When the Glen Canyon hydroelectric power plant in Arizona is running at capacity, 690 m3m3 of water flows through the dam each second. The water is released 220 mm below the top of the reservoir. If the generators that the dam employs are 90% efficient, what is the maximum possible electric power output?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The output electric power is 1338876 W.

Explanation:

Volume, V = 690 cubic meter

height, h = 220 mm = 0.22 m

efficiency = 90 %

time , t = 1 s

Let the mass is m.

m = volume x density  

m = 690 x 1000 = 690000 kg

The input power is

P = m g h = 690000 x 9.8 x 0.22 = 1497640 W

The electric power out put is

[tex]P' = 90 % of 1487640\\\\\\P' = 1338876 W[/tex]


Related Questions

A 9V battery is connected to two light bulbs. If the current through the circuit is 1.5 A, what is the resistance of each light bulb (assume both light bulbs are identical)?

Answers

Answer:

3 ohm

Explanation:

Given :

V=9V

And according to given question same current is flowing in both resistance that means resistance will connected in series

So,

R= R+R=2R

Now,

Applying ohm's law

[tex]V=IR\\9=1.5*2R\\9=3R\\R=\frac{9}{3} \\R= 3ohm[/tex]

Therefore, answer is 3 ohm

Calculate the sample standard deviation and sample variance for the following frequency distribution of hourly wages for a sample of pharmacy assistants.

Lower Bound Upper Bound
6.51 8.50
50 8.51
10.50 18
10.51 12.50
42 12.51
14.50 20
14.51 16.50

Answers

Answer:

(a) standard deviation = σ = 4.9996

(b) variance = σ² = 24.996

Explanation:

Given frequency table (find attached as Table 1);

(a) To find the sample standard deviation and sample variance, follow these steps;

i. Calculate the mid-point c for each group by using the mid-point formula;

c = (lower bound + upper bound) / 2

=> c = (6.51 + 8.50) / 2 = 7.505

=> c = (8.51 + 10.50) / 2 = 9.505

=> c = (10.51 + 12.50) / 2 = 11.505

=> c = (12.51 + 14.50) / 2 = 13.505

=> c = (14.51 + 16.50) / 2 = 15.505

So the new table becomes (find attached as Table 2);

ii. Calculate the total number of samples (n) which is the sum of all the frequencies.

n = 50+18+42+20+46

n = 176

iii. Calculate the mean (M)

This is done by first multiplying the midpoints by the corresponding frequencies and then dividing the result by the total number of samples (n).

M = [(7.505 x 50) + (9.505 x 18) + (11.505 x 42) + (13.505 x 20) + (15.505 x 46)] / 176

M = [375.25 + 171.09 + 483.21 + 270.1 + 713.23] / 176

M = [2012.88] / 176

M = 11.44

iv. Find the variance (σ²);

The variance is calculated using the following formula

σ² = [Σ(f x c²) - (n x M²)] / (n - 1)                ------------(i)

Where;

f = frequency of each boundary data point

=>  Let's first calculate Σ(f x c²).

This is done by finding the sum of the product of the frequency (f) of each boundary point and the square of their corresponding mid-points(c)

Σ(f x c²) = [(50 x 7.505²) + (18 x 9.505²) + (42 x 11.505²) + (20 x 13.505²) + (46 x 15.505²)]

Σ(f x c²) = [(2816.25125) + (1626.21045) + (5559.33105) + (3647.7005) + (11058.63115)]

Σ(f x c²) = 24708.1244

=> Now calculate (n x M²)

n x M² = 176 x 11.44²

n x M² = 23033.7536

=> Now substitute these values into equation (i) to calculate the variance

σ² = [Σ(f x c²) - (n x M²)] / (n - 1)

σ² = [24708.1244 - 23033.7536] / (176 - 1)

σ² = [4374.3708] / (175)

σ² = 24.996

Therefore, the variance is 24.996

v. Find the standard deviation (σ)

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. i.e

σ = √σ²

σ = √24.996

σ = 4.9996

Therefore, the standard deviation is 4.9996

if an object is moving with a velocity of 24 and has an acceleration of -4 square root how long will it take it to stop

Answers

Answer:

Time, t = 8 seconds.

