Answer: [A]t = -kt + [A]₀ or when you rearrange the equation [A]t - [A]₀ = -kt
Explanation:
Below are the integrated rate laws for zero, first and second order reactions.
Zero Order
[A]t = -kt + [A]₀
First Order
ln[A]t = -kt + ln[A]₀
Second Order
1/[A]t = kt + 1/[A]₀
K = Ae^-(Ea/RT) is the Arrhenius equation
The drawings below represent four different forms of electromagnetic energy.
Which diagram represents electromagnetic energy with the longest wavelength?
A
B
C
D
The diagram B represents electromagnetic energy with the longest wavelength.
What is wavelength ?
The Greek letter lambda (λ), which represents wavelength, is frequently used. When describing modulated waves, their sinusoidal envelopes, or waves created by the interference of several sinusoids, the term wavelength is also occasionally used.
What is electromagnetic energy ?
Radiant energy called electromagnetic energy moves in waves at the speed of light. It can also be referred to as radiant energy, light, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic radiation, or the motion of electromagnetic waves. Heat can be transferred through electromagnetic radiation.
Therefore, The diagram B represents electromagnetic energy with the longest wavelength.
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show that the ratio of cations to anions in the unit cell of li2o corresponds to the ratio of cations to anions in the formula of the compound.
Strontium chloride, which is used in fireworks, contains a 1:2 ratio of cations to anions.
What is meant by Strontium chloride?A strontium and chloride salt is known as strontium chloride. It is a "typical" salt and creates watery neutral solutions. This salt creates a bright red flame, just like all strontium compounds do, and is frequently used in pyrotechnics because of this. Typical strontium and chlorine salts include strontium chloride, which has the chemical formula SrCl2. For producing collodion chloride and printing emulsions, strontium chloride is a common halide. As a red coloring ingredient in pyrotechnics, strontium chloride is frequently employed. Compared to most alternatives, it gives the flames a red color that is far more powerful. It is used in modest amounts in the manufacture of glass and metallurgy.The complete question is:
Determine the ratio of cations to anions in each, strontium chloride, used in fire works
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An aqueous KNO3 solution is made using 70.5g of KNO3 diluted to a total solution volume of 1.97 L .
Calculate the molarity of the solution. (assume a density of 1.05 g/mL for the solution)
Calculate the molality of the solution.
Calculate the mass percent of the solution.
molar mass of KNO3 = 39.1 g/mol (K) + 14.0 g/mol (N) + 3x16.0 g/mol (O)
= 101.1 g/mol
moles of KNO3 = 70.5 g / 101.1 g/mol
= 0.697 mol
Next, calculate the volume of the solution in liters:volume of solution = mass of solution / density of solutionmass of solution = mass of KNO3 + mass of water
= 70.5 g + (1.97 L x 1.05 g/mL)
= 70.5 g + 2.067 g = 72.567 g
volume of solution = 72.567 g / 1.05 g/mL
= 69.105 L
Finally, calculate the molarity:Molarity = 0.697 mol / 69.105 L
= 0.0101 M
Molality:Molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kgAssuming the mass of the solute (KNO3) does not significantly affect the mass of the solution, we can use the same mass of solution as before:mass of solvent = mass of solution - mass of solute = 72.567 g - 70.5 g
= 2.067 g
Converting to kg:mass of solvent = 2.067 g / 1000 g/kg
= 0.002067 kg
Molality = 0.697 mol / 0.002067 kg
= 337.2 mol/kg
Mass percent:Mass percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%mass of solute = 70.5 gmass of solution = 72.567 gMass percent = (70.5 g / 72.567 g) x 100%
= 97.16%
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Determine the mechanism and product for the given reaction by adding atoms, bonds, nonbonding electron pairs, and curved arrows. Acid and water are added in the second step.
−→−−−−−−−−−−CH3CH2MgBrProduct
The final product is 1-butanol.
The given reaction is the addition of a Grignard reagent, CH₃CH₂MgBr, to a carbonyl compound.
