Among the multi-subunit protein structures described below consist of individual protein subunits that are fibrous rather than globular in the structure are (d) collagen and actin filaments
Proteins that are globular are typically round or oval in form, and they are very soluble. Albumin, globulin, protamines, g actin, and other similar proteins are all examples of this type. Proteins that are classified as fibrous tend to have an elongated or needlelike structure.
Collagen, elastin, and keratin are some examples of these types of proteins. Tubulin, which is globular in shape, is the building block of microtubules, while actin is made up of globular and fibrous actin (mostly).
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the name of the secretion produced in the stomach that helps break down protein and activates pepsin is .
For example, both archaea and eukaryotes share unique ______________ RNA sequences and their ribosomal subunit structures are similar as well.
For example, both archaea and eukaryotes share unique ribosomal RNA sequences and their ribosomal subunit structures are similar as well.
What are the parallels and differences between archaea and bacteria?Archaea, like bacteria, lack internal membranes but have a cell wall and swim with flagella. Archaea vary from bacteria in that their cell wall lacks peptidoglycan and their cell membrane contains ether linked lipids rather than ester linked lipids.
Both bacteria and archaea have cell membranes with a hydrophobic component. It is a fatty acid in the case of bacteria and a hydrocarbon in the case of archaea (phytanyl). Bacteria and archaea both have a protective cell wall.
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How does geological time help us understand the importance of fossils?
Answer:
Geological time provides context and a framework for understanding the significance of fossils. Fossils are the preserved remains or impressions of ancient organisms, and they provide important evidence for the evolution and diversification of life on Earth. Geological time, on the other hand, refers to the immense span of time over which Earth has existed and evolved, including the changes that have taken place in its rocks, continents, oceans, and atmosphere.
By dividing geological time into smaller units and placing fossils into this framework, we can understand when and where different species existed, how they evolved and adapted over time, and how they are related to one another. This helps us to reconstruct the history of life on Earth and to gain a better understanding of the processes that have shaped our planet and its diverse array of living organisms.
For example, studying fossils in rocks of different ages can help us to understand the evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms and to trace the origins of major groups such as mammals, birds, and reptiles. This information provides valuable insights into the history of life on Earth, the evolution of its ecosystems, and the factors that have shaped the diversity of life we see today.
___ ___ ___ provide the nervous system with information about the amount of tension the muscle is applying to the tendon.
Muscle spindles provide the nervous system with information about the amount of tension the muscle is applying to the tendon.
Muscle spindles are sensory receptors located within the muscle fibers that monitor changes in muscle length and tension. They respond to changes in muscle length by sending afferent nerve impulses to the spinal cord, which then sends efferent impulses back to the muscle to control its contraction. In this way, muscle spindles help to regulate the muscle tone and maintain proper posture.
Therefore, muscle spindles play a crucial role in providing the nervous system with information about the amount of tension the muscle is applying to the tendon, allowing it to respond and make necessary adjustments to maintain proper muscle function and control.
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Which of the following is commonly NOT found in the leaves of plants in the rainforest that helps them deal with the heavy rains that they encounter?
-taking up water through leaf pores
-having pointed leaf tips
-having gutters
-having dense hairs on the leaves
-being tough
The correct answer is: taking up water through leaf pores.
What is a leaf?
A leaf is the main stem appendage of a vascular plant. It is designed specifically for photosynthesis and is typically borne laterally above ground. As in "fall foliage," leaves are referred to collectively as foliage, whereas the shoot system is made up of the leaves, stem, blossom, and fruit.Palisade mesophyll, which is typically found on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf, is the primary photosynthetic tissue in most leaves. However, in some species, such as the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides, and the leaves are referred to as isobilateral. The majority of leaves are flattened, with distinct upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that vary in color, hairiness, number of stomata (pores that take in and output gases), amount, and structure of chlorophyll, and other properties.To know more about leaves, click the link given below:
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the following statements describe ideas about how students learn science that are supported by current learning theory, except:
Creating and utilizing the content utilizing their STEM expertise to address issues and provide information. Understanding and describing dynamic interactions by means of system behavior.