Explanation:

Given the following data;

Initial velocity = 24 m/s

Final velocity = 0 m/s (since the object is coming to a stop).

Acceleration = -4 m/s²

To find how long it will take the object to stop, we would use the first equation of motion;

[tex] V = U + at[/tex]

Where;

V is the final velocity. U is the initial velocity. a is the acceleration. t is the time measured in seconds.

Making time, t the subject of formula, we have;

[tex] t = \frac{V - U}{a}[/tex]

Substituting into the equation, we have;

[tex] t = \frac{0 - 24}{-4}[/tex]

[tex] t = \frac{-24}{-4}[/tex]

Time, t = 8 seconds.

A horse gallops a distance of 10 kilometers in a time of 30 minutes. Its average speed is

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Distance=10km

Time=30min=0.5hr

So,speed=10/0.5

So,speed=20km/hr

A car accelerates from 0-30m/s in 5 s. It has a mass of 1200kg. What force does the engine produce? *
A) 36000N
B) 7200N
C) 60000N
D) 2000N
include explanation please

Answers

Answer:

a = ?

u = 0

v = 30

by using v = u + at equation we can find " a "

30 = 0 + 5a

6 m/s = a

by using f = ma equation we can find force produce by engine ,

f = ?

a = 6

m = 1200

f = 1200 × 6

f = 7200 N

so the answer is "B"

ohm's law is not applicable to​

Answers

Answer:

Ohm's law is not applicable to semi-conductors and insulators.

Explanation:

Is this what you want?

Leslie incorrectly balances an equation as 2C4H10 + 12O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O.

Which coefficient should she change?

Answers

Answer:

13 behind o2

Explanation:

answer is in photo above

Answer:

12

Explanation:

which statement summarized the difference between mass and weight?

Answers

Answer:

The second statement.

what is effort arm
don't say the answer of gogle ​

Answers

Answer:

effort arm mean the use of any work by using your hand force motion or by hand power

Calculate the terminal velocity of a rain drop of radius 0.12cm​

Answers

Explanation:

Given that,

The radius of rain drop, r = 0.12 cm = 0.0012 m

The viscocity of air is, [tex]\eta=18\times 10^{-5}\ poise[/tex]

Let the viscous force is, [tex]F = 0.010173\ N[/tex]

The viscous force is given by :

[tex]F=6\pi \eta rv\\\\v=\dfrac{F}{6\pi \eta r}[/tex]

Put all the values,

[tex]v=\dfrac{0.010173}{6\pi 18\times 10^{-5}\times 0.0012 }\\\\v=2498.58\ m/s[/tex]

Một ô tô khối lượng một tấn chuyển động trên một đường nằm ngang. Hệ số ma sát giữa bánh ô tô và mặt đường là 0,07. Gia tốc trọng trường g=9,8m/s2
a) vẽ và xác định tên các lực tác động lên vật. Viết phương trình chuyển động của vật.
b) nếu ô tô chuyển động đều, xuống dốc có độ dốc 5%. Tính lực kéo của ô tô.
c) nếu ô tô chuyển động đều. Lên dốc có độ dốc 5%. Tính lực kéo của động cơ ô tô

Answers

C is the answer to it

What does a model of a light wave tell us about
brightness and color?

Answers

Answer:

A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness,color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media. However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves.

A cat with a mass of 5.00 kg pushes on a 25.0 kg desk with a force of 50.0N to jump off. What is the force on the desk?

Answers

Answer:

First of all the formula is F= uR,( force= static friction× reaction)

mass= 5+25=30

F= 50

R= mg(30×10)=300

u= ?

F=UR

u= F/R

u= 50/300=0.17N

Record the lengths of the sides of ABC and ADE.