The mechanism for the reaction is a nucleophilic addition. The mechanism can be broken down into three main steps:
Step 1: Nucleophilic attack
The carbon atom in the carbonyl group has a partial positive charge, making it an electrophile. The carbon atom in the Grignard reagent has a partial negative charge, making it a nucleophile. The nucleophilic carbon attacks the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group, forming a tetrahedral intermediate.
H
|
H₃C C O
|
CH₃
-
|
CH₃CH₂MgBr
Step 2: Protonation
The tetrahedral intermediate is unstable and collapses. In this step, an acid, such as H₃O⁺, protonates the oxygen atom, which forms an alcohol.
H
|
H₃C C OH
|
CH₃
-
|
CH3CH2MgBr + H3O+
Step 3: Deprotonation
In the final step, a base, such as water, removes a proton from the protonated alcohol to form the final product, which is a neutral alcohol.
H
|
H₃C C OH
|
CH₃
|
H
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Select the reagents you would use to synthesize the required in any synthesis. compounds below from benzene. Use the minimum number of steps. No more than three steps are List the letters of the reagents in the order that they are used; example: fa a. Br2, FeBr3 b. Clh. FeCl c HNO3. H2SO d. CH3CI, AIC Reagents Available e. CH,COCI, AlC hSOsH2SO f. KMnO4. H20 g. Fe, Hy0", then OH m-bromonitrobenzene: 2-bromo-4 nitrotoluene:
The reagents you would use to synthesize the required in any synthesis. compounds below from benzene is [HNO₃, H₂SO₄] is used first then followed by reagent [Br₂, FeBr₃]. the correct answer is F and A.
We are going to employ reagents in option 'f' followed by reagents in option 'a' in the manufacture of m-bromonitrobenzene[3-Nitro-1-bromobenzene/1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene] from benzene using the reagents given by using the fastest reagents, that is, the reagent with the least number of steps.
To produce m-bromonitrobenzene [3-nitro-1-bromobenzene/1-bromo-3-nitrobenzene] from benzene in the fewest steps possible using the reagents provided, the first step is to nitrate the benzene using the reagents in option 'f', i.e., HNO₃, H₂SO₄to produce nitrobenzene. The following is the chemical reaction's equation:
C₆H₆ + HNO₃, H₂SO₄ ⇒ C6H5NO2.
In the reaction process, N+O₂ is utilized [from the reaction:
HNO₃ + H₂SO₄⇔ N⁺O₂ + HSO₄⁻ + H₂O].
STEP TWO: The next step is to combine the reagents listed in Option 'a' [Br2, FeBr3] with the nitrobenzene that was produced during the nitration of benzene in Step One above. The bromination of nitrobenzene is the name of this process.
C₆H₅NO₂ + Br₂, FeBr3 ⇒ C₆H₄BrNO₂.
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Water molecules are attracted to each other due to the opposite charges created by partial charge separations within the molecules. These attractions are called:
A. peptide bonds.
B. covalent bonds.
C. ionic bonds.
D. hydrogen bonds.
E. double bonds.
These attractions are called: hydrogen bonds. Option D is the correct answer.
What is hydrogen bonds?This refers to is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.
Hydrogen bonds are strong intermolecular forces created when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom approaches a nearby electronegative atom. Greater electronegativity of the hydrogen bond acceptor will lead to an increase in hydrogen-bond strength.
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What part of the plant traps the energy in the sunlight as the sunlight strikes the leaves?
roots
chlorophyll
stem
stomata
The chlorophyll in the leaves of a plant traps the energy in sunlight as the sunlight strikes the leaves. option B is the correct answer.
What is Chlorophyll ?Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in chloroplasts within plant cells, and it is responsible for absorbing light energy and using it to power the process of photosynthesis. The other options listed (roots, stem, stomata) are important parts of a plant, but they do not directly trap energy from sunlight.
Chlorophyll helps in trapping solar radiation. It helps in the absorption and assimilation of minerals from the soil. It helps in the synthesis of carbohydrates that serves as food for the entire plant.