What are the three categories of scientific research?Description inquiry, comparative enquiry, and experimental investigation are the three sorts of studies that scientists employ to explore and create answers for phenomena in nature.
What is involved in a scientific approach to education?Through testing and experimentation, the scientific method develops facts in an objective manner. Making an observation, developing a hypothesis, making a prediction, carrying out an experiment, and evaluating the outcomes are the fundamental processes.
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to describe the principle of independent assortment, you must refer to: two different genes on distinct cromosomes. genetic recombination. two different genes on the same chromosome. two different genes on distinct chromosome
The principle of independent assortment states that when two different genes on distinct chromosome pairs are recombined during meiosis, the alleles of each gene can be separated independently of one another.
What is chromosome?A chromosome is a strand of DNA that is tightly packed with a number of genes. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of cells and are responsible for transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one member of each pair inherited from each parent. Chromosomes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and the number of chromosomes in an organism is specific to its species. The chromosomes contain all of the genetic information necessary to create and maintain an organism. The arrangement of genes on the chromosome is responsible for the expression of traits, such as eye color and height.
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People who engage in extreme sports often do so to feel the rush of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This hormone rush comes from the _____ glands.
People who engage in extreme sports often do so to feel the rush of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This hormone rush comes from the adrenaline rush glands.
Extreme sports are popular among those who want to experience the rush of hormones. The thrill they experience from the chemicals adrenaline and norepinephrine is caused by: brain networks. adrenal glands. Extreme sports enthusiasts frequently do so to experience the surge of adrenaline and norepinephrine.
Some folks appreciate the buzz that adrenaline provides. They may choose to engage in intense sports or activities in order to deliberately release adrenaline into their bodies.
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What are the physical features of people with this disorder?
Answer: People with Down syndrome are bullied and laughed at because of their physical features such as slanted eyes, small chin, flat nasal bridge, large tongue that protrudes out of the small mouth, etc. they are often characterised by other deformities, too, such as flat and wide face, short neck or short fingers.
~~20. A base deletion of base eight (frameshift mutation) occurs in the following
nucleotide sequence: CTCACGATTGAGTAG. (4 points)
1. Write the codons (base triplets) for the original nucleotide
sequence. I
2. Write the codons (base triplets) for the nucleotide sequence
following the base deletion.
A base triplet is formed by the combination of 3 consecutive base
1. The codons (base triplets) for the original nucleotide sequence are-
CTC ACG ATT GAG TAG
2. A base deletion of base eight will result in frameshift mutation. The next nucleotide (base nine) will take the position of eight base and similarly other base will take the position of previous base resulting in formation of new nucleotide sequence.
CTC ACG ATG AGT AG
The last two base will not form a triplet and so will not code for any amino acid.
What is frameshift mutation?
A frameshift mutation in a gene is the addition or deletion of nucleotide bases in quantities that are not multiples of three. This is significant because proteins are encoded in groups of three nucleotides, which are read by cells. Each of these so-called "triplet codons" corresponds to a different one of the 20 amino acids needed to make a protein.
If the normal reading frame is changed by a mutation, the entire gene sequence will be misread following the mutation. This could result in the protein receiving the wrong amino acids or developing a codon that inhibits the protein from getting longer.
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"Frankenstein" was written during a competition because…
Answer:
Mary Shelley and her friends had a ghost story writing contest while they were staying together on a rainy summer's night in Switzerland. Shelley's novel "Frankenstein" was the result of this competition.
the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. which of the following accomplish this task?A) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
B) the vast array of digestive enzymes
C) Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches
D) the rugae and haustra
A. plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
The following that accomplished the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining are the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli (option A)
The small intestine has a diameter of 2.5–3.0 cm and a length of roughly 6 m. The colon has a 6-7.5 cm diameter and a length of about 1.5 m. Villi and microvilli, which increase the intestinal surface area by 30-600 fold, respectively, considerably increase the surface area of the small intestine. The tip of villus, which range in length from 0.5 to 1.6 mm, is lined by columnar epithelial cells. While crypt cells are typically thought of as secretory, these are typically absorptive cells.