Answers

Can you show the rest of the problem

An object with a mass of 5 kg is swung in a vertical circle by a rope with a length of 0.67 m. The tension at the bottom of the circle is 88 Newtons. What is the tension, in Newtons, at the side of the circle, halfway between the top and bottom if the speed of the mass is the same at the bottom and side

Answers

Answer:

[tex]T_2=39.5N[/tex]

Explanation:

From the question we are told that:

Mass [tex]m=5kg[/tex]

Length [tex]L=0.67m[/tex]

Tension [tex]T=88N[/tex]

Generally the equation for Tension is mathematically given by

 [tex]T = m * ( g + v^2 /l)[/tex]

Therefore

 [tex]T_1 = m * ( g + \frac{v^2}{l})[/tex]

 [tex]88 = 5 * ( 9.8 + \frac{v^2}{0.67})[/tex]

 [tex]v^2=5.2[/tex]

 [tex]v=2.4m/s[/tex]

The uniform velocity is

 [tex]v=2.4m/s[/tex]

Therefore

The tension at the side of the circle halfway between the top and bottom is

 [tex]T_2=5*\frac{2.3^2}{0.67}[/tex]

 [tex]T_2=39.5N[/tex]

Question 18/55 (2 p.)
A vibrating object produces ripples on the surface of a liquid. The object completes 20 vibrations
every second. The spacing of the ripples, from one crest to the next, is 3.0 cm.
What is the speed of the ripples?
D
C 60 cm/s
120 cm/s
A 0.15cm/s
B 6.7 cm/s

Answers

Answer:

the correct answer is C   v = 60 cm / s

Explanation:

The speed of a wave is related to the frequency and the wavelength

         v = λ f

They indicate that the object performs 20 oscillations every second, this is the frequency

         f = 20 Hz

the wavelength is the distance until the wave repeats, the distance between two consecutive peaks corresponds to the wavelength

         λ = 3 cm = 0.03 m

let's calculate

       v = 20 0.03

       v = 0.6 m / s

       v = 60 cm / s

the correct answer is C

Hạt mang điện q > 0 chuyển động trong từ trường của một dòng điện thẳng dài có cường độ I = 10A như hình. Hạt mang điện chuyển động song song với dây dẫn và cách dây một khoảng 5cm. Vẽ hình và:
a. Xác định cảm ứng từ do dòng điện gây ra tại điểm mà hạt mang điện đi qua.
b. Hạt mang điện chuyển động với tốc độ 104m/s, lực Lorentz tác dụng lên hạt là 8.10-4N. Tính độ lớn của điện tích.

Answers

Answer:

I dnt know that language

Explanation:

A prece of cotton is measured between two points on a ruler
cotton
1
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
When the length of cotton is wound closely around a pen, it goes round six times.
pen
six turns of cotton
What is the distance once round the pen?
A 2.2 cm
B 2.6 cm
с
13.2 cm
D
15.6cm

Answers

Answer:

13.2

Explanation:

I would say this cause this is a reasonable answer

The length of cotton is wound closely around a pen, it goes around six times. The distance once around the pen is 13.2 cm. The correct option is c.

What is the distance?

Distance is the sum of an object's movements, regardless of direction. The distance can be defined as the amount of space an object has covered, regardless of its starting or ending position.

Measuring units are units that are used to measure the magnitude, amount, or quantity of any object. There are 7 basic measuring units that are used in worldwide and everyday life.

Given, the piece of cotton is tied around the pen, it goes around six times around the pen. The diameter of the pen will the length of the cotton. The actual length can be for six rounds is 13.2 cm.

Therefore, the correct option is с. 13.2 cm.

To learn more about length, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/16188698

#SPJ2

Use a variation model to solve for the unknown value. Use as the constant of variation. The stopping distance of a car is directly proportional to the square of the speed of the car. (a) If a car travelling has a stopping distance of , find the stopping distance of a car that is travelling . (b) If it takes for a car to stop, how fast was it travelling before the brakes were applied

Answers

Complete question is;

Use a variation model to solve for the unknown value.

The stopping distance of a car is directly proportional to the square of the speed of the car.

a. If a car traveling 50 mph has a stopping distance of 170 ft, find the stopping distance of a car that is traveling 70 mph.

b. If it takes 244.8 ft for a car to stop, how fast was it traveling before the brakes were applied?

Answer:

A) d = 333.2 ft

B) 60 mph

Explanation:

Let the stopping distance be d

Let the speed of the car be v

We are told that the stopping distance is directly proportional to the square of the speed of the car. Thus;

d ∝ v²

Therefore, d = kv²

Where k is constant of variation.