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Answer:b
Explanation:
If a hydrogen (H) atom and a helium (He) atom travel at the same speed, which of the following is true about the de Broglie wavelengths of the atoms?
A) The H atom is about 2 times longer than the He atom.
B) The H atom is approximately the same as the He atom.
C) The H atom is about 4 times longer than the He atom.
D) The He atom is about 2 times longer than the H atom.
E) The He atom is about 4 times longer than the H atom.
If a hydrogen (H) atom and helium (He) atom travel at same speed, then the following is true about de Broglie wavelengths of the atoms : C)The H atom is about 4 times longer than the He atom.
What is de Broglie wavelengths of the atoms?The de Broglie wavelength of particle indicates length scale at which wave-like properties are important for that particle. De Broglie wavelength is generally represented by symbol λ or λdB, where h is Planck constant.
We may apply the de Broglie wave equation λ=hmv to solve for the wavelength of the moving electron. Louis de Broglie introduced that particles, such as electrons, could be described not only as particles but also as waves.
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A given amount of liquid at a specific temperature would not have a fixed volume.
True or False?
A given amount of liquid at a specific temperature would not have a fixed volume. This statement is true.
What is liquid?A liquid is a virtually incompressible fluid that adapts towards the shape of its container while maintaining a (near) constant volume regardless of pressure.
As such, it is a member of the four basic matter states (the others being solid, gas, and plasma) and the only one having a set volume but no fixed form. A liquid is made up of small vibrating matter particles called atoms that are bound together by intermolecular connections. A given amount of liquid at a specific temperature would not have a fixed volume. This statement is true.
Therefore, the given statement is true.
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In the following figure, which curve represents [SO2].[O2], and [SO3]? All three gases are present initially. so, sO2 SO3l O1ol (02 OL Time
Because SO2 and O2 have a 1: 0.5 stoichiometric ratio, a drop in SO3 concentration is greater than a decrease in O2 concentration.
What is called reaction?one or more new substances are formed as a consequence of the rearrangement of the molecules or atoms of multiple substances that come into contact.
Because SO3 is a result of the reaction and its concentration rises over time as the reaction progresses, curve [B] (the red line) represents SO3.Because SO2 is on the products side and the concentration of reactants, including SO2, declines with time, curve [C] (i.e., the blue line) is for SO2.O2 is represented by curve [A] (the green line), since it is a product and its concentration declines over time.To know more about stoichiometric ratio, visit:
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when we add salt to a pot of boiling water or sugar to a pitcher of iced tea, we expect that the solute will completely dissolve . True or False
It is TRUE that when we add salt to a pot of boiling water or sugar to a pitcher of iced tea, we expect that the solute will completely dissolve.
What is Solubility?
The concentration of the saturated solution is the solubility of a solute. The amount of solute that may dissolve in the solvent at a particular temperature is known as a saturated solution. If the solute has completely dissolved in the solvent, the mixture is said to be an unsaturated solution.
When a solute dissolves in water, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases and because of this boiling point increases and freezing point decreases.
Therefore, the solute (salt or sugar) will dissolve completely in (solvent) boiling water.
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draw the structural formula(s) for the organic product(s) formed when the following compound is heated at reflux in an excess of concentrated .
1,3 diiodo propane is formed when oxetane is heated at reflux.
Reflux is defined as the process which involves heating the chemical reaction for a specific amount of time, while continually cooling the vapor produced back into liquid form, using a condenser. The vapors that are produced above the reaction continually undergo condensation, returning to the flask as a condensate.
Oxetane is a stable carbon compound which shows characteristic properties when reacted with conc. acids. When oxetane reacts with HI it gets reduced to form 1,3 diiodo propane which is also an organic compound.
Therefore, when oxetane is heated in excess amount of concentrated HI, the product formed is 1,3 diiodo propane.
The reaction is given in the image attached below.
The given question is incomplete and the completed question is given below.
Draw the structural formula(s) for the organic product(s) formed when the following compound (OXETANE) is heated at reflux in an excess of concentrated (HI) .
