The pleasurable effects of food, sex, and narcotics are significantly influenced by the ventral tegmental region structures.
The ventral tegmental region is what?The ventral tegmental area's (VTA) dopamine-releasing neurons play crucial roles in behavior that is goal- and reward-directed. The afferent and efferent connectivity of VTA dopamine-releasing neurons varies, and in certain situations, these neurons release GABA or glutamate in addition to dopamine.
Recent studies have demonstrated that non-dopamine-releasing projection neurons, which have their own unique connections, can also transmit motivational signals originating from the VTA. To produce specific output firing patterns, both dopamine-releasing and non-dopamine-releasing VTA neurons combine afferent impulses with regional inhibitory or excitatory inputs.
It has been demonstrated that a variety of individual inputs, outputs, and local connections are sufficient to produce reward- or aversion-related behavior, demonstrating the remarkable contribution of this small population of neurons to behavior.
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Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers
PP
PP
PP.
Answer:
the allele P (purple) is dominant.
Explanation:
your welcome
after large seeds became more common, the average beak size of the medium ground finch increased in size over the course of a few years. this change was most likely a case of
After large seeds became more common, the average beak size of the medium ground finch increased in size over the course of a few years. this change was most likely a case of directional selection.
The medium ground finch's average beak size increased in size over the course of a few years after large seeds became more common; this shift was most likely the result of directional selection because it occurred after large seeds became more abundant.
Individuals in a population whose characteristics fall on one side of the mean rather than the other are more likely to survive and reproduce, which can lead to a process known as directional selection. It has been proved a great number of times in natural populations, employing ways ranging from observation to experimentation.
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a certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. this is because the receptor displays a. saturation b. inhibition c. specificity d. acclimatization
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but it does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin because the receptor displays specificity. Option C is correct.
Specificity refers to the ability of a protein receptor to bind specifically to certain molecules, such as a neurotransmitter, and not bind to others. In the case of the protein receptor you described, it is capable of binding epinephrine but does not bind to dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This specificity is due to the unique shape and chemical properties of the receptor and the molecules it interacts with.
In order for a molecule to bind to a receptor, it must fit into the receptor's binding site in a specific way, much like a key fits into a lock. If the molecule does not fit into the binding site, it will not bind to the receptor. This is why the receptor is capable of binding epinephrine, but not other neurotransmitters.
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what leads to the new developments in science
Research and experiments lead to new developments in science.
What are the factors that improved science?Some research institutes have worked to provide instructional materials or policies aimed at encouraging ethical research methods. The research community has contested and examined the usefulness, desirableness, and necessity of such programs and recommendations.
A culture of innovation is the result of management strategies that promote creativity, organisational encouragement and motivation, and resource allocation.
New inventions and innovations are the results of research and experiments.
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you measure the absorbance of a bacterial culture two hours after inoculating a sterile medium, and then you continue to measure the absorbance every two hours for a total of three days. if you plotted the absorbance over time, what would the graph look like?
Two hours after inoculating a sterile medium, you test the absorbance of a bacterial culture. Then, over the next three days, you measure the absorbance every two hours. If you plotted the absorbance over time, the graph would increase and then level off and it is referred as measuring absorbance.
The ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample, ignoring the effects on cell walls, is known as absorbance. As an alternative, absorbance may also be defined for samples that scatter light as the negative logarithm of one minus the sample's observed absorptance. In several technical fields, the phrase is used to describe how experimental measurement data are quantified.
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godzilla and mothra mate. it's loud and attracts quite a crowd, and the movie is great. however, mothra (the female involved) never becomes pregnant. what type of reproductive barrier is this?
This is an example of a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, which is a barrier that prevents the successful development of a fertilized egg.
In this case, the mating of Godzilla and Mothra is not successful in producing offspring, which is a common result of post-zygotic barriers. Examples of post-zygotic barriers include hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability, and hybrid breakdown.
A reproductive barrier is an obstacle that prevents two populations of a species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. Reproductive barriers can be either pre-zygotic or post-zygotic. Pre-zygotic barriers include physical, behavioral, or physiological differences between the two populations that prevent fertilization from occurring.
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which of the following is true about systems? a. a natural system can reach its ecological tipping point if it gets caught in a negative feedback loop. b. positive feedbacks work to maintain stability in systems.
Both statements are partially true, but they reflect different aspects of feedback loops in systems.
