the heat of the vaporization.
q = heat = ?
m = mass = 150 g
ΔH = heat of vaporization = 40.7 kJ/mol
q = 150 × 40.7
q = 6106 kJ
Thus , if the heat of vaporization is 40.7 kJ/mol ,the heat energy required for 150 g of water absorb to boil away completely is 6106 kJ.
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Is meter stick used in sewing?
Measuring fabric is one purpose for this wooden metric and meter stick that is perfect for many different applications.
Often employed in the construction business, a meterstick, metrestick, as well as yardstick refers to a straightedge or even a foldable ruler was using to measure length. They were frequently built of plastic or wood, with metal as well as plastic joints which enable folding.
A sewing or seam gauge would be a compact but helpful instrument for gauging tiny distances. The spaces needed for buttonholes as well as buttonhole spacing can also be measured using the sewing gauge, along with hemlines, tucks, as well as pleats.
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