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How many moles are in 202.33 grams of sulfuric acid
Answer:
8?
Explanation:
How many electrons in an atom can have the following quantum numbers?
n = 8, ℓ = 2
Answer:
Explanation:
The number of electrons that can have a specific set of quantum numbers in an atom is determined by the following formula:
2(2ℓ + 1)
where ℓ is the azimuthal quantum number.
So, for n = 8 and ℓ = 2, the number of electrons that can have these quantum numbers is given by:
2(2 * 2 + 1) = 2 * 5 = 10
Therefore, 10 electrons in an atom can have the quantum numbers n = 8 and ℓ = 2.
in this experiment, you will be given approximately 1 gram each of acetanilide. draw the structure of the compound and describe the properties that make the solvent a good recrystallization solvent.
Acetanilide is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H9NO. Its structure consists of a phenyl group attached to an amino group and a carbonyl group.
What is Recrystallization Solvent?
It involves dissolving a solid compound in a suitable solvent at high temperature, and then allowing it to cool down slowly to form pure crystals. The choice of solvent is crucial in the recrystallization process, as the solvent must be able to dissolve the solid compound at high temperature but not at low temperature, which would lead to the formation of pure crystals.
Acetanilide is a polar organic compound and is typically soluble in organic solvents such as hot ethanol, hot methanol, and hot water. These solvents are good recrystallization solvents for acetanilide because they can dissolve it at elevated temperatures, and upon cooling, the solubility of acetanilide decreases, leading to its precipitation and crystallization. The solvents are also able to dissolve impurities that might be present in the sample, so that the impurities remain in solution while the pure acetanilide crystals are formed upon cooling. Additionally, these solvents are relatively non-toxic, making them safe to use in a laboratory setting.
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bonding is similar to ionic bonding, except there are no high-electronegativity atoms present to accept any electrons that the present atoms are willing to donate. bonds are responsible for binding atoms together within a molecule of propane, whereas bonds bind separate propane molecules together in a condensed state (liquid or crystal). bonds are the only primary bonds that are directionally dependent. Materials whose constituent particles are bound by bonding are generally expected to have the lowest melting temperatures. Choose and fill the blanks from the following options: (a) Covalent (b) Ionic (c) Van der Waals (d) Hydrogen (e) Metallic
bonds are the only primary bonds that are directionally dependent. Materials whose constituent particles are bound by bonding are generally expected to have the lowest melting temperatures
The correct options to fill in the blanks are is a)covalent bond.
• Bonding is similar to covalent bonding, except there are no high-electronegativity atoms present to accept any electrons that the present atoms are willing to donate.
• Covalent bonds are responsible for binding atoms together within a molecule of propane, whereas van der Waals bonds bind separate propane molecules together in a condensed state (liquid or crystal).
• Covalent bonds are the only primary bonds that are directionally dependent.
• Materials whose constituent particles are bound by metallic bonding are generally expected to have the lowest melting temperatures.
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in ipv6, each extension header is identified by a specific value known as which of the following. question 17 options: routing header next header hop-by-hop options traffic class flow label
In IPv6, each extension header is identified by a specific value known as the "Next Header" field. This field specifies the type of header that follows the extension header, allowing to correctly interpret the packet.
The value in the Next Header field indicates whether the next header is a routing header, a hop-by-hop options header, a fragmentation header, or some other type of extension header.
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a network layer protocol for packet-switched networks. It is the successor to IPv4 and was designed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses, as well as to provide improvements in routing and security. IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space than IPv4, which is necessary to accommodate the increasing number of devices and users on the Internet.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers, written in hexadecimal notation, and are typically represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons. IPv6 addresses can be divided into subnets, and the addressing architecture allows for automatic address configuration and the efficient routing of packets.
In addition to the larger address space, IPv6 provides a number of other enhancements over IPv4, including improved routing efficiency, better support for mobile devices, and stronger security features. However, IPv6 adoption has been slow, due in part to the need for significant changes to network infrastructure and the perceived complexity of the protocol.
