First and second statements are correct regarding different types of mixtures. A heterogeneous mixture contains two or more different phases, and the composition of any mixture is variable.
The first statement, "A heterogeneous mixture contains two or more different phases" is true because heterogeneous mixtures consist of two or more different phases, such as solids, liquids, and gases. Each phase has its own distinct properties, such as viscosity, density, and boiling point, which are determined by the components that make up each phase.
The second statement, "The composition of any mixture is variable" is also true. Mixtures can consist of any combination of the various components that make up the mixture, and the proportions of each component can vary. The different components of a mixture can be combined in a variety of ways, and the proportions of each component can be adjusted to obtain the desired properties of the mixture.
Differences in particle size do not account for the main differences between solutions and colloids, as solutions contain particles that are small enough to be completely dissolved, while colloids contain particles that are larger and remain suspended in the mixture. The main difference is that solutions are homogeneous mixtures, while colloids are heterogeneous mixtures. Solutions are composed of molecules that are small enough to be evenly distributed throughout the mixture, while colloids contain particles large enough to remain suspended in the mixture, creating a heterogeneous mixture.
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What is CCl4 common name?
Carbon tetrachloride is another name for CCl4. It has the chemical formula CCl4 and is an artificial organic molecule.
What is carbon tetrachloride?It has a pleasant, chloroform-like odour and is an inflammable, colourless liquid. There are many uses for carbon tetrachloride, including as a solvent, a refrigerant, and an ingredient in the manufacture of other compounds.
However, ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption of carbon tetrachloride might have harmful effects on one's health. High levels of exposure can be lethal, and long-term exposure can harm the liver and kidneys. Its manufacturing and use have been limited or outlawed in several nations due to its poisonous nature.
Furthermore, carbon tetrachloride, a strong greenhouse gas, contributes to climate change and global warming through atmospheric release. It has a high potential for global warming and a long atmospheric lifetime, meaning that it stays in the atmosphere for a long time and contributes to warming.
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a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
what is the final temperature of the aluminum and water, given that the specific heat of aluminum is 0.903 j/(g·°c)?0.903 j/(g·°c)? assume no heat is lost to surroundings.
Given that aluminum has a specific heat of 0.903, the combined temperature of the metal and water is 34.61 °C.
With temperature and pressure, how do you determine the end temperature?Calculate the pressure to temperature ratio using the formula k = p1/T1. The comparable pressure in a similar container can be determined by multiplying any temperature value by k: p2 = k T2. By multiplying each amount of pressure by k, you can determine the temperature.
How can you determine the mixture's final temperature?Using the formula T(final) = (m1 T1 + m2 T2) / (m1 + m2), determine the final temperatures of the water mixture. T1 denotes the temperature of the first container of water, T2, and m1 and m2 denote the weights of the initial second containers of water, respectively.
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What is the dominant charge on the side group of Leu at pH = 7? (Report your answer as -1,0, or 1)
The dominant charge on the side group of Leu (Leucine) at pH = 7 would be neutral, or 0.
This is because Leucine has a neutral side group at this pH. The charge of amino acid side groups can change with changes in pH, but at a pH of 7, the side group of Leucine would be neutral.
The dominant charge on the side group of a protein depends on the pH, which refers to the level of acidity or basicity of a solution. At a pH of 7, which is considered neutral, the amino acid Leucine will have a neutral charge. This means that there will be an equal number of positively charged and negatively charged particles in the side group of Leucine, resulting in a dominant charge of 0. In general, the dominant charge on the side group of a protein can vary based on the pH, temperature, and other environmental factors.
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describe two types of structural failure that commonly happen with earthquakes.
help due today!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1. Strong beam-weak column resulting in column hinging, 2 Total collapse of a frame building due to the use of strong beams and weak columns
What is structural failure?When a structural component or the entire structure loses its ability to carry its intended load, it is said to have experienced structural failure.
The structure is subjected to forces that can cause structural breakdown.
Four basic types of structural failures are Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling are the basic types of structural failure for construction elements.
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count the total number of sigma bonds and pi bonds in the compound below
Covalent bonds are one of the most important types of chemical bonds formed by the overlapping of an element's atomic orbitals. Because of this overlapping, a very strong bond is formed, and covalent bonds are the strongest known bonds.