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as blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense this change, and the pancreas (the control center) secretes insulin into the blood. this change in turn prompts body cells to absorb more glucose, removing it from the bloodstream. as blood sugar falls, the stimulus for insulin release ends. which of the following best describes this example of a feedback system?
It is a classic example of a negative feedback system in the body.
In a negative feedback system, a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, bringing the variable back to a set point or normal level.
In this example, the variable being monitored is blood sugar, and the receptors in the body sense the change in blood sugar levels. The pancreas, acting as the control center, then secretes insulin into the blood in response to the rising blood sugar levels. This change prompts body cells to absorb more glucose, thereby removing it from the bloodstream and lowering the blood sugar levels back to their normal range.
Negative feedback systems are common in biology and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis, or the balance of internal conditions in the body, despite changes in the external environment.
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Which of the following is correct with respect to the amino acid composition of proteins?A) Proteins with the same molecular weight have the same amino acid composition
B) Proteins contain at least one each of the twenty different standard amino acids
C) Larger proteins have a more uniform distribution of amino acids than smaller proteins
D) Proteins with different functions usually differ significantly in their amino acid composition
E) The average molecular weight of an amino acid in a protein increases with the size of the
protein
The following is correct with respect to the amino acid composition of proteins: proteins with different functions usually differ significantly in their amino acid composition.
Thus, the correct option is D.
Eаch cell in а living system mаy contаin thousаnds of different proteins, eаch with а unique function. Their structures, like their functions, vаry greаtly. They аre аll, however, polymers of аmino аcids, аrrаnged in а lineаr sequence. The functions of proteins аre very diverse becаuse there аre 20 different chemicаlly distinct аmino аcids thаt form long chаins, аnd the аmino аcids cаn be in аny order.
For exаmple, proteins cаn function аs enzymes or hormones. Enzymes, which аre produced by living cells, аre cаtаlysts in biochemicаl reаctions (like digestion) аnd аre usuаlly proteins.
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which of the following molecules might change over time in a cancer cell? which of the following molecules might change over time in a cancer cell? a. membrane glycolipids b. membrane glycoproteins c. glycocalyx sugars d. all of the above
All of the above, a, b, and c, might change over time in a cancer cell.
Cancer cells often undergo changes in their cell membranes, leading to alterations in the composition and expression of membrane glycolipids, glycoproteins, and glycocalyx sugars. These changes can result in the modulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, influencing cell signaling pathways and enabling the cancer cells to evade the host immune system, among other functions.
For example, changes in membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins can alter cell-surface antigen expression and immune recognition, allowing cancer cells to evade the host immune system. Altered glycocalyx sugars can also contribute to changes in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion.
In summary, changes in membrane glycolipids, glycoproteins, and glycocalyx sugars are common in cancer cells and can play a role in the development and progression of the disease.
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classify each property as associated with a liquid that has strong or weak intermolecular forces. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Because it takes more energy that break the bonds between atoms, as the intermolecular forces grow, so does the melting point of molecule.
How do liquid characteristics differ depending on intermolecular forces?Bulk properties, like the boiling and melting temperatures of liquids, are determined by intermolecular forces. When molecules in a liquid have enough heating energy to escape the intermolecular interactions holding them together, the result is the formation of vapor bubbles.
What has an intermolecular force that is weak?These London dispersion forces are the least powerful intermolecular forces. Dispersion force in London: Dipole - dipole forces are also referred to as induced-dipole-induced-dipole because they are transiently attractive forces that cause temporary dipoles to form. The non-polar, monoatomic gas exhibits London dispersion.
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Which of the following builds new strands of DNA?