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From a pH meter titration curve a student experimentally determines the pK a of benzoic acid to be 4.06. Calculate the experimental Ka for benzoic acid. If Ka for benzoic acid is 6.3 × 10-5 determine the percent error in their experimental results.
(1pts)
Experimental Ka for benzoic acid
(1pts)
Percent error to 2 significant figures
The percent error to 2 significant figures is 11%.
What is Titration?
Titration is a laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution of known concentration. The process involves adding the standard solution to the solution of unknown concentration until the reaction is complete, at which point the amount of standard solution needed to reach the endpoint is used to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution.
The relationship between pKa and Ka is given by:
pKa = -log(Ka)
Rearranging this equation, we get:
Ka = 10^(-pKa)
Substituting the given value of pKa = 4.06, we get:
Ka = 10^(-4.06) = 7.01 x 10^(-5)
The experimental Ka for benzoic acid is 7.01 x 10^(-5).
To calculate the percent error, we use the formula:
percent error = (|experimental value - accepted value| / accepted value) x 100%
Substituting the given values, we get:
percent error = (|7.01 x 10^(-5) - 6.3 x 10^(-5)| / 6.3 x 10^(-5)) x 100%
percent error = 11.19%
The percent error to 2 significant figures is 11%.
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Iron (II) sulfide contains 36.47% sulfer by mass. If 87.91 g of iron sulfide is made by reacting iron with sulfer, what mass of iron was reacted?
36.47% of the mass of iron (II) sulfide is sulfur. If 87.91 g of iron sulfide is produced by reacting iron with sulfur, the amount of iron that was reacted is 87.91 g Fe(II) sulfur multiplied by 63.53% Fe (II) equals 55.85 g Fe (II)
What is meant by sulfur?The chemical element sulfur, which has an atomic number of 16, is known to people because it is thought to be the least reactive element. Prior to that, it was employed in the vulcanization of natural rubber as well as the production of fertilizers. Sulfur is used to vulcanize black rubber, as a fungicide, and in the production of black gunpowder. The creation of sulfuric acid, possibly the most significant chemical produced by western civilizations, uses the majority of sulfur, though.Sulfur is not hazardous to humans at all. A burning sensation or diarrhea could, however, result from consuming too much sulfur. Inhaling sulfur dust may aggravate the airways or result in coughing. Additionally, it might irritate your skin and eyes.To learn more about sulfur, refer to:
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What things are happening in the reaction tube upon changing the reaction buffer to an extremely high pH? Select all that apply
- The enzyme is denatured
- The phenolphthalein is degraded
- The phenolphthalein is denatured
- The solution turns clear
- The phenolphthalein structure is altered
The solution becomes clear, the enzyme is denatured, and the structure of phenolphthalein is changed.
When the reaction buffer is raised to an extremely high pH, the enzyme is denatured, the solution turns clear, and the structure of the phenolphthalein in the reaction tube is altered.
When acidic or basic compounds are added, a substance is said to be a buffer if it can resist the pH change. It may neutralise minor quantities of acid or base, essentially maintaining the solution's pH. For processes and/or reactions that require a certain and constant pH, this is essential.
These tubes provide the optimum environment for small-scale biological response or suspension culture research that need for aseptic conditions with gas exchange.
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A hydrate of sodium carbonate, Na₂CO3, has a mass of 4.31 g before heating. After heating, the mass of the anhydrous
compound is found to be 3.22 g.
What is the mass of water in the original sample?
A hydrate of sodium carbonate, Na[tex]_2[/tex]CO[tex]_3[/tex] has a mass of 4.31 g before heating. After heating, the mass of the anhydrous compound is found to be 3.22 g. Therefore, The mass of water in the original sample is 1.09g.
What is sodium carbonate?Sodium carbonate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na[tex]_2[/tex]CO[tex]_3[/tex], where x may range from 0 and 10. All forms are water-soluble, white, unscented salts that generate alkaline water solutions. It was historically made first from ash of plants grown in sodium-rich soil.