A molecule can contain both sigma bonds and pi bonds.
A single bond in a covalent bond is always a sigma bond.
A double bond consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond, whereas a triple bond consists of two pi bonds.
When we look at the molecule, we can see that it has 14 single bonds, 1 double bond, and 1 triple bond.
As a result, the molecule has 16 sigma bonds.
(14+1+1)
The total number of pi bonds 3(1+2).
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What are the 10 examples of compound?
All substances have the same chemical formulas: water (H2O) = hydrogen (2) + oxygen (2); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = hydrogen (2) + oxygen (3); and salt (NaCl) = sodium + chlorine.
What makes a complex sentence effective?
A coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, still, or so) plus a comma, or a semicolon alone, can be used to combine two independent clauses to form a compound sentence. Example: The pirate captain misplaced her treasure map, yet she still managed to unearth the hidden loot.
What do you mean by compound?
A compound in chemistry is a material comprised of two or more separate chemical elements mixed together in a certain proportion. Chemical connections that are challenging to break are created when the elements interact with one another. These ties develop through.
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make a list of what factors you think affect solubility.
In light of this, the elements influencing solubility depend on the solute's state water is considered as a pure substance because, with a few exceptions, it can dissolve essentially all soluble compounds. The mobility of a chemical can be influenced by a number of circumstances. The creation of a new bond between the molecules of the solute and the solvent is termed as solubility.
A substance's chemical and physical properties determine how soluble it is. A few other factors and situations can also impact it. A few of them are: temperature, pressure, type of binding, and forces here between components.
On the other hand, if this thermal decomposition turns out to be exothermic, solubility drops. If a solution must be used to breakdown hydrocarbons as little more than a solute.
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which represents the greatest mass? group of answer choices 1.0 mol fe 1.0 mol zn 1.0 mol al all the same 1.0 mol cu
The greatest mass is in 1mol of Zinc.The mass of one mole of atoms corresponds to any atomic mass on the periodic table. Iron weights 55.845 grams per mole. Zinc weights 65.39 grams per mole.
The number of atoms in both samples is the same (6.02 x 1023), but zinc atoms are larger and heavier. A chemical element that can be found in the periodic table is zinc. Zn is the symbol for zinc, and 30 is its atomic weight. More significantly, the atomic mass of zinc is 65.38, which is necessary for the construction of our converter. In other words, 65.38 grams (65.38 g/mol) of zinc make up one mole.32 × 1023 atoms 6 × 1023 atoms 65 atoms out of 66 2. Zinc's molecular weight : Using the molecular weight calculator and the molar mass of Zn, 1 mole of zinc is equal to 65.38 grams.
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When you heat water in a pan the surface gets hot quickly even though you are applying heat to the bottom of the water
When you heat water in a pan the surface gets hot quickly even though you are applying heat to the bottom of the water because the heat applied from the bottom of the pan equally gets distributed and hence it results in the upper surface also to get heated quickly.
when a narrow diameter glass tube is inserted into a body of water, water rises in the tube and its surface inside is concave upwards. which statement, concerning the strength of the intermolecular forces between glass and water molecules compared to those between water molecules, is accurate? question 5 options: a) intermolecular forces are irrelevant to this situation. b) the forces of attraction between the glass and water are the same as those in water. c) the forces of attraction between the glass and water are stronger than those in water. d) the forces of attraction between the glass and water are weaker than those in water.
when a narrow diameter glass tube is inserted into a body of water, water rises in the tube and its surface inside is concave upwards. which statement, concerning the strength of the intermolecular forces between glass and water molecules compared to those between water molecules, is accurate
Option c is correct answer,
c) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are stronger than those in water.
Adhesion, which is connected to water's comparatively high surface tension, generates a force. Because the attraction between the glass and the water is often greater than that of the water itself, the concave force develops. You typically see a concave force, which is created when the molecules of the liquid are attracted to the molecules of the container.
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energy diagrams for two reactions are shown.what is the heat of reaction for reaction a? what is the heat of reaction for reaction b?
The heat of reaction for reaction A is 25 KJ/mol and for reaction B, Heat of reaction is 25KJ/mol.
