Which subatomic particles have a positive and negative electrical charge?

The model for the atom that was understood when Bohr made his contributions were called the option (A) Planetary Model.

Bohr's model, also known as the Planetary model, is a basic model of the atom that explains the atomic structure. The atomic nucleus is in the center of the atom, with electrons moving in circular orbits about it at different energy levels.

The model is called the planetary model because it resembles the planets in the solar system revolving around the sun. The electrons are arranged in concentric circles around the nucleus, with each circle corresponding to a specific energy level.

In summary, when Bohr made his contributions, the model for the atom that was understood was called the Planetary Model.

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The amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion of the toluene is 3.249 grams. The total moles of gaseous products formed are 3.971 moles. The molecules of water vapor formed are 8.684 x 10²².

One of the compounds used to increase the octane rating of gasoline is toluene. Suppose 38.4 mL of toluene (d= 0.867 g/mL) is consumed when a sample of gasoline burns in air. In order to solve the above problem, let us write the chemical equation for the combustion of toluene is as follows:

C₇H₈ + 9O₂ → 7CO₂ + 4H₂O

In the above reaction, we can see that 9 moles of oxygen are needed to completely combust one mole of toluene. Hence, the amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion of toluene can be calculated as follows:

n(C₇H₈) = m(C₇H₈)/M(C₇H₈)

n(C₇H₈) = d × V / M(C₇H₈)

n(C₇H₈) = 0.867 g/mL × 38.4 mL / 92.14 g/mol = 0.361 mol

So, the amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion of toluene = 9 × 0.361 = 3.249 g

In the above reaction, there are 11 moles of gaseous products, i.e., 7 moles of CO₂ and 4 moles of H₂O.

So, the amount of moles of gaseous products formed can be calculated as follows: n(gas) = 11 × n(C₇H₈)

n(gas) = 11 × 0.361 = 3.971 mol.

The amount of moles of H₂O formed can be calculated as follows:

n(H₂O) = 4 × n(C₇H₈)

n(H₂O) = 4 × 0.361 = 1.444 mol

Now, we can calculate the number of molecules of water vapor as follows:

n(H₂O) = N × Na

N = n(H₂O) / Na

N = 1.444 mol / 6.022 x 10²³ mol¯¹ = 8.684 x 10²²

Hence, the number of molecules of water vapor formed is 8.684 x 10²².

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The partial pressure of each gas are  24.13 mmHg, 96.5 mmHg, 9.6 mmHg, and 48.7 mmHg.

The total pressure of 380 mmHg is composed of the partial pressure of each gas in the container. To calculate the partial pressure of each gas, you will need to use the ideal gas law equation:

P = (nRT)/V, where P is the pressure, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature, and V is the volume. Using this equation, we can calculate the partial pressure of each gas as follows:

Nitrogen ([tex]N_2[/tex]): 14 g [tex]N_2[/tex] is equal to 1 mol, so the partial pressure is (1 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 24.13 mmHg

Oxygen ([tex]O_2[/tex]): 64 g [tex]O_2[/tex] is equal to 4 mol, so the partial pressure is (4 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 96.5 mmHg

Helium (He): 8 g He is equal to 0.4 mol, so the partial pressure is (0.4 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 9.6 mmHg

Chlorine ([tex]Cl_2[/tex]): 35 g [tex]Cl_2[/tex]is equal to 1.875 mol, so the partial pressure is (1.875 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 48.7 mmHg

Therefore, the partial pressure of Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Helium (He), and Chlorine (Cl) in the container are 24.13 mmHg, 96.5 mmHg, 9.6 mmHg, and 48.7 mmHg, respectively.

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A solid melts to a liquid, the following statement is true: Q is positive. Thus, the correct option is B.

A system is any part of the universe that we isolate from the rest of the universe to study or comprehend. The surroundings are the rest of the universe. The boundary is the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surroundings. The boundary might be an actual physical surface, such as the inside wall of a bomb calorimeter or a piece of dialysis membrane, or it might be an imaginary division, such as an invisible partition through space that separates the air in a balloon from the surrounding air.

