glycine (simple amino acids, simple carbohydrates, and simple proteins (nucleic acids)) was produced in the flasks at the conclusion of the miller-urey experiment.
The Miller-Urey experiment, was conducted to test the idea that organic molecules could be synthesized in a reducing environment. They assembled an atmosphere similar to what is thought to have existed on primitive Earth. They added a mixture of ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide to the water. There was no oxygen. This was kept at a temperature just below 100°C and a spark passed through the gas mixture to simulate lightning. By the end of the week, 15% of the carbon (from methane) had been converted to simple organocarbon compounds.
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Match each weak acid with the pH value at which it would buffer. pH 3 pH 5 pH 9 Answer Bank hydrazoic acid (pK, of 4.6) acetic acid (pk, of 4 76 boric acid (pK, of 9.24) ammonium (pK, of 9.25) chloroacetic acid (pK, of 2.87) formic acid (pk, of 3.8)
The pH of a buffer is equal to the pK of the weak acid. Therefore, the pH of the buffer for each weak acid is equal to its pK.
What is the acid ?An acid is a substance that has a sour taste and can dissolve certain materials, such as metals. Acids contain hydrogen and can be identified by their pH level, which measures how acidic or basic a substance is. Acids have a pH level lower than 7, while bases are higher than 7. When mixed with a base, acids can create neutral solutions with a pH of 7. Examples of acids include acetic acid (found in vinegar), sulfuric acid (found in batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits).
Hydrazoic acid: pH 3 (pK, of 4.6)
Acetic acid: pH 5 (pK, of 4.76)
Boric acid: pH 9 (pK, of 9.24)
Ammonium: pH 9 (pK, of 9.25)
Chloroacetic acid: pH 3 (pK, of 2.87)
Formic acid: pH 3 (pK, of 3.8)
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construct a three‑step synthesis of 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane from bromocyclopentane by dragging the appropriate formulas into the bins. note that each bin should hold only one item, and not all of the given reagents or structures will be used.
(1) Bromination, (2) E2 elimination, and (3) epoxidation is formed by 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane from bromocyclopentane by dragging the appropriate formulas into the bin.
Step 1: Bromocyclopentane is reacted with hydrobromic acid and silver oxide to produce 1,2‑dibromocyclopentane.
Step 2: 1,2‑dibromocyclopentane is then reacted with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, to produce 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane.
Step 3: Finally, the 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane is reacted with aqueous acid to form 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane.
Bromocyclopentane responds with sodium methoxide to frame tertiary liquor, sulfated with sulfuric acid, then treated with base to yield 1,2-epoxy cyclopentane.
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explain simple chemical reactions and bonds
When atoms' chemical bonds are established or ruptured, chemical processes take place. The ability to form molecules and crystals is made possible by a chemical bond, which is a strong attraction between atoms or ions.
The materials that initiate a chemical reaction are known as reactants, while the materials created as a result of the reaction are known as products. Though a chemical reaction is not necessarily a "one-way street," an arrow is drawn between the reactants and products to show the direction of the reaction.
Chemical bonding is the enticing force that binds diverse components (atoms, ions, etc.) together and stabilises them through a net loss of energy. Therefore, it is clear that chemical compounds depend on the strength of the chemical bonds that connect its individual parts; the more stable the final molecule, the stronger the chemical connections between its parts.
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Which quantum numbers must be the same for the orbitals that they designate to be degenerate in a many-electron system?(a) n, ℓ, and mℓ(b) n only(c) n, ℓ, mℓ and ms(d) ms only(e) n and ℓ only.
The quantum numbers must be the same for the orbitals that they designate to be the degenerate in a many-electron system is the correct option is (e) n and l only.
The degenerates orbital are the orbitals of the same sub shell and having the same energy. The quantum numbers are the set of the numbers which describes the energy , position of the electrons. The n is the principle quantum number. The principle quantum number designate the electron shell of atom. The l is the azimuthal quantum number , which tells the shape of the orbital.