What is heat of reaction?Heat of reaction (also known as enthalpy of reaction) is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction, measured in units of energy (usually joules or calories). It represents the change in the enthalpy of a system, which is the sum of its internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume, as a result of the chemical reaction. A positive heat of reaction indicates that heat is absorbed, making the reaction endothermic, while a negative heat of reaction indicates that heat is released, making the reaction exothermic.
The heat of reaction is the (energy of product) - (energy of reactant).
Heat of reaction for reaction A = (Energy of product of reaction A) - (Energy of reactant of reaction A) = 25KJ/mol - 125 KJ/mol = -100KJ/mol.
Similarly for reaction B, Heat of reaction = 50KJ/mol - 25KJ/mol = 25KJ/mol.
The activation energy of a reaction is the (Energy of intermediate) - (Energy of reactants).
Activation energy for reaction A = (Energy of intermediate of reaction A) - (Energy of reactant of reaction A) .
=150 KJ/mol - 125 KJ/mol = 25 KJ/mol.
Similarly, for reaction B1 , The activation energy
100KJ/mol - 25KJ/mol = 75KJ/mol.
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This flask originally held some copper wire and a clear solution of nitric acid. The two substances reacted and produced a brown gas and a blue solution. This reaction cannot be reversed. This reaction is a ____________ reaction.
This flask originally held some copper wire and a clear solution of nitric acid. The two substances reacted and produced a brown gas and a blue solution. This reaction cannot be reversed.
This reaction is a non-reversible redox reaction.
A non-reversible redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which the reactants undergo a transfer of electrons resulting in the formation of new products that cannot be converted back into the original reactants by any means under normal conditions.
In a non-reversible redox reaction, one species loses electrons and becomes oxidized, while another species gains electrons and becomes reduced. The changes in electron distribution and oxidation states of the species are permanent and cannot be reversed.
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The movement of one or more _____ from one reactant to another is the key chemical event in an oxidation- ______ reaction, also called a(n)____ reation.
The movement of one or more electrons from one reactant to another is the key chemical event in an oxidation-reduction reaction, also called a(n) redox reaction.
What is a redox reaction?
A redox reaction (reduction-oxidation reaction) is a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one molecule (the reductant) to another (the oxidant). This transfer leads to changes in the oxidation state of the molecules involved and results in the formation of two new species: a reduced species (acceptor of electrons) and an oxidized species (donor of electrons). This type of reaction is important in many natural processes, such as cellular respiration, corrosion, and photosynthesis.
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identify the expected hybridization state and geometry for the central atom
The number of atoms linked to it and the quantity of lone pair electrons may be used to estimate the anticipated hybridization state and shape of the central atom.
There will be sp hybridization and a linear shape for a centre atom with two bonds. A three-bond centre atom will exhibit sp2 hybridization and trigonal planar shape. Tetrahedral geometry and sp3 hybridization are present in a core atom with four bonds. The number of atoms linked to it and the quantity of lone pair electrons may be used to estimate the anticipated hybridization state and shape of the central atom. Lone pair electrons can affect the geometry and cause it to deviate from the ideal geometry. In order to precisely establish the hybridization state and geometry of the central atom, a thorough examination of the electron distribution and bond angles is necessary.
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If 15.0g of N₂O4 was produced, how many moles of O2 were required?
The number of mole of O₂ required for the reaction if 15.0 grams of N₂O4 is produced, is 0.326 mole
How do I determine the mole of O₂ required?We'll begin by obtaining the number of mole in 15.0 g of N₂O₄. Details below:
Mass of N₂O₄ = 15 gMolar mass of N₂O₄ = 92 g/molMole of N₂O₄ =?Mole = mass / molar mass
Mole of N₂O₄ = 15 / 92
Mole of N₂O₄ = 0.163 mole
Next, we shall write the balanced equation for the reaction. This is givrn below:
N₂ + 2O₂ -> N₂O₄
From the balanced equation above,
1 mole of N₂O₄ was produced from 2 moles of O₂
Finally, we shall determine the number of mole O₂ required for the reaction. Details below:
From the balanced equation above,
1 mole of N₂O₄ was produced from 2 moles of O₂
Therefore,
0.163 moles of N₂O₄ will be produced from = 0.163 × 2 = 0.326 mole of O₂
Thus, number of mole of O₂ required is 0.326 mole
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sodium azide (nan3) is sometimes added to water to kill bacteria. calculate the concentration of all species in a 0.016 m solution of nan3. the ka value for hydrazoic acid (hn3) is 1.9 × 10-5.