A) Speed is 50 mph and stopping distance of 170 ft.

v = 50 mph

d = 170 ft = 0.032197 miles

Thus,from d = kv², we have;

0.032197 = k(50²)

0.032197 = 2500k

k = 0.032197/2500

k = 0.0000128788

If the car is now travelling at 70 mph, then;

d = 0.0000128788 × 70²

d = 0.06310612 miles

Converting to ft gives;

d = 333.2 ft

B) stopping distance is now 244.8 ft

Converting to miles = 0.046363636 miles

Thus from d = kv², we have;

0.046363636 = 0.0000128788(v²)

v² = 0.046363636/0.0000128788

v² = 3599.99658

v = √3599.99658

v ≈ 60 mph

A blue car pulls away from a red stop-light just after it has turned green with a constant acceleration of 0.2 m/s2. A green car arrives at the position of the stop-light 7.5 s after the light had turned green. If t = 0 when the light turns green, at what time does the green car catch the blue car if the green car maintains the slowest constant speed necessary to catch up to the blue car?

Answers

Answer:

After 15 seconds, the green car will catch up with the blue car

Explanation:

Let the time for the green car to catch up with the blue car be T

When the green car catches up to the blue car, the distances covered by each car after time T will be equal. Also, their velocities at that instant will be equal

Distance covered by blue car after time T is given by: s = ut + 0.5 at²

Where u = 0, a = 0.2 m/s², t = T

S = 0.5 × 0.2 × T² = 0.1 T²

Velocity of blue car, v = u+ at

v = 0.2T

Distance covered by green car at T is given as: S = Velocity × time

Where v = 0.2T, t = T - 7.5 (since the blue car started 7.5 seconds earlier)

S = 0.2T (T - 7.5)

S = 0.2 T² - 1.5T

Equating the distance covered by the two cars

0.2T² - 1.5T = 0.1T²

0.1T² - 1.5T = 0

T(0.1T - 1.5) = 0

T = 0 or

T = 1.5/0.1 = 15 secs

Therefore, after 15 seconds, the green car will catch up with the blue car

A system can only achieve a lower energy state by:_______

Answers

Transferring its energy to its surroundings.

If this guy is really faster than a speeding bullet (v=700m/s) and he has a mass of 100kg. How much force is behind him? *

A) 70000N
B) 9800N
C) 6860000N
D) We need his acceleration, not speed, to calculate this

show your work please

Answers

Answer:

if we want to find force by using newton's law equation ( f = ma ) we have to use mass and acceleration not velocity ,but in this question they did not mention about acceleration but speed so the answer is D

Diwn unscramble the word

Answers

ANSWER

OUM I THINK IS WIND

CORRECT ME IF IM WRONG

#CARRYONLEARNING

How many atoms of carbon, C, are in 0.020 g of carbon?

Answers

Answer:

9.6352× 10²⁰ C atoms

Explanation:

From the given information,

The molar mass of Carbon = 12 g/mol

number of moles = 0.020g/ 12 g/mol

number of moles = 0.0016 mol

If 1 mole of C = 6.022 × 10²³ C atoms

0.0016 mol of C = (6.022 × 10²³ C atoms/ 1 mol of C)×0.0016 mol of C

= 9.6352× 10²⁰ C atoms

Hence, the number of carbon atoms present in 0.020 g of carbon = 9.6352× 10²⁰ C atoms

(15 PTS) An observer riding on the platform measures the angle q that the thread supporting the light ball makes with the vertical. There is no friction anywhere. If you can vary m1 and m2, find the largest angle q you could achieve.

Answers

Solution :

 Given :

Angle q = angle between the thread supporting the ball with the vertical.

Let mass [tex]$m_1 >>>m_2$[/tex].

Then [tex]$m_1+m_2=m_1$[/tex]

In this case, acceleration can be found out by applying Newton's law of motion.

Thus,

Acceleration, [tex]$a=\frac{m_1}{m_1+m_2}. g$[/tex]

                      [tex]$a=\frac{m_1}{m_1}. g$[/tex]

                       [tex]$a=g$[/tex]

Therefore, [tex]$\tan \theta =\frac{a}{g}$[/tex]

or                [tex]$\tan \theta =\frac{a}{a}$[/tex]

or                [tex]$\tan \theta =1$[/tex]

                   [tex]$\theta = \tan ^{-1}(1)$[/tex]

                   [tex]$\theta = 45^\circ$[/tex]

Therefore the largest angle q is  [tex]$\theta = 45^\circ$[/tex]

A 0.150 kg stone rests on a frictionless, horizontal surface. A bullet of mass 9.50 g, traveling horizontally at 380 m/s, strikes the stone and rebounds horizontally at right angles to its original direction with a speed of 250 m/s.