A. A natural system can reach its ecological tipping point if it gets caught in a negative feedback loop.
This statement is true. In a negative feedback loop, a change in one direction triggers a response that counteracts the initial change and works to restore the system to its original state. However, if the negative feedback loop becomes too strong, it can push the system past a critical point or "tipping point," causing a sudden and drastic shift in the system's behavior.
B. Positive feedbacks work to maintain stability in systems.
This statement is false. Positive feedback loops, unlike negative feedback loops, work to amplify changes in a system, rather than counteract them. Positive feedbacks can cause rapid acceleration of a process and can push a system past a tipping point, leading to instability rather than stability.
In summary, negative feedback loops work to maintain stability in systems by countering changes and restoring the system to its original state, while positive feedback loops can cause instability by amplifying changes and pushing the system past a critical point.
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Why is modern species extinction often linked to livestock production (meat consumption)?
O fences and containment borders needed for livestock production
vaccinations and antibiotic usage in livestock production
The consumption of corn by livestock
Demand for water consumption in livestock
All of these causes lead to the extinction of some species as a result of livestock production and meat consumption.
Species extinction is frequently linked to livestock production owing to a variety of variables.
For starters, animal production fences and confinement boundaries can contribute to habitat fragmentation.
Second, vaccines and antibiotic use in cattle production might have unforeseen environmental implications, leading to the extinction of some species.
Third, cattle intake of corn has grown in recent years, resulting in increased soil erosion and a loss in species variety.
Finally, the increased demand for water by cattle has reduced the amount of water accessible to other species, resulting in their decline.
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mendel's model organism for studying inheritance was the garden pea. what are the advantages of using peas to study genetics?
Answer:
The advantages of using garden peas as a model organism for studying inheritance are:
Easily Cultivated: Garden peas are easy to grow and can be grown in large quantities, making them readily available for study.
Short Generation Time: Peas have a short generation time of one season, allowing for several generations to be studied in a single year.
Clear-Cut Characteristics: Peas exhibit a wide range of easily observable physical characteristics, such as seed color, seed shape, and flower color, which made it easier for Gregor Mendel to study inheritance patterns.
Self-Fertilization: Peas can self-fertilize, which eliminates the need for cross-fertilization and reduces the number of variables to be considered in a study.
True-Breeding Varieties: Peas have true-breeding varieties, meaning that offspring produced from self-fertilization will exhibit the same characteristics as the parent, making it easier to identify patterns of inheritance.
These factors made garden peas an ideal model organism for studying genetics and allowed Mendel to lay the foundation for modern genetics.
what level of electrical charge corresponds to a neuron's excitation threshold (also referred to as a threshold potential)? a. -70 mv b. -55 mv c. 0 mv d. 40 mv
The majority of excitable cells have threshold potentials that are roughly 15 mV less negative than the resting membrane potential.
When the threshold potential is reached, which phase of the action potential begins?The threshold potential opens the voltage-gated sodium channels, causing a large inflow of sodium ions. The depolarization is the name of this stage.
What connection exists between an action potential and a threshold potential?The threshold is the value of the membrane potential that, if it is reached, causes the beginning of an action potential to be all-or-nothing. The depolarizing phase, also known as the upstroke, is the first or rising phase of the action potential.
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a student analyzing cells microscopically in the lab makes note of the connexons between neighboring cells. the cells are most likely from which organ?
Answer:
Heart
Explanation:
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The observation of connexons between neighboring cells suggests that the cells being examined likely come from an organ that requires close coordination and communication between its constituent cells, such as the heart, brain, or liver.
Cells in the human body are connected to one another through a complex network of proteins and structures that allow for communication and coordination. One such structure is the connexon, which is a complex of proteins that forms channels between neighboring cells, allowing for the passage of small molecules and ions.
Based on the observation of connexons between neighboring cells, it is likely that the cells being examined come from an organ that requires close coordination and communication between its constituent cells. One such organ is the heart, which is composed of highly specialized muscle cells called cardiomyocytes that are tightly interconnected through gap junctions, which are formed by connexons.
Gap junctions allow for the coordinated contraction of the heart muscle, which is critical for its function as a pump that circulates blood throughout the body. Other organs that may also show the presence of connexons between neighboring cells include the brain, which relies on tight communication between neurons, and the liver, which is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying compounds in the body.
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A child is born with a faulty gene that causes a serious disease
When a child is born with a faulty gene that causes a serious disease, it means that they have inherited a mutated gene from one or both parents. The mutated gene contains incorrect or incomplete instructions for making a protein, which can cause a variety of problems in the body. The severity of the disease depends on the specific gene that is affected and the degree to which it is mutated.
