Which is expected to have the lowest vapor pressure?a.CH4b.SiH4c.NH3d.PH3e.H2Oa. CH4b. SiH4c. NH3d. PH3e. H2O

When the kinetic energy of the particles in some metals is decreased, the particles will tend to move closer together, reducing the interparticle distance. This results in a reduction in the average vibrational energy of the particles, which in turn can cause the metal to undergo a phase transition and become a solid.

For metals with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, the decrease in kinetic energy may result in the formation of a close-packed hexagonal (CPH) crystal structure. For metals with a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure, the decrease in kinetic energy may result in the formation of a simple cubic crystal structure.

This change in the crystal structure of metals due to a decrease in kinetic energy is known as recrystallization or recrystallization annealing. The process is commonly used to improve the mechanical properties and texture of metals, such as increasing their strength and reducing the likelihood of fracture.

Unsaturated solution is a solution in which more of the solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.

What is unsaturated solution with example?

Unsaturated solutions are any in which the concentration of the solute is less than the solute's saturation point. Two tablespoons of salt dissolved in one litre of water serves as an illustration. Acetic acid is the solute and water is the solvent in vinegar, which is an unsaturated solution.

Hence Unsaturated solution is a correct answer.

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The balanced equation is:

2MnO2 + 4K2CO3 + 2KNO3 → 2K2MnO4 + 2KNO2 + 4CO2

Balancing  equation is a critical step in understanding the behavior of chemicals in a reaction. It helps in determining the correct amount of reactants and products involved in the reaction .Balancing chemical equations ensures that the law of conservation of matter is followed, which states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. It allows for the calculation of reaction yields and the determination of theoretical maximum yields. Balancing chemical equations is necessary for predicting the reaction rate and energy changes. It is important in industrial processes to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction to occur efficiently. Balancing chemical equations helps in the design of experiments and the optimization of chemical processes .It is a crucial step in understanding the stoichiometry of a reaction and the relationship between reactants and products .Balancing chemical equations is important in environmental and health studies, as it allows for the prediction of the production and release of harmful chemicals.

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Hence option C is the correct option.

Therefore, the formula of the hydrate is MgCO3•0.449H2O.

The formula of the hydrate can be determined by calculating the number of moles of water driven off during the heating process and then using this information to determine the formula of the hydrate.

First, calculate the number of moles of water driven off:

15.67 g - 7.58 g = 8.09 g

Next, convert the mass of water driven off to moles:

8.09 g / (18.015 g/mol) = 0.449 mol

Finally, use the number of moles of water driven off to determine the formula of the hydrate:

(0.449 mol H2O) / (1 mol MgCO3•xH2O) = x

x = 0.449

So, the formula of the hydrate is MgCO3•0.449H2O.

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The mass of a chemical per unit volume is referred to as its density. A millilitre of temperature of 25 degrees Celsius has a density of 0.9982 grammes per millilitre, or 0.9982 grammes per millilitre.

Given that the unknown substance had a mass of 15.000 g and a density of 0.9982 g/mL at 25 °C, it would have had a volume of 15.000 f / 0.9982 c e = 15.068 mL if it had been water. However, given that the actual amount of the unidentified liquid was found to really be 19.01 mL, you may infer that it is not water because it has a distinct density from water.

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The electron geometry for a molecule that has four electron groups around the central atom is tetrahedral.

What is tetrahedral?

Tetrahedral is a three-dimensional shape with four triangular faces and four vertices. It is one of the five platonic solids, which are regular 3D shapes with equal sides and angles. Tetrahedron is the simplest of the platonic solids, and has the smallest number of faces and vertices. The four faces of a tetrahedron are all equilateral triangles, and the angles between the three edges of each face are equal to 60°. All four vertices of a tetrahedron are connected to each other, forming a three-dimensional structure.

Therefore, The electron geometry for a molecule that has four electron groups around the central atom is tetrahedral.

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The  repeat  unit  molecular  weight  of polypropylene is 42.08 g/mol . For polypropylene, each repeat unit has three carbons and six hydrogens.  

Thus, m= 3(AC) + 6(AH)

             = (3)(12.01 g/mol) + (6)(1.008 g/mol)

             = 42.08 g/mol

Now computation of the  number-average molecular  weight.  

Since  the  degree  of polymerization (DP) is 25,000,

number-average molecular weight = (DP)m

                                                          = (25,000)(42.08 g/mol)

                                                          = 1,052,000 g/m

It is a  thermoplastic polymer made from propylene units.