Before heating, a hydrates of sodium carbonate, Na[tex]_2[/tex]CO[tex]_3[/tex], does have a mass of 4.31 g. The weight of the anhydrous salt after heating is determined to be 3.22 g. The original sample contains 4.31-3.22 =1.09g of water.
Therefore, the mass of water in the original sample is 1.09g.
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Answer the following questions about specific elements. a. Click on the symbol for calcium (Ca). Where does calciumcome from? Is calcium a natural element? b. Scroll down to the first synthetic element that is listedafter calcium. What is its name? How was this elementdiscovered? c.Click back to the periodic table. Click on the element inGroup 7 and Period 5. Is this a natural element or asynthetic element? Explain your answer
Calcium is a natural element, synthetic element after calcium is technetium, element in group 7 period 5 is also technetium.
a. Calcium (Ca) is a natural element that comes from the Earth's crust. It is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and can be found in minerals such as calcite, gypsum, and limestone.
b. The first synthetic element that is listed after calcium is technetium (Tc). It was discovered in 1937 by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè, who were able to produce it artificially by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons.
c. The element in Group 7 and Period 5 is Technetium (Tc). It is a synthetic element.
Technetium can only be produced artificially because most forms or isotopes of it (atoms of the same chemical element with different numbers of neutrons) have an excess of neutrons, making it very unstable.
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when a substance changes into an entirely new substance with different properties, it is called a ___ change.
When a substance changes into an entirely new substance with different properties, it is called a chemical change.
A chemical change is a process where a substance undergoes a transformation that results in the formation of a new substance with different chemical and physical properties. During a chemical change, chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, leading to the creation of a different substance.
Chemical changes are typically irreversible and involve a release or absorption of energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. Examples of chemical changes include combustion, oxidation, and digestion. In contrast, physical changes involve a change in the physical state or form of a substance without altering its chemical composition.
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If the normal, undisturbed position of the wave is at 0 on the diagram below, what is the amplitude of Wave A?
20 m
40 m
10 m
5 m
5m is the amplitude of Wave A.
What is amplitude ?
A wave's amplitude is the separation between its starting point and its maximum displacement. Frequency is the quantity of waves traveling by a certain place each second. Period is the amount of time it takes for one wave cycle to finish.
What is wave ?
An energy-conducting disturbance in a medium known as a wave is one that does not involve any net particle motion. It could manifest as elasto-deformation, a shift in pressure, electric or magnetic intensity, electric potential, or temperature.
Therefore, 5m is the amplitude of Wave A.
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hich are characteristics of photosynthesis? (Select all that apply.)
Plants use this process to make their food.
It provides the energy that we obtain from our food.
It takes place in the flower of a plant.
Oxygen is provided to animals from this process.
Answer:
Explanation:
A, B, D not C. It takes place in the leaves
Which of the following would be considered unsaturated when 40g of solute is dissolved at 40ºC?
a
CaCl2
b
KCl
c
NaCl
(40 points)
According to solubility graph, NaCl is considered unsaturated when 40g of solute is dissolved at 40ºC.
What is solubility?Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance which is basically solute to form a solution with another substance. There is an extent to which a substance is soluble in a particular solvent. This is generally measured as the concentration of a solute present in a saturated solution.
The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent ,its pH and presence of other dissolved substance. It is also dependent on temperature and pressure which is maintained.
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When Ibuprofen is given for fever to children 6 months of age up to 2 years, the usual dose is 5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight when the fever is under 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. How much medicine would be usual dose for a 18 month old weighing 19 pounds?
54.58g of Medicine would be usual dose for a 18 month old weighing 19 pounds.
How can we calculate about the dose to be given by using information?Here, given that usual dose for children of use between 6 month to 2 year fever, is 5 mg per kg body weight.
1 kg body weight require 5 mg dose of medicine. and are have to find out how much dose of medicine
Required for 18 month children whose weighing is 24 pounds.