A. DNA polymerase
B. the replication fork
C. DNA helicase
D. the lagging strand of DNA
E. the leading strand of DNA
DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (beginning) and synthesis DNA in the 5' to 3' orientation, are the enzymes responsible for creating new DNA. One new strand (the leading strand) is created during DNA replication in one continuous piece.
How does the DNA polymerase create a new strand in one direction?The other new strand is assembled into brief units known as Okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase can only create DNA in a 5′ to 3′ manner. Small fragments make up the other (lagging strand).
After replication, what is the new strand of DNA known as?The new DNA strand that is being produced in the same direction as the expanding replication fork is known as the leading strand.
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The toads, Bufo woodhousei and Bufo americanus have overlapping ranges. They usually do not interbreed because B._________ breeds in rainwater puddles and B.________breeds in stream.
The toads, Bufo woodhousei and Bufo americanus have overlapping ranges. They usually do not interbreed because americanus breeds in rainwater puddles and woodhousei breeds in stream.
Originally from the United States and Mexico, the Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii) is a medium-sized true toad that measures 4 inches (10 centimetres) in length. Two subspecies are recognised. Samuel Washington Woodhouse, an American physician and naturalist, is honoured with the name woodhousii. In areas where their ranges overlap, B. woodhousei and Bufo americanus frequently hybridise.
In various areas of the range, breeding occurs at various times of the year. The eggs are placed in gelatinous strings in habitats with still water, while the males call from within or near areas of standing water. Tadpoles normally undergo metamorphosis in five to eight weeks.
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breakdown of which of the following contributes to the production of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state?
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as proteins and fats, to maintain a steady level of glucose in the bloodstream.
What is postabsorptive state?While the body is in a postabsorptive condition, it is fasting and unable to access any food sources of energy. To achieve its energy requirements during this period, the body must draw on reserves of glycogen, fat, and protein. Usually, this condition develops 8 to 12 hours after breaking the fast.
The process of gluconeogenesis is primarily responsible for the postabsorptive state's blood glucose synthesis. A metabolic mechanism called gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources including proteins and lipids in order to keep the blood sugar level stable. This procedure results in the creation of glucose, which is then released into the circulation, from molecules including lactate, glycerol, and certain amino acids. This is crucial because it aids in controlling blood sugar levels and keeps them from dropping too low.
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The complete question is: What contributes to the production of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state?
Transection (cutting) of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, but NOT the hypophyseal portal venules, would prevent the secretion of which of the following?A)posterior pituitary hormonesB)anterior and posterior pituitary hormonesC)releasing and inhibiting hormonesD)anterior pituitary hormones
Answer:
it’s A
Explanation:
leaf lettuce is known for its diversity in leaf shape and color; however, it does not store as well as other types of lettuce. true or false?
Leaf lettuce is known for its diversity in leaf shape and color; however, it does not store as well as other types of lettuce. True. Because it only saves a little water causes the lettuce to wilt quickly.
Lettuce is an annual plant that has many forms on its leaves and has many benefits for the body when consumed such as lowering cholesterol levels. This plant contains several important substances for the body such as protein, carbohydrates, water, minerals, and fiber.
Leaf lettuce is a type of lettuce that has wavy leaf tips with a whitish light green color. Curly lettuce leaves have broad petioles and pinnate veins with a soft texture and slightly sweet taste. The root system of this plant is fibrous roots attached to the stem. Therefore, this lettuce saves a little water so it wilts easily.
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The saccharide shown here is present in some plant-derived foods.
(a) Indicate the anomeric carbon atom(s) in this structure by drawing a circle around the atom(s) or by drawing an arrow pointing to the atom(s).
(b) Would this saccharide give a positive result with Benedict’s reagent? Why or why not?
(c) Would this saccharide give a positive result with Barfoed’s reagent? Why or why not?
This saccharide would not give a positive result with Benedict's reagent, but Barfoed's reagent would due to its free reducing sugar group. Its foundation is the transformation of copper acetate into copper oxide, which precipitates as a brick-red substance.