Required:
a. Compute the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the stone after it is struck.
b. Is the collision perfectly elastic?

Answers

Answer:

(a)Magnitude=28.81 m/s

Direction=33.3 degree below the horizontal

(b) No, it is not perfectly elastic collision

Explanation:

We are given that

Mass of stone, M=0.150 kg

Mass of bullet, m=9.50 g=[tex]9.50\times 10^{3} kg[/tex]

Initial speed of bullet, u=380 m/s

Initial speed of stone, U=0

Final speed of bullet, v=250m/s

a. We have to find the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the stone after it is struck.

Using conservation of momentum

[tex]mu+ MU=mv+ MV[/tex]

Substitute the values

[tex]9.5\times 10^{-3}\times 380 i+0.150(0)=9.5\times 10^{-3} (250)j+0.150V[/tex]

[tex]3.61i=2.375j+0.150V[/tex]

[tex]3.61 i-2.375j=0.150V[/tex]

[tex]V=\frac{1}{0.150}(3.61 i-2.375j)[/tex]

[tex]V=24.07i-15.83j[/tex]

Magnitude of velocity of stone

=[tex]\sqrt{(24.07)^2+(-15.83)^2}[/tex]

|V|=28.81 m/s

Hence, the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the stone after it is struck, |V|=28.81 m/s

Direction

[tex]\theta=tan^{-1}(\frac{y}{x})[/tex]

=[tex]tan^{-1}(\frac{-15.83}{24.07})[/tex]

[tex]\theta=tan^{-1}(-0.657)[/tex]

=33.3 degree below the horizontal

(b)

Initial kinetic energy

[tex]K_i=\frac{1}{2}mu^2+0=\frac{1}{2}(9.5\times 10^{-3})(380)^2[/tex]

[tex]K_i=685.9 J[/tex]

Final kinetic energy

[tex]K_f=\frac{1}{2}mv^2+\frac{1}{2}MV^2[/tex]

=[tex]\frac{1}{2}(9.5\times 10^{-3})(250)^2+\frac{1}{2}(0.150)(28.81)^2[/tex]

[tex]K_f=359.12 J[/tex]

Initial kinetic energy is not equal to final kinetic energy. Hence, the collision is not perfectly elastic collision.

The temperature of a quantity of an ideal gas is a. one measure of its ability to transfer thermal energy to another body. b. proportional to the average molecular kinetic energy of the molecules. c. proportional to the internal energy of the gas. d. correctly described by all the statements above. e. correctly described only by the first two statements above.

Answers

Answer:

d. correctly described by all the statements above.

Explanation:

Kinetic molecular theory of gases states that gas particles exhibit a perfectly elastic collision and are constantly in motion.

According to the kinetic-molecular theory, the average kinetic energy of gas particles depends on temperature.

This ultimately implies that, the average kinetic energy of gas particles is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of an ideal gas. Thus, an increase in the average kinetic energy of gas particles would cause an increase in the absolute temperature of an ideal gas.

Temperature can be defined as a measure of the degree of coldness or hotness of a physical object. It is measured with a thermometer and its units are Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K) and Fahrenheit (°F).

Generally, the temperature of a quantity of an ideal gas is;

a. a measure of the ability of an ideal gas to transfer thermal energy to another body.

b. the average kinetic energy of gas particles is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of an ideal gas

c. proportional to the internal energy of the gas.