Some faulty genes can cause diseases that are present from birth, while others may not cause symptoms until later in life. In some cases, a person may inherit a faulty gene but not develop the disease themselves, while still being a carrier of the gene and able to pass it on to their children.
Answer: a child born with faulty gene that causes a serious disease is result of "gene change or a mutation"
Explanation:
Gene change cane sometimes cause health conditions such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. A gene change also can cause birth defects, like heart defects. A gene can change on its own or it can be passed from parents to children.
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tyesha's stool sample was a thin, watery fluid of a chalky gray to white color. the doctor, upon microscopic examination of the stool sample, saw pieces of damaged cell and cellular debris, and v cholera organisms. what do you think the doctor did to manage tyesha's illness?
The intestines become infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacteria, which results in the acute diarrheal sickness known as cholera.
When cholera bacteria are present in food or drink, people might become ill. Although the infection is mostly minor or symptomless, it can occasionally be serious and life-threatening.
The symptoms of cholera, an acute intestinal infection, include vomiting, circulatory collapse, shock, and excessive watery diarrhea. Many infections either have no symptoms at all or have milder forms of diarrhea.
Through feces, the cholera bacteria is spread (poop). It is transmitted by consuming or drinking food or water that has been tainted with an infected person's feces (poop). The main method of cholera treatment is hydration via oral or intravenous means. Treatment with antibiotics is advised for seriously unwell patients, along with fluids.
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diagram x,y and z represent the apparatus and material used to test for specific food type. study the graph amd answe questions that follow:State the aim of each test x,y and z
Since flagella of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes arose independently, they are considered.... structures
Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic flagella are all regarded as analogous structures because they all developed separately.
Typically, the nucleoid, a region of the cell called in Archaea and Bacteria the chromosome, is a single circular double-stranded DNA. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, flagella typically have a large number of linear chromosomes. Eukaryotes have microtubules and dynein in their flagella, which move via bending. The flagella of bacteria and archaea are rotational in motion and lack dynein or microtubules.
When compared to Eucarya cells, which have a more sophisticated structure with internal compartments defined by membranes, Bacteria and Archaea cells, with their simple cell architecture, differ fundamentally.
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The strategy of combining two _____ plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food
The strategy of combining two complementary plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food. Thus, option C is the right choice.
Protein complementation makes sure you get all nine amino acids in your diet by combining two or more sources of protein instead of just one. Our bodies receive the complementary proteins they need as long as they are taken throughout the day, not all at once. As a result, the technique of combining two plant protein sources that complement one another allows the amino acids in one diet to make up for those that are deficient in the other food.
Combining different vegetarian protein sources will guarantee that you consume all 9 essential amino acids. It's not necessary to complement proteins at the same meal. You may make up for the methionine you missed out on at lunch if you ate beans for lunch and later had some raw almonds as a snack. If properly planned, a vegetarian diet can give you all the vitamins, minerals, and amino acids your body requires.
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Complete question is:
The strategy of combining two _____ plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.
A. complete
B. whole-grain
C. complementary
D. indigestible
E. high-tryptophan
The atmosphere of Mars is compositionally similar to that of Venus. It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide. However, its atmosphere is only a tiny fraction of the mass of Venus’s atmosphere. Which of the following can you deduce from this information?
An argument that one can deduce from the given information is that the atmosphere of mars is extremely lower than that of venus with respect to the surface area.
What is an Atmosphere?An atmosphere may be defined as a type of layer that is significantly composed of numerous gases that surround any celestial body or planets like earth, mars, etc.
The atmosphere of Venus is very thick, dry, and hot, while the atmosphere of mars is very thin and cold. And yet the same processes are happening on both planets." Both Venus' and Mars' atmospheres are about 95% of carbon dioxide.
Both types of planets have beams of electrically charged particles flowing out of their atmospheres. The particles are being accelerated away by interactions with the solar wind, a constant stream of electrically charged particles released by the Sun.
Therefore, an argument that one can deduce from the given information is that the atmosphere of mars is extremely lower than that of venus with respect to the surface area.
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Which of the following statements about our Sun is correct?
The Sun is an average-size star.
The Sun is expected to "live" at least 100 billion years.
The Sun will eventually undergo a supernova.
None of these choices are correct.