Is sucrose equivalent to sugar?Sugar, the familiar and beloved simple carbohydrate that is generated organically in all plants, particularly fruits, vegetables, and even nuts, is known chemically as sucrose. According to an University of Pennsylvania, Davis research that was published in the International Journal of Clinical Endocrine and Metabolism, sucrose, the more "natural form of sugar," may be just as harmful to your health as HFCS.
a) The anomeric carbon atoms in this structure are circled.
b) This saccharide would not give a positive result with Benedict's reagent as it does not contain an aldehyde functional group.
c) This saccharide would give a positive result with Barfoed's reagent, because it contains a free reducing sugar group.
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T/F: the differences between multicellular organisms are largely explained by the different kinds of genes carried on their chromosomes and when and where the genes are expressed.
The statement "the differences between multicellular organisms are largely explained by the different kinds of genes carried on their chromosomes and when and where the genes are expressed" is true because there are hundreds to thousands of genes on each chromosome.
The most significant class of substance in the body is likely proteins. Proteins serve as more than only the building blocks for skin, connective tissue, muscles, and other organs of organisms. The production of enzymes also requires them. Nearly all chemical reactions and functions in the body are controlled and carried out by sophisticated proteins called enzymes. There are thousands of distinct enzymes that the body makes.
As a result, the kinds and quantities of proteins the body synthesizes control the overall structure and operation of the body. Genes, which are found on chromosomes, regulate the production of proteins.
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given that caffeine is a stimulant, which of the following mechanisms best explains the reason for the feeling that the heart skipped a beat?
The reason for a feeling that the heart skipped a beat is : C) Purkinje fibers initiate spontaneous action potentials which causes ventricles to contract early.
What is the reason for the feeling that heart skipped a beat?When you feel "skipped" beat, then you are probably experiencing an early heartbeat. Because the heart contracts before ventricles have had time to fill with blood and there is little or no blood pushed out to the body. Therefore, we don't feel that contraction as a beat.
Some are more sensitive to caffeine than others, and for some, caffeine may trigger heart palpitations. Caffeine may cause heart palpitations in people with caffeine sensitivity and those with underlying heart condition.
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Note: The question given on the portal is incomplete. Here is the complete question.
Question: A person notices his or her heart beat because he or she senses blood being pumped by the heart. Excessive caffeine intake can lead to irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that patients perceive as "skipped beats." Given that caffeine is a stimulant, which of the following mechanisms best explains the reason for the feeling that the heart skipped a beat?
A) Action potentials are not delayed sufficiently at the AV node.
B) Action potentials propagate into the ventricles before the contractile cells have repolarized from the previous heartbeat.
C) Purkinje fibers initiate spontaneous action potentials which cause the ventricles to contract early.
D) Spontaneous action potentials in the SA node overlap such that the repolarizing phase of one action potential cancels out the depolarizing phase of the next.
Which of the following scenarios would lead to this type of natural selection graph?
Question 17 options:
the longest and shortest tailed squirrels are selected for
the most common butterfly wing pattern is selected for
all beetles of one color are selected for
a single mouse is born with a mutated fur color
According to experts who study squirrels, they can also fall from trees, get their tails trapped in the teeth of predators, or get hit by cars. genetic drift, natural selection mutation, and gene flow.
What circumstances will result in natural selection?Natural selection happens when people with a particular genotype have a higher chance of surviving, reproducing, and passing on her alleles to the following generation than individuals with a different genotype.
What examples of organic selection are there?The process through which species with better environmental adaptations endure and procreate more is known as natural selection. Natural selection is demonstrated by the increase in the proportion of moths following urbanization.
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Which characteristic would a taxonomist use to classify organisms as Archaebacteria or as Eubacteria?
A.) The Internal organization of the cell.
B.)The number of cells in an individual.
C.) The composition of the cell wall.
D.) The nutritional requirements of the organisms.