A 2 kg stone is dropped from a height of 100 m. How far does it travel in the third second? take g = 9.8 m/s2​

Answers

Answer:

S = 1/2 gt² = 1/2 × 9.8 × 3² = 4.9×9 = 44.1 m

Explanation:

Malar is playing with a toy car and track set. She has made a hill to let the car roll down, followed by a series of small hills and then a short flat section on the floor. The car starts at the top of the hill which is 137 cm above the short flat section. How much energy was lost due to friction (between the car and the sides of the track, and the car’s axels) during the entire trip? You don’t have any details about the time while the car is going down the hill or through the loop, so you don’t know how fast it is going at the top of the loop.
Mass is 150 g

Answers

Answer:

E = 2.01 J

Explanation:

The energy lost by the car due to friction through the entire trip must be equal to the potential energy of the car at the starting point.

Energy Lost = E = Potential Energy

E = mgh

where,

m = mass of car = 150 g = 0.15 kg

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s²

h = height of the track = 137 cm = 1.37 m

Therefore,

E = (0.15 kg)(9.81 m/s²)(1.37 m)

E = 2.01 J

A boxer punches a sheet of paper in midair from rest to a speed of 20 m/s in 0.05 s. If the mass of the paper is 0.01 kg, the force of the punch on the paper is
A) 0.08 N.
B) 4.0 N.
C) 8.0 N.
D) 40 N.

Answers

The answer is: C) 8.0 N
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Let a and b be real numbers where a 0. Which of the following functions could represent the graph below?f(x) = x(x a)3(x b)3f(x) = (x a)2(x b)4f(x) = x(x a)6(x b)2f(x) = (x a)5(x b) Match the root work with the correct prefix. Column A1.ir:ir2.im:im3.in:in4.il:cilColumn Ba.responsibleb.maturec.legald.sufferable What is the value of x in this figure?Enter your answer in the box.x = Equations of parallel lines Pls help me answer this question. Picture attached US adults consume an average of 3,400 mg of sodium each day. We wanted to find out if a 5 minute health video would help people control their salt intake. After watching the video, the 36 participants in our study had a mean sodium intake of 3,200 mg with a standard deviation of 600 mg. What type of statistical test should we run to find out if there was a difference between our group and the general population O O OFrom what you have read so far, which of the following describe a "deeper message" of The Awakening?Check the two best choices.Creole families spend the summer on an island.Edna interacts with her husband and other men in different ways.Women should question their identities and roles in society.Differences in the way women treat their children reveal character traits.It's difficult to go against society's expectations.DO NEVIntro what are the three functions if acnudarians gastrovascular cavity? Plz help me jjhhhhhgg I need help with this. how did the early cold war affect life in the US ( 4^ 5 4^ 1 4 4^ 1 2 )^ 1 2 Which expression is equivalent to root(15, 4 ^ 5); sqrt(2 ^ 5) 2 One who thinks good does good always.Find out subject and predicate C=2(y-k) solve for y 2. Out of 500 students appearing in an examination, the number of students who passed in mathematics only is twice the number of students who passed in science only. If 120 students passed in both subjects and 140 students failed in both subjects, then Find the ratio of the students who passed in mathematics to the students who passed in science. 2 x 2 + 7 x 10 and x-5 in standard form g A solution contains 100mM NaCl, 20mM CaCl2, and 20mM urea. We would say this solution is __________ compared to a 300 mOsM solution and ___________ compared to a cell with 300 mOsM (non-penetrating solutes) interior. Gandhi's main tool in seeking independence for India was Given the following tree, use the hill climbing procedure to climb up the tree. Use your suggested solutions to problems if encountered. K is the goal state and numbers written on each node is the estimate of remaining distance to the goal. The data is D = 50,000/year, S= $500 per order, H = $0.25 per unit per year. Assume a lead time of 3 days.Fill in the following table. Write out the formulas you are using.Annual demand Holding cost (units per year) Ordering cost Ordering quantity (EOQ) Number of orders per year Average inventory Maximum inventory Reorder level Length of order cycle Annual holding cost Annual ordering cost Annual Affected Inventory Cost b. Suppose a mistake was made in the data and the correct data is D = 60,000 per year, S = $400 per order, H = $0.20 per unit per year. Calculate the correct EOQ and affected inventory cost.c. Now suppose we used the incorrect EOQ (based on the first set of data) instead of the correct EOQ. Calculate the affected inventory cost.d. Compute the percentage error in the EOQ and in the inventory cost.e. Moral of the story is that incorrect estimation of costs or demand (does or does not) result in substantial deviation from the optimal cost (circle the right answer).