Answer:
it’s is B
Explanation:
which two organs were described in lecture as the primary sites for gluconeogenesis during fasting (days, not hours, since last meal)
Two organs which were described in lecture as the primary sites for gluconeogenesis during fasting is liver and cortex of kidney.
Gluconeogenesis happens after something like 8 hours of fasting, when liver glycogen stores begin to exhaust and an elective wellspring of glucose is required. It happens fundamentally in the liver and less significantly in the cortex of the kidney
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that outcomes in the age of glucose from certain non-carb carbon substrates. It is a pervasive cycle, present in plants, creatures, parasites, microbes, and other microorganisms.[1] In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis happens mostly in the liver and, less significantly, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two essential components - the other being debasement of glycogen (glycogenolysis) - utilized by people and numerous different creatures to keep up with glucose levels, staying away from low levels (hypoglycemia).
In ruminants, since dietary carbs will generally be used by rumen life forms, gluconeogenesis happens paying little heed to fasting, low-starch eats less carbs, work out, etc.[3] In numerous different creatures, the cycle happens during times of fasting, starvation, low-carb slims down, or extraordinary activity.
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which organis do not possess defense aginst oxidative damange, such as catalased and superoxide dismutase
Organisms that must be anaerobes lack antioxidant defenses like catalase and superoxide dismutase.
Anaerobes are what?Anaerobes are basically creatures that do not need energy from oxygen for metabolism. As a result, they are distinct from other species (aerobes) that depend on oxygen for energy. Anaerobes, in contrast to aerobes, can use a variety of different substances during metabolism. Aerobes require oxygen to grow.
Anaerobic bacteria, like other anaerobic species, can breathe without oxygen. In this procedure, a variety of organic and even inorganic materials might be employed as electron acceptors. It's important to note that some anaerobes can tolerate oxygen and even utilize it for respiration in this situation. However, oxygen is toxic to bacteria and cannot be tolerated by some people.
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describe the behavior of frog heart. do you observe any delay between atrial and ventricular contractions? if it is not obvious, what could you do?
No, there is no delay between atrial and ventricular contractions
Words to be filled in upper boxes: (left to right)
1. Parasympathetic postganglionic
2. Parasympathetic preganglionic
3. Post ganglionic
Words to be filled in lower boxes: (from left to right)
1- Sympathetic preganglionic fibre.
2- sympathetic post ganglionic fibres.
3- sympathetic preganglionic fibres.
What is atrial and ventricular contractions?Extra heartbeats known as premature atrial contractions (PACs) start in one of your heart's two upper chambers (atria). Your heart's natural rhythm is disturbed by these additional beats. They are a particular kind of cardiac arrhythmia. Extra heartbeats known as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) start in one of the heart's two bottom pumping chambers (ventricles). The usual heart rhythm is disrupted by these additional beats, which can occasionally make the chest seem as though it is fluttering or skipping beats.
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The complete question is as follows:
describe the behavior of frog heart. do you observe any delay between atrial and ventricular contractions? if it is not obvious, what could you do?
what is the molecular basis for the observation that the overall charge on a protein becomes increasingly positive as
Protein molecules in aqueous solution become increasingly protonated as the pH decreases
The hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution is measured by pH. The aquatic biota may be negatively impacted by the acidic circumstances that result from pH decreasing as hydrogen ion concentration rises.
What does a drop in pH indicate?Stronger bases are indicated by higher pH values, whereas stronger acids are indicated by lower pH values (alkalinity). Anything below 7 is basic, whereas anything above 7 is considered acidic. The acid is stronger the lower the number.
Human blood pH may decrease by 0.1 units, which can have fairly serious health effects such causing seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, or even coma (a process called acidosis).
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Full Question :What is the molecular basis for the observation that the overall charge on a protein becomes increasingly positive as pH drops and more negative as pH increases?
Drag from 4 terms: negatively, decreases, increases, positively
1. Protein molecules in aqueous solution become increasingly protonated as the pH ______.
what helps substances cross the cell membrane during facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the process by which substances cross the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, and it is driven by the concentration gradient.
This process is facilitated, or made easier, by specific transport proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
These transport proteins, known as carrier proteins or permeases, are responsible for helping substances cross the cell membrane during facilitated diffusion. They do this by binding to the substrate molecule on one side of the membrane and then undergoing a conformational change that allows them to release the substrate on the other side of the membrane.
This process of facilitated diffusion is important because it allows cells to maintain a balance of ions and other small molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, that are necessary for normal cellular function.
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explain the difference between the normal and mutated forms of hemoglobin.