Heat and work are two mechanisms for exchanging energy between the system and the surroundings. When a solid melts to a liquid, the heat of fusion is absorbed. This is an endothermic reaction. Q is positive. The surroundings do work on the system. Delta H is positive.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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Answer:

C - 78.4L

Explanation:

Took the test.

The correct option will be only the first and second choices are correct.

Polysaccharides, in general, are carbohydrates that contain a large number of monosaccharide units bonded by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are the polymers in which the monomer is a sugar molecule. Polymers are large molecules made up of many smaller molecules connected together.

In this case, the smaller molecules are monosaccharides, which are combined to form polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed when three or more monosaccharides join together to form a chain.

The correct option is that only the first and second choices are correct.

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You need to know the hydronium ion concentration in moles per litre to determine the pH of the an aqueous solution (molarity). The equation pH Equals - log [H3O+] is then used to determine the pH.

An universal indicator is indeed a pH indicator made of the a solution of many compounds which exhibits several continuous colour changes more than a wide range pH levels to indicate the alkaline or acidic nature of solutions.

There are two ways to measure pH: colorimetrically with indicator fluids or sheets and electrochemically with electrodes as well as a millivoltmeter for greater accuracy (pH meter).

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If a flexible hot air balloon has a volume of 350,000 L of air at 40 degrees C and 1 atm, 13636 moles of air are in the balloon . This is taken out by ideal gas law.

The ideal gas law, also known as the general gas equation, is the state equation for a hypothetical ideal gas. Although it has several limitations, it is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions. Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron proposed it in 1834 as a combination of empirical Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and Gay Lussac's law.

using the equation P × V= n × R × T

P = Pressure = 1 atm

V = Volume = 350000 L

n = moles

R = 0.082 L.atm.K⁻¹.mol⁻¹

solving for n ,

moles n =   13636 moles

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The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be.

By collecting data on changes in wind patterns and moisture levels, scientists can gain a better understanding of the atmospheric conditions that are necessary for monsoon formation and identify any changes that may be occurring.

Two changes in atmospheric conditions that scientists should collect data on to determine the cause of a change in weather during monsoon season are:

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Highest boiling point compound is CBr4. The compound which has lowest freezing point is F2. The compound which has lowest vapor pressure is CH3CH2OH. The compound which has greatest viscosity is H2O2.

The boiling point of a substance is directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. The compound with the highest boiling point in this group is CBr4 because of its stronger London dispersion forces.
The freezing point of a substance is directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. A covalent compound has weak van der Waal forces between its particles, and the smaller the particle, the weaker the van der Waal force. F2 has the smallest particle size and therefore the lowest freezing point.c. lowest vapor pressure at 25°C: CH3CH2OH
The vapor pressure of a substance is directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. The compound with the lowest vapor pressure at 25°C. is CH3CH2OH.

The compound with greatest viscosity: H2O2. Viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. The greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance to flow.
Enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy required to vaporize a unit quantity of a substance. The enthalpy of vaporization is related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. The compound with smallest enthalpy of fusion is I2.
The enthalpy of fusion is the amount of energy required to melt a unit quantity of a substance. I2 has the weakest intermolecular forces and therefore the smallest enthalpy of fusion.

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Answer:

Step 1: Determine the molecular weight of water. The molecular weight of water is 18.015 g/mol.

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles. To calculate the number of moles, divide 90g by the molecular weight of water to get 5 moles of water.

Step 3: Calculate the number of atoms of water present. One mole of water contains 6.022 x 10^23 molecules of water. Therefore, 5 moles of water contains (5 x 6.022 x 10^23) = 3.011 x 10^24 atoms of water.

Therefore, there are 3.011 x 10^24 atoms of water present in 90g of water.