Polymerization is the process of forming long chainlike compounds reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction.

It is the sum total of weight of all the atoms present in a substance.

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The 20 amino acids and their abbreviations are:

1. Alanine (Ala)

2. Arginine (Arg)

3. Asparagine (Asn)

4. Aspartic acid (Asp)

5. Cysteine (Cys)

6. Glutamic acid (Glu)

7. Glutamine (Gln)

8. Glycine (Gly)

9. Histidine (His)

10. Isoleucine (Ile)

11. Leucine (Leu)

12. Lysine (Lys)

13. Methionine (Met)

14. Phenylalanine (Phe)

15. Proline (Pro)

16. Serine (Ser)

17. Threonine (Thr)

18. Tryptophan (Trp)

19. Tyrosine (Tyr)

20. Valine (Val)

What is amino acid?

Amino acids are organic molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. They are the building blocks of proteins, and are essential for life. Amino acids link together to form long chains called polypeptides, which are then folded and coiled to form proteins. These proteins have many functions, including providing structure, catalyzing reactions and transporting molecules.

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8 valence electrons

One simple piece of evidence for this is the Noble Gases which form the last column on the right of the periodic table. All of these elements have 8 valence electrons in their highest principle energy level.

Answer:

1.49 moles of calcium.

Explanation:

The molar mass of calcium (Ca) is 40.08 g/mol. To find the number of moles of calcium in a sample of 60.0 g, we can use the following formula:

moles = mass / molar mass

moles = 60.0 / 40.08

moles = 1.49 moles

So, the sample contains 1.49 moles of calcium.

The functional groups present in molecule 1 are a carboxylic acid group (COOH) and an alcohol group (OH). The functional groups present in molecule 2 are an ester group (–COOR), and an alcohol group (–OH).

Molecule is a small particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. Molecules are the building blocks of matter, and are essential in understanding how matter works and how it interacts with other matter. Molecules are made up of atoms, which are the smallest parts of matter that can interact with each other. Molecules can be as small as two atoms or as large as millions of atoms. Molecules can be in different shapes and sizes, depending on their chemical structure. Molecules are found in all physical forms, including solids, liquids, and gases. Molecules can react with other molecules, forming new compounds and changing the properties of the matter. Molecules are important in many fields, including chemistry, biology, and physics.

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The initial rates approach, which examines the beginning rates of reactions, the concentration of reactants, and their impact on the total reaction, is most frequently used to calculate the rate law.

A rate law demonstrates the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentration. In general, the rate law for a reaction like aA products takes the form rate = k [A]n,

In order to understand how this functions, let's look at the most straightforward example.

Where n is the reaction's rank in relation to A and k is the proportionality constant known as the rate constant.

Therefore, rate=k[NO]2[O2] represents a rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism.

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The Given question is incomplete. The complete question is given below:

Step 1: 2NO⇄(NO)2 (fast)

Step 2: (NO)2+O2⇄2NO2 (slow)

The elementary steps in a proposed mechanism for the reaction 2 NO(g)+O2(g)→2NO2(g) are represented by the equations above. Which of the following is the rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism?

The initial rates approach, which examines the beginning rates of reactions, the concentration of reactants, and their impact on the total reaction, is most frequently used to calculate the rate law.

A rate law demonstrates the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentration. In general, the rate law for a reaction like aA products takes the form rate = k [A]n,

In order to understand how this functions, let's look at the most straightforward example.

Where n is the reaction's rank in relation to A and k is the proportionality constant known as the rate constant.

Therefore, rate=k[NO]2[O2] represents a rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism.

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The Given question is incomplete. The complete question is given below:

Step 1: 2NO⇄(NO)2 (fast)

Step 2: (NO)2+O2⇄2NO2 (slow)

The elementary steps in a proposed mechanism for the reaction 2 NO(g)+O2(g)→2NO2(g) are represented by the equations above. Which of the following is the rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism?

According to the question,K2CO3 is the limiting reagent.

The limiting factor is the constraint placed on an individual or system that restricts or restricts its ability to perform a certain task or achieve a certain goal. Limiting factors can be internal or external and can be physical, environmental, or financial. Examples of limiting factors include lack of resources, time, money, staff, or technology. Limiting factors can also be psychological, such as fear or a lack of motivation. In any case, limiting factors can prevent an individual or system from achieving its desired outcome or goal.