Thus the quantum number having the same orbitals are n and l only.
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Euglena is a microscopic organism that lives in freshwater ponds. It has chloroplasts, moves by a flagellum, and has an eyespot that allows them to sense light. Euglena would MOST LIKELY respond to sunlight by swimming —
A. to the bottom of the pond.
B. toward the surface of the pond.
C. near the roots of a lily pad.
D. beneath an underwater log.
Euglena is a microscopic organism that lives in freshwater ponds. It has chloroplasts, moves by a flagellum, and has an eyespot that allows them to sense light. Euglena would respond to sunlight by swimming towards the surface of the pond which is therefore denoted as option B.
What is Euglena?This is referred to as a genus of unicellular, freshwater organisms that are very common in ponds and small bodies of water.
They have an eyespot that allows them to sense light and respond to it by swimming towards the surface of the pond which is where it is located for photosynthetic activity thereby making it the correct choice.
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1. write the electron configuration for each atom or ion. then explain the distribution of electrons among energy levels. a. ca (2 points)
Find the atom's atomic number if you need to write the electron configurations for an atom of any element. When dealing with charged atoms, you should add one electron for every negative charge and take away one for every positive charge. Enter the electron configuration to show the atom's total number of electrons, broken down into orbital sets.
A numerical depiction of an atom's electron orbitals is called the electron configuration. The variously shaped areas surrounding an atom's nucleus known as electron orbitals are where electrons are predicted to exist mathematically. A reader can quickly and easily learn from an electron configuration both how many electron orbitals an atom has and how many electrons are present in each of those orbitals. You'll be able to construct your own configurations and ace those chemistry exams after you comprehend the fundamental ideas behind electron configuration.
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. what were the six important ir wavenumbers/wavenumber ranges discussed in the video webcast lecture? (hint: separated by colors.)
The IR (Infrared) wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges are important in the study of molecular vibrations and chemical analysis. The six important IR wavenumbers/wavenumber ranges are: 4000-3000 cm^-1 (yellow)
This wavenumber range is associated with the bending vibrations of O-H and N-H bonds in organic compounds, as well as the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds. The fingerprint region is also present in this range, where the majority of the peaks observed are due to the combination and overtone vibrations of functional groups.
3000-2800 cm^-1 (orange)
This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds in alkanes and alkenes. This region is also known as the methylene stretching region.
2800-2400 cm^-1 (green)
This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds in aromatic compounds and the bending vibrations of C-H bonds in aliphatic compounds. The peaks in this region are typically broader and less intense than the peaks in the previous regions.
1700-1500 cm^-1 (blue)
This wavenumber range is associated with the C=O stretching vibrations in carboxylic acids and esters, as well as the N-H bending vibrations in amines. This region is also known as the carbonyl stretching region.
1300-1000 cm^-1 (purple)
This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of C-O bonds in alcohols and ethers, as well as the bending vibrations of N-H bonds in amides. This region is also known as the C-O stretching region.
1000-400 cm^-1 (red)
This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of the skeleton and bending vibrations of functional groups in organic compounds. The peaks in this region are typically weaker and broader than the peaks in the previous regions.
It's important to note that these wavenumber ranges and associated vibrations are just a general guide and actual peaks may differ based on the specific compound being analyzed.
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After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the National Center on the Psychology of Terrorism was founded to research psychological aspects of terrorism. This is an example of how __________ affect theories and perspectives in psychology.The sociocultural perspective was greatly influenced by an increase in cultural diversity.
why woukd path 2 require less energy than path 1
Activation energy is defined as the energy difference between the reactant and the maximum in the energy profile diagram.
From the graph, it is clear that Path 1 is at higher energy than path 2. Which implies that we need to provide more energy to the reactant in order to cross the energy barrier of path 1 as compared to path 2. Therefore, the reaction will occur through path 2 where less amount of energy will be used in order to overcome activation energy barrier.