Because of the mutation, hemoglobin molecules clump together to form red blood cells with a sickle shape. There are numerous varieties of hemoglobin (Hb). HbA, HbA2, HbE, HbF, HbS, HbC, HbH, and HbM are the most prevalent types.
Describe hemoglobin.Your blood's level of hemoglobin is determined via a hemoglobin test. Red blood cells include a protein called hemoglobin, which is responsible for transporting oxygen to your body's organs and tissues as well as carbon dioxide away from them and back to your lungs. A low red blood cell count has indicated if a hemoglobin test shows that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal (anemia).
Vitamin deficiencies, hemorrhage, chronic disorders, and other factors are only a few of the numerous possible causes of anemia. The blood condition polycythemia vera, living at a high altitude, smoking, and dehydration are a few possible causes if a hemoglobin test reveals a higher-than-normal amount.
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Scientists unearth a Wooly Mammoth from the Siberian Ice Sheath and discover that a eukaryotic "amoeba-like cell is still alive. Which component of the cell membrane might contribute to maintaining the fluidity of plasma membranes under freezing conditions? high levels of unsaturated phospholipid tails within the lipid bilayer high levels of long phospholipid tails within the lipid bilayer high levels of saturated phospholipid tails within the lipid bilayer O peripheral proteins absence of cholesterol
High levels of unsaturated fatty acyl tails within the lipid bilayer. However, at low temperatures, cholesterol has the opposite effect:
Cholesterol prevents membranes from freezing and maintains membrane fluidity by interfering with interactions between fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are membrane constituents; when they are compressed during membrane function, they form kinks, which results in the formation of space between phospholipid molecules and aids in fluidity maintenance.
. A phospholipid bilayer, composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules, is a component of the cell membrane. Other macromolecules found in the cell membrane include membrane proteins and carbohydrates. As a result, we can say that the cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer, but it is not the only one.
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Which two phrases describe tissues?
A. Are composed of cells
B. Are the basic unit of life
C. Are composed of a single organelle
D. Make up organs
Answer:
are composed of cells
make up organs
Explanation:
as a summary you can keep in mind that
Groups of cells combine to form tissues , tissues combine to form organ, organs combine to form organ systems.
meiosis, a stage in the cell cycle, is important for what reason
Answer:
Meiosis is important for sexual reproduction.
Explanation:
It is a stage in the cell cycle where a single cell divides into four daughter cells. During meiosis, genetic information is shuffled and recombined, allowing for variation in the gene pool. This variation is essential for sexual reproduction and the production of new, genetically distinct individuals.
What is the correct developmental sequence of erythrocytes?
Rubriblast, prorubriblast, rubricyte, and metarubricye are the erythrocyte's four developmental phases. Last but not least, phases can also be called based on how the normoblast stage develops.
Pronormoblast, Early Normoblast, Intermediate Normoblast, Late Normoblast, and Polychromatic Cell are the stages that result from this. Production, maturation, and destruction are the three phases of the erythrocyte life cycle. A subprocess of hematopoiesis that takes place in the red bone marrow is the production of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis).
The earliest erythroid precursors are known as proerythroblasts, sometimes known as pronormoblasts. These are big cells with a basophilic, agranular cytoplasm, rounded nuclei, and high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios. It is slightly denser than the chromatin seen in myeloblasts, but the chromatin is equally distributed. You might see one or more nucleoli.
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How does understanding physical properties of matter help us to make informed choices for sustainable living?
Answer:
Understanding physical properties of matter can help us make informed choices for sustainable living in several ways. For example, by understanding the properties of materials such as thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, and density, we can make better decisions about insulation materials for buildings, which can lead to reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling. Understanding the properties of different materials also helps us choose those that are more durable, reducing the need for frequent replacements and reducing waste. Additionally, knowledge of the properties of materials can help us identify safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives to hazardous substances, such as lead or toxic chemicals. Overall, understanding the physical properties of matter allows us to make choices that are both sustainable and environmentally responsible.
I really need help in biology. Please help. It’s enzymes.
The way that the enzyme acts is shown in the image attached.
How does enzyme break down hydrogen peroxide?We know that the way that the enzyme works is that the enzyme acts in a lock and key model. We have to note that the enzymes are know to be specific in the way that they carry out there action meaning that one enzyme can only catalyze on reaction.
We are talking about the break down of hydrogen peroxide by an enzyme in the question and the image that have been attached shows the mode of action of the enzyme.
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