Sodium azide is a weak acid and it is formed by the reaction between weak acid (HN₃) and a strong base (NaOH). The solution contains Na⁺, N³⁻, H₂O are present in the solution. Molarity measures the amount of a solute.
What is molarity?Molarity measures the amount of a solute (substance being dissolved) in a given volume of a solvent (the dissolving medium).
Given information,
The concentration of NaN₃ = 0.016M
Ka value of hydrazoic acid (HN₃) = 1.9 × 10⁻⁵
The reaction is given as:
N³⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) → HN₃(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
[tex]\rm Kb = \frac{[HN_3] [OH_{6}^{-}]}{[N^{3-}]}\\\rm Kb = \frac{10^{-14}}{1.9\times10^{-5}} \\= 5.3\times10^{-10}\\\\\\[/tex]
Solving further,
[tex]\rm x^{2} + 5.3\times10^{-10}x - 8.48\times10^{-12} = 0\\\rm x = 2.91\times10^{-12}\\\rm x = \rm [OH^{-}] = [HN_{3}] = 2.91\times10^{-12}M\\[N^{3-}] = [Na^{+}] = 0.016M[/tex]
Therefore, the concentration of OH⁻ and HN₃ is 2.91x10⁻¹² M and the concentration of N³⁻ and Na⁺ is 0.016M.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the full question is this:
Sodium azide (NaN3) is sometimes added to water to kill bacteria. Calculate the concentration for all species in a 0.016M solution of NaN3 the Ka value for hydrazoic acid ( HN3) is 1.9×10^-5.
A 17. 5 ml sample of an acetic acid (ch3co2h) solution required 29. 6 ml of 0. 250 m naoh for neutralization. The concentration of acetic acid was __________ m
Acetic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3COOH. It is a carboxylic acid consisting of a methyl group that is attached to a carboxyl functional group. The concentration of acetic acid was 0.423M.
Acetic acid reacts with NaOH to form: - CH3CO2H + NaOH —- CH3CO2Na + H2O
That is, the moles of NaOH added equal the moles of acetic acid in the solution.
To solve the problem, find the moles of NaOH added to find the moles of acetic acid and its concentration using its volume as follows: Moles of NaOH: - 29.6ml= 0.0296L (0.250mol/L) = 0.0074 moles of NaOH= moles of acetic acid.
Acetic acid molarity is 0.0074moles/0.0175L = 0.423 M.
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which of the following has the smallest bond angles? A.H2S B. H2O C.NH3 D.SO2
H2S has the smallest bond angles . Because of the larger size and lesser electronegativity of sulphur (than nitrogen and oxygen), the bond angle of H2S is lower than that of the others.
What do bond angles mean?
Bond angle is referred to as the angle between two bonds, or the angle between two orbitals surrounding the central atom in a complex molecule or ion that include bonding electron pairs.
Using a spectroscopic approach, it is estimated and measured in degrees.
What is the definition of bond angle?
The "angle between the orbitals holding bonding electron pairs around the central atom in a molecule or in a complex ion" is what is meant by its definition. It is described in terms of degrees.
Example: The bond angle in CO2 is 180 degrees. Thus, the form of CO2 is linear. Any two bonds that share an atom are said to have a bond angle, which is often expressed in degrees.
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which is the law of conservation of matter?
Answer:
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can change form.Explanation:
Matter cannot create itself, neither can it be destroyed. It can, however, change form. We see this in the case of H2O. H2O can change from being a liquid form (water) to a gas form (vapor), but it can never be eliminated from existence. Even though we can't see the vapor, that same liquid that we evaporated still exists, just in a different form.
I hope this helps! I would really appreciate it if you would please mark me brainliest! Have a blessed day!