After the CO₂ was released from the lake, the normal air was displaced by the heavier CO₂. This option is correct.

CO₂, or carbon dioxide, is a gas that is slightly heavier than air. The density of CO₂  is approximately 1.98 kg/m³, whereas the density of air is around 1.2 kg/m³.

This means that CO₂  is denser than air and has a greater mass per unit volume. When CO₂ is released from a lake, it will displace the normal air in the surrounding area because of its higher density.

The normal air stayed where it was originally, and it did not displace the heavier CO₂  since CO₂ is heavier than air.

So, the correct option is "the normal air was displaced by the heavier CO₂ ."

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True. During transcription initiation in prokaryotes, the sigma subunit binds at the transcription start site forming a closed promoter complex.

Transcription is the process of converting a DNA sequence into RNA, and it occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, unwinds the DNA double helix, and initiates RNA synthesis.The DNA sequences that the polymerase recognizes are located upstream of the coding sequence, usually within the promoter region, and they must be close enough to the coding sequence to allow for the correct positioning of the transcription machinery to initiate transcription. RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which comprises the core enzyme and the sigma factor, recognises the promoter sequences and initiates transcription.

Prokaryotic transcripts:

Beginning: At this stage, the RNA polymerase enzyme attaches to the DNA sequence at the promotor to begin transcription along with an initiation factor (sigma).

Elongation: In this phase, the RNA polymerase enzyme uses nucleoside triphosphate as a substrate to synthesise complementary strands of nucleotides from template DNA.

Termination: At this point in the DNA sequence, the terminator factor (rho) takes the place of the initiation factor.

At this point, the rho factor separates from the RNA and the RNA polymerase enzyme.

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Answer: Based on the Chromatogram, the amino acids or substances present in the hydrolyzed equal sample are alanine, glycine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, and tyrosine.

Explanation:

Chromatogram is a graph or visual representation of the separated components of a mixture produced by chromatography. It provides information about the sample components, including their identity and relative amounts.

Based on the given chromatogram, Leucine, Tyrosine, and Phenylalanine amino acids or substances were present in the hydrolyzed equal sample. These amino acids are identified by their retention times, which can be compared to reference standards or databases to determine their identity.

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The true statement of all organic compounds is that they all contain carbon.

Organic compounds are chemicals that contain carbon atoms that have covalent bonds with other non-metallic atoms, especially hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Because of the special qualities of carbon atoms, carbon has a unique chemistry that enables it to make complex and diverse structures.

Therefore the following statement is true of all organic compounds: All of them have carbon in them.

The statement that "all contain nitrogen" is false since there are many organic compounds that do not contain nitrogen. Also, the statement that "all are carbohydrates" is false since carbohydrates are just one category of organic compounds that make up the broader family of organic compounds. Lastly, the statement that "all are hydrophobic" is also false because there are many organic compounds that are hydrophilic and soluble in water.

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Photorespiration is a process which occurs in plants when there is not enough CO2 available for photosynthesis, resulting in the hydrolysis of ATP.

During photorespiration, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.

The light reactions of photosynthesis produce NADPH and ATP, and when cyclic electron flow is disrupted due to a mutation, the production of NADPH will be reduced.

Without NADPH, the Calvin cycle will not proceed, resulting in the production of glycolic acid, which is further broken down to form glycine, ammonia and carbon dioxide.

This process results in the hydrolysis of ATP and the consumption of oxygen, with the production of carbon dioxide as a by-product.

Photorespiration results in the hydrolysis of ATP, the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide.

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The hydrogen emission lines in decreasing order of strength are as follows :Balmer α, Balmer β, Balmer γ, Balmer δ and Balmer ε. At a lower energy level, hydrogen is excited by heating or a spark, causing its electrons to jump to higher energy levels.

These electrons subsequently emit photons in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum when they drop back to their lower energy levels.Atomic spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method that examines the spectrum of an atom in the gas phase by absorbing or emitting radiation.  