The amount of K2CO3 (50.00 g) is less than the amount of Fe(CrO2)2 (100.00 g). Therefore, K2CO3 is the limiting reagent, meaning that it will be used up first and there will not be enough to react with all of the Fe(CrO2)2.

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Observation: When a metal burns in a closed container, the combined mass of the container and also its contents remains unchanged. Theory: Matter is of atoms. Law: Matter was conserved in chemical reactions.

Anything that occupies space and that can be weighed is considered matter. Alternatively said, matter has both mass and volume. In the universe, there are numerous different substances or forms of matter.

Two variables, namely mass and charge, are conserved during chemical reactions. Therefore, if you start with 10 g of substance in a reaction, you will only have 10 g of material at most at the conclusion of the chemical reaction. Of course, you won't even receive that because yield is reduced and handling losses always happen.

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The final temperature of the mixture of nitric acid and calcium hydroxide can be calculated using the heat of reaction. final temperature = 20 + ΔT.

The reaction between nitric acid (HNO3) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is exothermic and releases heat:

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The number of the moles per liter of NaCl will we generate if the 1.2g of it is dissolved in the 100ml of the distilled water is 0.2 mol/L.

The mass of the NaCl = 1.2 g

The molar mass of the NaCl = 58.44 g/mol

The number of the moles of NaCl = mass / molar mass

The number of the moles of NaCl = 1.2 / 58.44

The number of the moles of NaCl = 0.020 mol

The volume = 100mL = 0.100 L

The molarity expression is as follows :

The molarity of the NaCl = moles / volume in L

The molarity of the NaCl  = 0.020 / 0.100

The molarity of the NaCl  = 0.2 mol/L

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Rutherford created the cathode-ray tube , is correct answer.

A cathode-ray tube, often known as a CRT, is a vacuum tube that houses one or more electron cannons that produce electron beams that are then bent to produce images on a phosphorescent screen. The visuals could be pictures (from a television or computer monitor), electrical waveforms (from an oscilloscope), radar targets, or other occurrences. The term "picture tube" is often used to refer to a CRT on a television. Additionally, CRTs have been utilised as memory devices, in which case the screen is not meant to be seen by outsiders. When electron beams were initially discovered, before it was realised that what was released from the cathode was an electron beam, they were referred to as "cathode rays."

Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and Julius Plücker made the discovery of cathode rays. Hittorf noticed that the cathode (negative electrode) was emitting some unidentified rays that might throw shadows on the glowing tube wall, indicating that the rays were moving in a straight line. Cathode rays could be redirected by magnetic fields and electric fields, as William Crookes and Arthur Schuster both demonstrated in 1890. The first "subatomic particles," called electrons by Irish scientist George Johnstone Stoney in 1891, were negatively charged particles smaller than atoms. J. J. Thomson was able to measure the charge-mass ratio of cathode rays in 1897 and demonstrate this. The Braun tube, created by the German inventor, was the first iteration of the CRT.

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To calculate mass of SO₃ we have to know the overall reaction. Mass of SO₃ is 26.56 grams.

The reaction of [tex]FeS_2[/tex] with [tex]O_2[/tex] are:

[tex]FeS_2 +O_2[/tex] ⇒ [tex]Fe_2O_3 +SO_3[/tex]

The equivalent reactions are:

[tex]2FeS_2 + \frac{11}{2} O_2[/tex] ⇒ [tex]Fe_2O_3 +4SO_3[/tex]

Moles of 20g FeS₂ =[tex]\frac{20g}{119.98}[/tex] g/mol

Moles of 20g FeS₂ = 0.166 mole

Moles of 16g of O₂ = [tex]\frac{16g}{16}[/tex]g/mol

Moles of 16g of O₂ = 1 mole

So we can conclude that the limited reagent is FeS₂.

2 moles of FeS₂ = produce 4 moles of SO₃

0.166 moles of FeS₂ = produce [tex]\frac{4}{2} x 0.166=0.332[/tex] moles of SO₃

Then we can calculate the mass of SO₃

Mass of SO₃ = 0,332 moles x 80g/mol

Mass of SO₃= 26.56 grams

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(a) The number of He++ nuclei per second can be calculated using the formula:

number of nuclei = beam current / (charge per nucleus)

where the charge per nucleus of He++ is 1.60 x 10^-19 C.

number of nuclei = 0.250 mA / (1.60 x 10^-19 C)

number of nuclei = 1.56 x 10^17 nuclei/second

(b) The time for 1.00 C to strike the target can be calculated as:

time = 1.00 C / (beam current)

time = 1.00 C / (0.250 mA)

time = 4.00 s

(c) The time for 1.00 mol of He++ nuclei to strike the target can be calculated as:

time = 1.00 mol / (number of nuclei per second)

time = 1.00 mol / (1.56 x 10^17 nuclei/second)

time = 6.41 x 10^-18 s

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There are various types of the salt ammonium phosphate, some of which are acidic and others of which are basic or neutral.