As soon as this energy barrier is crossed, the reaction can occur easily to form product.
The given question is incomplete so the I have answered according to general knowledge.
The diagram of the path is attached in the image given below.
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HELPPPPPP!!!
Which of the following is a correct empirical formula if the ratio is 1:1?
FeS2
CO
N2O
CF2Cl2
Answer:
Explanation:
could you help me please
when a scientist uses many specific observations to construct a general scientific principle, the scientist is using reasoning.true or false
The statement is true, because when a scientist uses many specific observations to construct a general scientific principle, the scientist is using reasoning.
This is an example of inductive reasoning, which is a form of logical thinking that uses specific observations to create general principles.
The importance of scientists lies in their ability to develop testable explanations and predictions about the universe based on scientific evidence.
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how are the electrons arranged in a metallic bond?
Because they are solid materials, metals typically have regular patterns of tightly packed atoms. Valence electrons can be transported away from their atoms since they are so near to one another.
A lattice of positively charged metal ions is surrounded by a "sea" of free, delocalized electrons. Atoms are closely packed and pre-determinedly ordered in a metal. Metallic bonding: The electrons in the outer shell get delocalized and encircle the positive metal ions. Between them, there is a tremendous electrical attraction. A "sea" of free, delocalized electrons forms around a lattice of positively charged metal atoms when metal atoms are packed closely together in a regular configuration and the valency electrons tend to wander away from their atoms.
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at the instant when no is reacting at the rate of 1.0x10^-4 mol l^-1 s^-1. what is the rate at which o2 is reactant and no2 is forming
At the instant when NO is reacting at the rate of 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s,
the rate of the reaction of O₂ is 5.0 * 10⁻³ mol/L/s and rate of the reaction of NO₂ is 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s.
What is the equation of the reaction?The equation of the reaction is given below as follows:
2 NO (g) + O₂ (g) ----> 2 NO₂
The mole ratio of the reaction is given below:
The mole ratio of NO (g) to O₂ (g) is 2 : 1
The mole ratio of NO (g) to NO₂ is 1 : 1
The rate of the reaction or the rate at which NO is reacting is 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s:
The rate at which O₂ will be reacting ¹/₂ * 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s = 5.0 * 10⁻³ mol/L/s
The rate at which NO₂ will be reacting 1 * 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s = 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s
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rules for parenthese when naming ionic compounds
The rules for naming polyatomic ions and to ensure that the total positive and negative charges in the compound balance each other out.
When naming ionic compounds, parentheses are used to indicate the charge of a polyatomic ion. A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms that have a net charge and act as a single unit in a chemical compound. The charge of a polyatomic ion is indicated by a superscript following the ion's name, with a positive charge denoted by a "+" sign and a negative charge denoted by a "-" sign.
For example, consider the ionic compound sodium nitrate, which has the chemical formula NaNO3. Sodium nitrate contains the nitrate ion (NO3-), which is a polyatomic ion with a negative charge. In the name of the compound, the charge of the nitrate ion is indicated by parentheses: sodium nitrate (NO3-).
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9. A very large helium filled balloon has a volume of 38.1 L and is at a high altitude where the
temperature is 0.00°C and the pressure is 471 torr. It is returned to the ground where the T is
24.0°C and its volume is now 22.9 L. What is the pressure on the ground?
Answer:
753 torr.
Explanation:
The pressure at the ground can be calculated using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.
First, we'll find n by using the fact that the number of moles is constant, n1V1 = n2V2. We'll use the ideal gas law to solve for P on the ground:
P = (nRT) / V = (n * R * (24 + 273.15) * 22.9) / 22.9 = (n * R * 297.15) / 22.9
Plugging in the initial values from the high altitude, we have:
n = (38.1 * 471) / (R * (0 + 273.15)) = (38.1 * 471) / (8.31 * 273.15)
So, finally:
P = (n * R * 297.15) / 22.9 = (38.1 * 471 * 8.31 * 297.15) / (22.9 * 273.15) = 753 torr
The pressure on the ground is 753 torr.
a jar labeled nacl contains a powder. the table above contains information determined by analyzing a sample of the powder in the laboratory. what information in the table is the most helpful in determining whether the powder is pure nacl ?