It is a method of elemental analysis that is widely used in the laboratory and industry to determine the presence and concentration of trace elements in a sample. Atomic spectroscopy is divided into three categories: atomic absorption, atomic emission, and atomic fluorescence. All three techniques involve irradiating a sample with radiation of a specific frequency, resulting in the excitation or ionization of atoms or ions. The difference between the techniques is how the sample's interaction with the radiation is measured.

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Answer: A and B

Explanation:

i took the test hope it will help --_o

Due to their distinctive electron configurations, chemical makeup, and physical characteristics, copper and sodium are assigned to separate groups in the periodic table.

Copper and sodium are both elements that belong to the periodic table, but they are located in different groups due to their different chemical properties. Copper is a transition metal and belongs to group 11, while sodium is an alkali metal and belongs to group 1.

The main reason why copper and sodium are in different groups is because of their electron configurations. Copper has an incomplete d-orbital in its outermost shell, which makes it a transition metal with unique chemical properties. In contrast, sodium has a single valence electron in its outermost shell, which makes it highly reactive and characteristic of the alkali metals.

Furthermore, the physical properties of copper and sodium are also different. Copper is a dense, malleable, and ductile metal with high electrical conductivity, while sodium is a soft and reactive metal that readily reacts with water.

In summary, copper and sodium belong to different groups in the periodic table due to their unique electron configurations, chemical properties, and physical properties.

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The coordination complex that will absorb a photon with the lowest energy is [Co(OH)₆]³⁻.

The complexes have their own absorption spectrum, and therefore they absorb photons of light at different energies, which are frequently shown as specific wavelengths.

The electronic configuration of the metal ions, the nature of the ligands, the geometry of the coordination compound, and the charge on the metal ion are all factors that affect the absorption spectrum of coordination compounds.

Therefore, the quantity of energy required for each complex to absorb a photon of light varies considerably.

Among the given complexes, the complex [Co(OH)₆]³⁻ has the lowest energy to absorb a photon. This is due to the fact that it has six bulky ligands of hydroxyl groups which are strong field ligands that cause crystal field splitting to be high.

As a result, the energy required to excite an electron from the lower energy d-orbitals to the higher energy d-orbitals would be lower. As a result, [Co(OH)₆]³⁻ will absorb a photon with the lowest energy than the other given complexes.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

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Answer:

Select all that apply:

B

The number of reactant molecules and product molecules is even.

C and D

The reaction 2N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 occurs.

During the 1920s, installment buying, income inequality, and stock market speculation contributed to the economic weaknesses that helped bring about the Great Depression.

The use of installment buying allowed consumers to purchase goods on credit, which led to an increase in consumer spending but also led to high levels of personal debt. Income inequality was also a major issue during this time, with a small percentage of the population holding the majority of the wealth. Stock market speculation led to a boom in the stock market, but many investors were buying stocks on margin, which led to a stock market crash in 1929. These factors, along with other economic and political factors, contributed to the Great Depression, which lasted throughout the 1930s.

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An acid donates a proton to form its conjugate base, which therefore has one less hydrogen atom and one more negative charge than its acid. The strength of an acid depends on its ability to donate a proton to form its conjugate base. The weaker the acid, the stronger the conjugate base, and the stronger the acid, the weaker the conjugate

base.The conjugate base of a strong acid is weak because it has a very low ability to accept another proton since it is already carrying a negative charge. A weak acid has a strong conjugate base since it has a high ability to accept

another proton. Thus, an acid and its conjugate base are related to each other in terms of their ability to donate or accept a proton. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates in water to form H+ and Cl-. Its conjugate base is

chloride (Cl-) which is strong since it cannot accept another proton to form HCl again.

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The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane is:

C₈H₁₈ + 12.5O₂ → 8CO₂ + 9H₂O.

To calculate the mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of CO₂, you can use the following equation:

Mass of octane (g) = 5.00 mol × (114.23 g/mol) / (1 mol/8 CO₂).