Answer:
In simple terms law of conservation of matter asserts that the amount of matter in any system that is closed to the transfer of matter (in and out) remains constant.
hope it helps!Balance the following equation: Fe2O3 + H2O --> Fe(OH)
The balanced chemical equation of iron (II) oxide and water is Fe₂O₃ + 3 H₂O[tex]\rightarrow[/tex] 2 Fe(OH)₃.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
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. the i3- is linear but i3 is bent. explain?
I3+ possesses sp3 hybridization because it contains 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs so it has a bent shape, but three lone pairs of electrons and two bond pairs exist because one of the three iodine atoms has a negative charge and it has a linear shape.
I3+ possesses sp3 hybridization because it contains 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs
(Valence electrons in number - positive charge)/8
Quotient provides us with the number of bond pairs.
The number of lone pairs is given by remainder /2.
Thus, it has two bond pairs and two lone pairs that are arranged in a TETRAHEDRAL GEOMETRY.
The result is a shape that is bent
I3- molecules have linear geometry. Three lone pairs of electrons and two bond pairs exist because one of the three iodine atoms has a negative charge.
Its steric number will be 5. The three lone pairs will contend with one another and assume equatorial postures. The two remaining iodine atoms are 180 degrees apart from one another.
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how many molecules of oxygen are needed to react with 98.6 g so2? 2so2 o2  2so3
4.63 x 10²³ molecules of Oxygen are needed to react with 98.6 g of SO₂ (sulfur dioxide).
Given:
The mass of SO₂ = 98.6 g
The calculation for the molar mass of sulfur dioxide is:
Sulfur (S) = 32.07 g/mol
Oxygen (O) = 2 × 16.00 g/mol
= 32.00 g/mol
Total molar mass of SO₂:
= 32.07 + 32.00
= 64.07 g/mol
Number of moles of SO₂ = Mass of SO₂ / Molar mass of SO₂
Number of moles of SO₂ = 98.6 g / 64.07 g/mol
= 1.53 moles
Use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation to determine the ratio of oxygen to sulfur dioxide.
From the balanced equation: 2SO₂ + O₂ → 2SO₃
The ratio of O₂ to SO₂ is 1:2.
The ratio of O₂ to SO₂ is 1:2, and the number of moles of O₂ is half the number of moles of SO₂.
Number of moles of O₂ = 1/2 × Number of moles of SO₂
Avogadro's number states that 1 mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules.
Number of molecules of O₂ = Number of moles of O₂ × Avogadro's number
Number of moles of SO₂ = 98.6 g / 64.07 g/mol
= 1.539 mol
Number of moles of O = 1/2 × 1.539 mol
= 0.7695 mol
Number of molecules of O₂ = 0.7695 mol × (6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol) = 4.63 x 10²³ molecules
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gaseous ethane will react with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water . suppose 1.50 g of ethane is mixed with 8.6 g of oxygen. calculate the maximum mass of water that could be produced by the chemical reaction. round your answer to significant digits.
The maximum amount of water is only 38 g H2O because C2H6 is the limiting reactant and the amount of water in C2H6 is lower (2 significant digits)
According to the reaction equation; 2CO2(g) + 3H2O = C2H6(g) + 7/2O2(g) (g). Next, we change the provided reactant masses to reactant moles. The number of moles = mass/molar mass = 7.82g/30gmol-1 = 0.261 moles for ethane. The number of moles = 9.9 g/32 gmol-1 = 0.31 moles for oxygen The limiting reactant, which produces the least quantity of product, is what we identify next. As for ethane; 0.261 moles of Ethane produce 0.261 3 = 0.783 moles of water, according to the reaction equation. for oxygen. 3 moles of water are produced by 3.5 moles of oxygen. 0.31/3/3.5 = 0.266 moles of water are produced from 0.31 moles of oxygen. So, the limiting reactant is oxygen. Water produced as a mass equals 0.266 moles of water times 18 gmol-1, or 4.79 g of water. Ethane produces 3 moles of water from 1 mole.
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Is the following alkene E, Z, or neither? CH3 CH O E O Neither
The following molecule is neither E or Z configuration , it is the trans configuration.