The ratio of ammonium (NH4+) to phosphate (PO4-3-) ions determines whether ammonium phosphate is acidic or basic.

Ammonium phosphate comes in an acidic form called ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4). It is frequently employed as a food ingredient and as a fertiliser. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate dissociates into ammonium and hydrogen ions when it is dissolved in water, raising the acidity of the solution.

The fertiliser diammonium phosphate (NH4)2HPO4, on the other hand, is a neutral form of ammonium phosphate. Since there is a balance between the ammonium and phosphate ions in this form, the solution's pH is not altered and it does not dissolve into hydrogen ions in water.

Finally, the exact salt form determines whether ammonium phosphate is an acid or not. Compared to diammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is acidic.

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Lewis dot structure is given in photo .

What is  lewis dot structure ?

A Lewis point structure is  a type of diagram used to show the distribution of electrons within a molecule or ion. This structure was first introduced in 1916 by chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. The structure consists of dots representing electrons surrounding the chemical symbols of the atoms in the molecule, indicating the number of bonds each atom can form. The dots are placed in pairs around the element symbol and represent the valence electrons (the electrons at the outermost energy level) of that element. The number of valence electrons of an element can be obtained from the periodic table.

Lewis point structures are used to predict the number and type of bonds that form between atoms in a molecule and to predict the shape of the molecule. By connecting the points of different elements in a molecule, the lewis structure can be used to determine the bond order, or the number of bonds between two atoms. Information about bond order, combined with the arrangement of atoms in space, can be used to determine the molecular structure of a molecule.

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[He] 2s2 2p5 is the electronic configuration of Fluorine .

What are compounds ?

A  compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. They differ from mixtures consisting of  two or more substances physically mixed without chemical bonding. Compounds have their own physical and chemical properties that differ from those of individual elements. For example, the compound water (H2O) has different properties (boiling point, density, solubility, etc.) than its components hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

Compounds are formed by chemical reactions in which atoms of different elements combine to form new substances. The formation of a compound can be represented by a chemical formula that indicates the type and number of atoms in the compound.

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The development of pesticides by chemists enabled people to move from cities to suburbs and live in more rural areas because the pesticides made it possible to protect crops from pests and disease.

What is suburbs?

Suburbs are residential areas outside of cities and towns. They are often made up of smaller neighborhoods and are considered part of the metropolitan area. They are usually characterized by a lower population density than cities and often consist of single-family homes, apartment buildings, and other residential dwellings. Suburbs often have more green space and parks than cities, and may also include shopping malls, restaurants, and other businesses. The locals in suburbs typically have more of a suburban lifestyle, with a focus on family, leisure, and residential living.

This helped to make it possible for people to live in areas where they could have more space and a greater sense of community and safety. Additionally, the increased production of food allowed for more people to move to the suburbs, which further drove the development of better infrastructure to service these areas.

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△G= △H - T △S

Where △G is change in Gibbs free energy

△H is change in enthalpy

△S is entropy change .

Any reaction is spontaneous if △G is negative for that reaction.

T is 273K (standard conditions)

△G = -219000 - 273 ×(- 21)

△G = -213267 J

Since △G is negative hence reaction is spontaneous .

What is the change in enthalpy?

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CuCl2(aq) + Zn(s) reaction and predict whether it will be spontaneous.

What is reaction?

Reaction is the process of responding to a stimulus. It could be a physical response, such as an increase in heart rate or a change in body temperature. It could also be a mental response, such as a change in thoughts or emotions. Reactions can be conscious or unconscious, and can vary from person to person. They can be short-term or long-term, depending on the situation. Reactions are important for survival as they help us respond quickly to changes in our environment. They can also be used to learn and adapt to new situations.

This single replacement reaction is spontaneous because copper is more reactive than zinc, meaning copper will replace zinc in the solution. The products of this reaction will be CuCl2(aq) and Zn(s).

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The amount of energy required to melt 64 g of methane at 90 k is 3.784 KJ.

The energy required to melt 64 g of methane (CH4) at 90 K can be calculated using the heat of fusion, which is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at a constant temperature.