Consider your typical daily food choices. Is sugar intake something you focus
on? Do you keep track of your intake of added sugars? Do you check food
labels for added sugars? What are some choices/changes you have made, or
can make to lower your intake of added sugars?
Let me know you opinion Please
Do you monitor your consumption of added sugars What decisions or modifications have you made We would have consumed 7.9 tablespoons of sucrose if sucrose had made up the entirety of our additional sugar .
How are teaspoons of sugar calculated?A significant amount of added sugar may be concealed in drinks. Because of this, it's crucial to consistently inspect the bottle's back. We must first read the list if ingredients and the Nutrition Facts label to see just how much sugar is in our beverage before we can compute teaspoons of fructose (table sugar).
What risks does sucrose pose?When sucrose is metabolized, sugar splits into glucose and fructose, which your body uses in different ways. Your blood sugar is raised during this process, and too much of it can cause blood vessels to burst and oral health issues including gum diseases and cavities.
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When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is? A. Genotype
B. Idiopathic
C. Ecogenetics
D. Iatrogenic
The term to describe a disease caused by unintended or unwanted medical treatment is "iatrogenic".
What is Iatrogenic?Iatrogenic is a term used to describe any harm or adverse effect caused by medical treatment or medical intervention. This includes harm caused by medical procedures, medication errors, or other medical interventions that result in injury or harm to the patient.
Here,
Iatrogenic diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, such as errors in diagnosis, errors in treatment, or unexpected side effects of medications. In some cases, iatrogenic diseases may result from well-intentioned medical treatments that have unintended consequences.
Overall, the term iatrogenic is used to describe diseases or adverse events caused by medical intervention, and highlights the importance of careful consideration and monitoring of medical treatments to minimize the risk of unintended harm to patients.
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The examples below provide recombination frequency from two-factor crosses. Answer the following:
a. For genes ABC, what is the gene order if AB = 30%, AC = 20%, and BC = 38%?
The gene order for the genes ABC is A-C-B, as AB - AC = BC.
Let's assume that the genes A, B, and C are all located on the same chromosome (i.e., they are linked). These genes may be located on a chromosome in one of three distinct linear orders. A-B-C, A-C-B, or B-A-C are these. Therefore, the gene present in the middle should be identified for determining the linear order.
The gene order may be established using the mathematical relationship between the recombination values of three genes. The order of genes can be determined from the example's values for X, Y, and Z:
if Z = X – Y, the order of genes is A-C-B. Here, BC = AB - AC:
10 = 30 - 20.
The briefest distance between two genes A and B is 30 cM, between A and C is 20 cM, that between B and C is 38 cM. Briefing this suggests that the gene A and C are held next to each other, while B is held next to C. Thus, the correct gene order for the genes A, B, and C is A-C-B. The verification includes AB - AC = BC.
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Correct question is:
The examples below provide recombination frequency from two-factor crosses. Answer the following:
a. For genes ABC, what is the gene order if AB = 30%, AC = 20%, and BC = 10%?
Which of the following processes randomly effect (i.e. you cannot calculate the precise end result) the change in allelic frequencies over time?
a.nonrandom mating and migration
b.mutation and natural selection
c.genetic drift and mutation
d.gene flow
Genetic drift and mutation randomly affect (i.e. you cannot calculate the precise end result) the change in allelic frequencies over time. Option c is the right choice.
The shift in the prevalence of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population brought on by random chance is referred to as genetic drift, also known as allelic drift or the Wright effect.
Gene variations may totally vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity.
Additionally, it has the potential to make previously uncommon alleles far more common and even fixed.
The impact of genetic drift is more pronounced and less pronounced depending on how many copies of an allele are present. The relative relevance of neutral processes, such as genetic drift, vs natural selection was the subject of heated discussions in the middle of the 20th century. Ronald Fisher, who used Mendelian genetics to explain natural selection, maintained the predominate view for many years that genetic drift only has a modest influence on evolution.
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