The cis and trans approach will works if there is two identical groups that are connected to the double bond. The E, Z configuration works for the different substituent. the higher priority group on the each carbon is on the same or the opposite side of double bond. It is depends on the priority of the group.
The same group priority are on the same side of carbon double then it will be the Z configuration. If the same priority groups are on the opposite side than the configuration will be E configuration.
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Complete the following acid-base reactions and name the products:
(i) CH3CH2CH2NH2 + HCl (ii) (C2H5)3N + HCl
Propylammonium chloride is produced in acid-base reactions (i)CH 3CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 + HCl The formula is (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 + Cl ii) (C 2 H 5 ) N+HCl tri-ethyl ammonium chloride C 2 Oh 5 N (+) Cl −
In cough syrup, what exactly is ammonium chloride?Ammonium chloride serves as an expectorant, aiding in the removal of mucus from the lungs and treating cough. Patients experiencing hypochloremia or metabolic alkalosis are treated with ammonium chloride because it helps keep the body's acid-base balance balanced.
What is a medicine called ammonium chloride used for?Due to its irritative effect on the bronchial mucosa, ammonium chloride could be utilized as an expectorant. As a result, fluid from the respiratory tract is produced, aiding in an efficient cough.
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How many particles of O3 will be produced from 3 moles of NO2?
NO2 + O2 → NO + O3
A. 1.8 x 10^24particles
B. 6.02 x 10^24particles
C. 2.2 x 10^26particles
D. 8.1 x 10^23particles
According to stoichiometry and concept of Avogadro's number there are 1.8×10²⁴ particles of ozone produced from 3 moles of nitrogen dioxide.
What is stoichiometry?It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.
Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.In the given equation 1 mole of nitrogen dioxide gives 1 mole of ozone, thus 3 moles of NO₂ will give 3×1/1=3 moles of ozone.3 moles of ozone has 3×6.023×10²³=1.8×10²⁴ particles of ozone .
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if 123 ml of 0.300 m hno3 are added to 321 ml of 0.100 m koh, what is the final ph?
The final pH of the solution is 1.000.
What is Ph?In chemistry, pH, historically denoting "potential of hydrogen", is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
We will find the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH^-) and hydrogen ions (H^+) after the reaction between HNO3 and KOH has taken place.
The reaction between HNO3 (nitric acid) and KOH (potassium hydroxide) is:
HNO3 + KOH -> KNO3 + H2O
The initial concentration of H^+ ions in the nitric acid solution is given by the concentration of HNO3:
[H^+] = 0.300 M
We will assume that the reaction goes to completion, the final concentration of H^+ ions is equal to the initial concentration of OH^- ions, and vice versa:
[H^+] = [OH^-] = 0.100 M
The pH of the solution can then be calculated using the definition of pH:
pH = -log[H^+] = -log(0.100) = 1.000
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what kind of intermolecular forces act between a water molecule and a hydrogen fluoride molecule?
The type of the intermolecular forces act between a water molecule and a hydrogen fluoride molecule is the dipole dipole interaction.
The Dipole-Dipole interactions is the type of the intermolecular force of the attraction that occurs when the two dipolar molecules will interact with the each other through the space. The hydrogen fluoride, that is H-F and the water molecule that is H₂O both are the polar compound.
The Dipole-dipole forces are the attractive forces that arises between the positive end of the one polar molecule and the negative end of the other polar molecule.
Thus, the dipole dipole interaction is present between a water molecule and the hydrogen fluoride molecule.
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Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true for an IR-active bond?
A) The bond must be symmetrical.
B) A vibration must result in a change of bond length.
C) A vibration must result in a change of bond angle.
D) A vibration must result in a change of bond dipole.
E) All of these.
An IR-active bond must undergo a change in bond dipole due to vibration. Hence, statement (D) is true.
The vibration that takes place when IR radiation is absorbed must result in a shift in dipole moment for a molecule to become IR active. The alignment of the molecules and the photon's electric vector both affect the dipole moment, which is a vector quantity. As the connection grows and shrinks, the dipole moment changes. The change in dipole moment that takes place during the vibration determines the strength (intensity) of infrared absorption. No absorption will occur when there is no shift in the dipole moment, which prevents the radiation from interacting with the vibration.
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