The most helpful information in the table for determining whether the powder is pure NaCl is the percent purity.
This indicates the amount of pure NaCl in the sample relative to any other substances present. Additionally, the particle size and melting point of the sample can also be used to determine whether the powder is pure NaCl or not.
These tests can provide additional evidence that the powder is pure NaCl. It is also important to note that the presence of impurities can affect the particle size, melting point, and solubility of the sample, so these tests can help determine if the powder contains any impurities.
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How many moles are in 397.14 grams of Cobalt?
You must show your work to get credit. Please include correct units, sig figs, and the formula for the substance in your final answer.
One mole of Cobalt weighs 58.93319 grams, so 397.14 grams of Cobalt is approximately 6.77 moles.
How to find this?To find the number of moles in a given mass of a substance, we use the formula:
moles = mass / molar mass
The molar mass of Cobalt is 58.93319 g/mol.
So, using the above formula:
moles = 397.14 g / 58.93319 g/mol = 6.77 moles
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Is carbon dioxide a required molecule for all living things to survive on? If not, which species don't require carbon dioxide to live?
Not, it is not . Some types of archaea, bacteria, and plants/algae that obtain energy through alternative means.
Carbon dioxide is not a required molecule for all living things to survive. Some species of microorganisms, such as certain types of archaea and bacteria, can live in environments that are completely devoid of carbon dioxide. These organisms are known as chemolithotrophs and they obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules rather than organic molecules. Additionally, some species of plants and algae can also survive without carbon dioxide, by obtaining energy through a process known as heterotrophy.
So, to summarize, not all living things require carbon dioxide to survive, and species that do not require it include some types of archaea, bacteria, and plants/algae that obtain energy through alternative means.
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rock 2 contains fossils reacts with hcl acid chemically formed (non-clastic)
Limestone Rock contains fossils reacts with hcl acid chemically formed (non-clastic)
Limestone, the most prevalent non-clastic sedimentary rock, is formed primarily through this biochemical extraction and secretion. Calcite (CaCO3), a close sibling of dolomite (CaMgCO3), makes up the majority of limestone's composition. Clastic and chemical are the two basic classifications of sedimentary rock. Clastic or detrital sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of sediment and bedrock fragments that have undergone mechanical weathering. Additionally, chemically weathered sediment may be found in clastic rocks. By sorting, grain size, and shape, clastic rocks are categorised. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals are dissolved in water. Chemical rocks are categorised mostly based on the minerals that make up the rock.
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Which of the following is a testable hypothesis?
A. Is there a proportional relationship between the number of pimples a person gets and the amount of chocolate he/she eats?
B. High levels of salt in soil will probably affect plant growth by either making the plants grow better or causing the plants to die.
C. The growth rate of an E. coli bacterial colony will increase as temperature increases from 10°C to 50°C.
D. Hurricanes look larger in images taken by an orbiting satellite than in video footage taken by weather reporters standing on Earth's surface.
Answer:
C. The growth rate of an E. coli bacterial colony will increase as temperature increases from 10°C to 50°C.
Which species has 18 electrons?
a) 39K
b) 32S-2
c) 35Cl
d) 27Al+3
e) 64Cu+2
The 18 electron 32S-2 species. The sodium ion on the right has a total charge of -1 and consists of 17 proton and 18 electrons.
What materials make up electrons?While electrons do not have quarks, protons and neutrons do. We believe that quarks and particles are basic particles that are not composed of lesser subatomic particles.
What do electrons mean in plain English?An electron is a negative charges atom that may either be unbound or bonded to another atom (not bound). One of the three main types of particles inside of an atom is an electrons that is bonded to it; the other two are quarks and neutrons.