Heat of fusion, also known as the enthalpy of fusion, is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at a constant temperature. It is typically expressed in units of joules per mole (J/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Heat of fusion is an important physical property of a substance, as it determines the amount of energy required to melt a solid at a given temperature. It is used in many applications, including thermodynamics, process design, and energy storage.

First, we need to convert the amount of methane from grams to moles:

64 g CH4 / 16 g/mol = 4 mol CH4

Next, we can use the heat of fusion to calculate the energy required to melt the methane:

Heat of fusion = moles * heat of fusion per mole

Heat of fusion = 4 mol * 0.946 KJ/mol = 3.784 KJ

Therefore, the energy required to melt 64 g of methane at 90 K is 3.784 KJ.

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In a double covalent bond, there are four shared electrons. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons.

The sharing of electron pair between atoms occurs in covalent bonds. In contrast to polar covalent bonds, which are formed when electrons are exchanged between atoms with uneven electronegativity, electron pairs shared between atoms with equal or very similar electronegativity form nonpolar covalent bonds, such as H-H or C-H. (e.g., H–O).

An atom can establish bonds with other atoms in two main ways: covalent and ionic. The sharing of electrons between two or more atoms forms a covalent connection. When two or more ions join contact, they can create ionic bonds that are held together by charge differences.

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The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a polar molecule.

What does the term "polar molecule" mean?

Molecules that have both positive and negative charge areas are said to be polar. A polar substance is water, for instance.

                     Due to the sort of bonds it has and the way it is shaped, one end of the molecule—the hydrogen end—has a slight positive charge while the other has a slight negative charge (the oxygen end).

What are the five characteristics of water and how did they develop?

Water has various characteristics, including cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, surface tension, the capacity to dissolve a wide range of compounds, and high specific heat. Cohesion is the term used to describe a water molecule's propensity to cling together and create weak interactions.

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The mass (in grams) of C₄H₁₀ that must react with excess oxygen to produce 74 grams of CO₂ is 24.45 grams (Option C)

First we shall determine the stoichiometry of the reaction. Details below:

2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ → 8CO₂ + 10H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

352 grams of CO₂ were produced from 116.24 grams of C₄H₁₀

With the above information, we can determine the mass of C₄H₁₀ needed to react with excess oxygen to produce 74 grams of CO₂. Details below:

From the balanced equation above,

352 grams of CO₂ were produced from 116.24 grams of C₄H₁₀

Therefore,

74 grams of CO₂ will be produce from = (74 × 116.24) / 352 = 24.45 grams of C₄H₁₀

Thus, the mass of C₄H₁₀ needed is 24.45 grams (Option C)

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The products of a Diels-Alder reaction are cyclohexene derivatives, which are formed from the reaction of a diene molecule and a dienophile molecule.

The Diels-Alder reaction is a type of organic chemical reaction that forms a new carbon-carbon bond between a diene (a molecule with two double bonds) and a dienophile (an alkene molecule). This reaction is considered a type of cycloaddition reaction, where two or more unsaturated reactants combine to form a cyclic product with multiple new bonds. The Diels-Alder reaction is a powerful tool in organic synthesis and is used to create a wide range of compounds, including natural products, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. The reaction is known for its high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity, meaning that the product can be precisely controlled in terms of its configuration and the placement of functional groups. Overall, the Diels-Alder reaction is an important and widely used reaction in the field of organic chemistry.

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The rate at which [tex]O_{2}[/tex] is reacting is [tex]0.5\times10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex] and [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] is forming is 1.0×[tex]10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex].

The reaction that is happening is

[tex]2NO+O_{2}- > 2NO_{2}[/tex]

The measure of the change in reactant or product concentration per unit of time is called the reaction rate for a specific chemical reaction.

As the reactants are used up, most reactions get slower. As a result, when measured over longer time intervals t, the rates given by the formulas above often lose .

As a result, for the reaction whose progress is shown above, the actual rate (as determined by the rising product concentration) changes continually, peaking at time zero. The slope of a tangent to the curve determines the immediate rate of a reaction.

now, to find the rate at which reactant and product is forming is

[tex]\frac{-dNO}{2dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{-dO_{2} }{dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{dNO_{2} }{2dt}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-dO_{2} }{dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{1\times10^{-4} }{2}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-dO_{2} }{dt}[/tex]=[tex]0.5\times10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{dNO_{2} }{2dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{-dNO}{2dt}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{dNO_{2} }{2dt}[/tex]=1.0×[tex]10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex]

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