So, first are convert all the data in milligram because answer is required in mg. we know that
1 pound = 0.454K2
1 kg= 100 mg
.: 24 pounds = 24X0. 454 x 100 mg
[ 1 pound = 0.454 K2 then 24 pound = 24×0.454k2. and 24x0.454g = 24×0.454 × 100 mg
Now, 10 mg body weight remise dose is 5 mg then 24x054xlos my body.
required dose of children of 18 month and weighing is 24X0.454x100 mg is = 24x0.454x100 x 5 106 = 54.48 mg.
Answer: 54.48 mg.
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B2F2 Spell out the full name of the compound
The full name of the compound B₂F₂ is diboron difluoride as it has 2 boron and fluorine atoms.
What is a compound?
Compound is defined as a chemical substance made up of identical molecules containing atoms from more than one type of chemical element.
Molecule consisting atoms of only one element is not called compound.It is transformed into new substances during chemical reactions. There are four major types of compounds depending on chemical bonding present in them.They are:
1)Molecular compounds where in atoms are joined by covalent bonds.
2) ionic compounds where atoms are joined by ionic bond.
3)Inter-metallic compounds where atoms are held by metallic bonds
4) co-ordination complexes where atoms are held by co-ordinate bonds.
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For each of the reactions at constant pressure, determine whether the system does work on the surroundings, the surroundings does work on the system, or essentially no work is performed.
Work done by the system
Work done on the system
No work done
Answer Bank
NaHCO3(s)+HC2H3O2(aq)⟶NaC2H3O2(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)
2H2O2(g)⟶O2(g)+2H2O(g)
N2(g)+3H2(g)⟶2NH3(g)
H2(g)+F2(g)⟶2HF(g)
The following are the result, which shows on which system work is done under pressure or not:
1. [tex]NaHCO_{3} (s) + HC_{2} H_{3} O_{2}(aq)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]NaC_{2} H_{3} O_{2} (aq) + H_{2} O(l) + CO_{2} (g)[/tex]
Answer: Work done by the system
2. [tex]2H_{2} O_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]O_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]2H_{2} O(g)[/tex]
Answer: No work done
3. [tex]N_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]3H_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]2NH_{3} (g)[/tex]
Answer: Work done on the system
4. [tex]H_{2} (g) + F_{2} (g)[/tex]⟶ [tex]2HF(g)[/tex]
Answer: No work done
1. [tex]NaHCO_{3} (s) + HC_{2} H_{3} O_{2}(aq)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]NaC_{2} H_{3} O_{2} (aq) + H_{2} O(l) + CO_{2} (g)[/tex]
An aqueous solution of [tex]NaC_{2} H_{3} O_{3}[/tex], liquid water, and gaseous [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is created in this reaction between the solid [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] and the liquid [tex]HC_{2} H_{3} O_{2}[/tex]. As the reaction generates a gas, it will expand against the environment and alter it. Therefore, the system does work.
2. [tex]2H_{2} O_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]O_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]2H_{2} O(g)[/tex]
In this process, hydrogen peroxide gas is broken down into oxygen gas and water vapour. As this is a gas-phase reaction, neither the system nor its surroundings will significantly expand nor contract. As a result, no work is done.
3. [tex]N_{2} (g)[/tex] + [tex]3H_{2} (g)[/tex] ⟶ [tex]2NH_{3} (g)[/tex]
In this process, nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are used to create ammonia gas. The reaction will cause the system's volume to drop since the reaction reduces the number of gas molecules from 4 to 2 in the first place. The environment will strive to compress the system. As a result, the system is under construction work done by a system.
4. [tex]H_{2} (g) + F_{2} (g)[/tex]⟶ [tex]2HF(g)[/tex]
In this process, fluorine gas and hydrogen gas are used to create hydrogen fluoride gas. This reaction does not involve any major expansion or compression of the system or its surroundings since the quantity of gas molecules does not change. As a result, no work is done.
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What is needed for photosynthesis to take place? (Select all that apply.)
energy
carbon dioxide
water
glucose
Answer:
Explanation:
water, carbon dioxide and energy (sunlight)