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Lipids are insoluble in water because lipid molecules are _________
A. Hydrophilic
B. Hydrophobic
C. Neutral
D. Zwitter ions
Final answer: Lipid molecules are hydrophobic, which makes them insoluble in water.
What makes lipids unable to dissolve?A vast and varied family of biological molecules known as lipids are distinguished by their hydrophobicity, or inability to dissolve in water.The numerous nonpolar covalent linkages are what give lipids their hydrophobic properties.
Why are lipids not soluble in water?Since hydrocarbons make up the majority of lipids, which create nonpolar covalent connections, lipids are hydrophobic, or water-fearing, and insoluble in water.
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A fuel is combined with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. definition of what word.???
The chemical reaction in which a hydrocarbon combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat is referred to as hydrocarbon combustion.
Hydrocarbons are molecules that are made up of both hydrogen and carbon. Energy is extracted from fossil fuels by combustion (burning).
Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a material combines quickly with oxygen and produces heat. The initial material is referred to as the fuel, while the supply of oxygen is referred to as the oxidizer.
Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic (heat-releasing) redox (oxygen-adding) chemical process that occurs between a fuel and an oxidant, generally ambient oxygen, to generate oxidized, frequently gaseous products in a mixture known as smoke.
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The table below describes geological events. HHHHHEEEEELPPPP MEEEEEE
Event Boundary where they occur
Convergent Divergent Transform
A Yes Yes Yes
B No Yes No
Which statement is most likely correct?
Group of answer choices
Event A represents earthquakes and Event B represents formation of ocean basins.
Event A represents formation of ocean basins and Event B represents earthquakes.
Event A represents volcanic eruption and Event B represents creation of mountain ranges.
Event A represents creation of mountain ranges and Event B represents volcanic eruption.
Based on the plate boundaries where the given geologic events occur, Event A represents the creation of mountain ranges and Event B represents volcanic eruption.
The correct option is D.
What are divergent and convergent plate boundaries?When two tectonic plates diverge from one another, a divergent boundary results. Along these borders, earthquakes frequently occur and magma (molten rock) rises to the surface where it solidifies to form a new oceanic crust. Divergent plate boundaries include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
When two or more lithospheric plates collide, the result is a region on Earth known as a convergent boundary, also called a destructive boundary. Eventually, a plate subducts beneath another, a process is known as subduction. The Wadati-Benioff zone, a plane where numerous earthquakes take place, can be used to designate the subduction zone.
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does hydrogen fluoride have hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen fluoride have intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
HF being a liquid forms relatively strong hydrogen bonds, hence it have relatively high boiling point. Solid HF contains a number of zig-zag chains of HF molecules. The HF molecules, containing a short covalent H–F bond of 95 pm length, are linked to neighboring molecules by intermolecular H–F distances of 155 pm.
Being the lightest of the hydrogen halides, it has a surprisingly high boiling point, higher even than that of hydrogen iodide. The reason behind this is the strong electronegativity of the fluorine atom, which causes hydrogen and fluorine atoms to form hydrogen bonds in the liquid phase.
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how much sodium is consumed by a person who eats two grams of salt?
The amount of sodium consumed by a person who eats two grams of salt depends on the sodium content of the salt.
Table salt is typically about 40% sodium, so 2 grams of salt contains approximately 0.8 grams of sodium (2 x 0.4 = 0.8).
Since 1 gram of sodium is equal to 2300 milligrams, then 0.8 grams of sodium is equal to 1844 milligrams (0.8 x 2300 = 1844).
So, a person who eats 2 grams of salt would consume approximately 1844 milligrams of sodium.
It is worth noting that the recommended daily intake of sodium is around 2300 milligrams, so this amount would be close to the recommended daily limit and it's important to monitor the sodium intake in your diet.
Sodium is an essential nutrient that is required for many important bodily functions, including fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, and maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. However, consuming too much sodium can have negative health effects, such as increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.