Therefore, the mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of CO₂ is 677.385 g.

Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is linked to global warming. It is released into the atmosphere through the combustion of octane (C₈H₁₈) in gasoline.

The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane is:

2 C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ → 16CO₂ + 18H₂O

The mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of CO₂ can be calculated using the balanced chemical equation as follows:

1 mol of octane releases 8 mol of CO₂ when it is completely combusted.

Therefore, 5.00 mol of CO₂ will require:

5.00 mol CO₂ × 1 mol octane/8 mol CO₂ = 0.625 mol octane

The molar mass of octane (C₈H₁₈) is 114 g/mol.

Therefore,0.625 mol octane × 114 g/mol = 71.25 g octane is required to release 5.00 mol of CO₂.

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Answer : The ratio of the masses of NH3 to NH4Cl required to make the buffer is 1.6 x 10^4 : 1.

The buffer system is one of the most important chemical systems. They are usually composed of a weak acid and a salt of its conjugate base or a weak base and a salt of its conjugate acid. The buffer capacity is important as it helps to resist changes in pH. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the pH of the buffer system.

It's given by: pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]Here, NH3 is the weak base and NH4Cl is the salt of its conjugate acid. NH3 + H2O <--> NH4+ + OH- NH4Cl <--> NH4+ + Cl-By combining the above equations, the ratio of the masses of NH3 and NH4Cl can be found as shown below. pH = pKb + log [salt] / [base] pH = 5.09 + log [NH4Cl] / [NH3]pH = 8.95, pKb of NH3 = 4.74Therefore, 8.95 = 4.74 + log [NH4Cl] / [NH3] 4.21 = log [NH4Cl] / [NH3] [NH4Cl] / [NH3] = antilog (4.21) [NH4Cl] / [NH3] = 1.6 x 10^4

Therefore, the ratio of the masses of NH3 to NH4Cl required to make the buffer is 1.6 x 10^4 : 1.

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a. Ther half-reactions and standard reduction potentials for the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu and Ag to Ag are as follows:-

Cu2+ + 2 e– → Cu, E° = 0.34 V

Ag+ + e– → Ag, E° = 0.80 V

b. The half-reaction at the anode: Cu → Cu2+ + 2 e– (oxidation)

The half-reaction at the cathode: Ag+ + e– → Ag (reduction)

c. Balanced equation for this reaction is as follows:-

Cu + 2 Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2 Ag

d. Two electrons are transferred during this reaction.

e. The reaction quotient (Q) is determined using the equation: Q = [Cu2+][Ag]2 / [Cu][Ag+]2

The anode is the site of oxidation, and the cathode is the site of reduction.

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To calculate the [H⁺], [OH⁻], and pH for the given solution are 0.575 M, 0.575 M, and 0.238, respectively prepared by mixing 75.0 mL of 5.00 M HCl and 25.0 mL of 8.00 M HNO₃.

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral.

The total number of moles of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions produced:

=Moles of H⁺ ions

= moles of H⁺ from HCl + moles of H+ from HNO₃

Moles of H⁺ from HCl = volume × concentration

                                    = 75.0 mL × 5.00 M

                                    = 0.375 moles

Moles of H⁺ from HNO₃ = volume × concentration

                                    = 25.0 mL × 8.00 M

                                    = 0.200 moles

Total moles of H⁺ = 0.375 + 0.200

                            = 0.575 moles

Moles of OH⁻ ions produced = moles of H⁺ ions

                               = 0.575 moles

The concentration of H+ and OH− ions:

=[H⁺] = [OH⁻] = moles / volume

                     = 0.575 moles / 1.00 L

                     = 0.575 M

The pH of the solution:

pH = -log[H⁺]

     = -log (0.575)

     = 0.2382 (rounded to 0.238)

Therefore, the [H⁺], [OH⁻], and the pH for the given solution are 0.575 M, 0.575 M, and 0.238, respectively.

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