That's why it's important to monitor the amount of sodium in your diet. The World Health Organization recommends that adults consume no more than 2,000 milligrams of sodium per day, which is equivalent to about 5 grams of salt. This is a moderate amount that can help maintain healthy blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
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An equation representing the dissociation of O2 (g) and a table of bond enthalpies are shown above. Based on the information, which of the following is the enthalpy change of dislocation of O2(g)?
a) -641
b) -495
c) 495
d) 641
The O-O bond's bond enthalpy is 495 kJ/mol.The bond enthalpies of the two O-O bonds are added to determine the enthalpy change of O2 dissociation (g). The breakdown of O2 (g) into two O atoms is described by the equation above.
The total bond enthalpies of the two O-O bonds, which equal -641 kJ/mol, represent the enthalpy change of O2 dissociation (g). The O-O bond's bond enthalpy is 495 kJ/mol, according to the table of bond enthalpies above.
This amount of energy is necessary to rupture one O-O bond in O2 (g). The energy needed to break both O-O bonds in O2 (g) is known as the enthalpy change of dissociation. As a result, the enthalpy change of O2 dissociation (g) is twice as high.
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7.explain in your own words how na and k start, continue, and reset the action potential along a neuron. (3 pts)
The passage of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions through the cell membrane is what causes and sustains the action potential in a neuron.
Because there is a large concentration of K+ ions and a low concentration of Na+ ions inside the neuron while it is at rest, the inside of the cell has a negative charge compared to the exterior. An electrical signal opens the sodium ion channels in the neuron, allowing Na+ ions to enter the cell and produce an influx of positively charged ions. This shift in charge, known as depolarization, causes additional sodium channels to open and more potassium channels to close, further depolarizing the cell.
Eventually, the cell reaches its threshold for an action potential and generates an all-or-nothing electrical signal that travels along the neuron. After the signal has passed, potassium channels open, and potassium ions flow out of the cell, repolarizing the cell and resetting it to its resting state.
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Which is the weakest among the following types of bond?
A. Ionic bond
B. Metallic bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Hydrogen bond
Since hydrogen bonds are merely forces of attraction to the dipoles and not true bonds, they are the weakest. On two atoms that are strongly electronegative in nature and permanently bound to a hydrogen atom.
What kind of bond is weakest, and why?
Dispersion forces are a frequent name for the weakest links. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the resulting transient attractive attraction is known as the dispersion force.
Which type of bond—covalent or ionic—is weak?
Ionic bonds typically outweigh covalent connections in strength. Ionic bonds result in a stable composite when all of the electrons between the components are transferred. Covalent bonds only involve the sharing of electrons between two parties.
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Determine the preure change when a contant volume of ga at 2. 00 atm i heated from 30. 0 degree celciu to 40. 0 degre celciu
Answer:
The pressure change when a constant volume of gas is heated can be determined using the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant and T is the temperature in kelvins.
Since the volume is constant, we can assume that the change in pressure is proportional to the change in temperature, so we can use the equation:
ΔP = (nRT2 - nRT1) / V
where ΔP is the change in pressure, T2 is the final temperature, and T1 is the initial temperature.
To convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins, add 273.15 to the temperature in degrees Celsius. So, for an initial temperature of 30.0°C, T1 = 30.0 + 273.15 = 303.15 K. And for a final temperature of 40.0°C, T2 = 40.0 + 273.15 = 313.15 K.
Plugging in the values, we have:
ΔP = (nRT2 - nRT1) / V = (n * R * 313.15 - n * R * 303.15) / V = (R * 10) / V = R * 10 / V
The pressure change can be found by multiplying the result by the initial pressure:
ΔP = R * 10 / V * P1 = (8.31 J/mol * K) * 10 / V * 2.00 atm = 16.62 / V atm
The exact pressure change will depend on the volume of the gas, but since the volume is constant, the pressure change will always be equal to 16.62 / V atm.
Explanation: