Post-translational modifications, folding, and sorting are among the many functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis in an animal cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a group of flattened sacs that are connected and are a part of a continuous membrane organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are important for making proteins. The RER's membrane-bound ribosomes convert the mature mRNA transcript into polypeptide-attached amino acids. There are two dissimilar subunits in the 80S ribosome of eukaryotes: the 40S small subunit and the 60S large subunit.
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Label all the parts of the heart from frontal section
Heart anatomy
Pulmonary veinsBranches of right pulmonaryAortic semilunar valveRight atriumPulmonary veinsTricuspid valveMyocardiumEpicardiumPulmonary semilunar valveLeft atriumSuperior vena cavaPulmonary veinsPulmonary veinsPulmonary semilunar valvepapillary musclesTricuspid valveInterventicular septumInferior vena cavaThe heart is a vital organ that functions as a blood pump to meet the needs of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. If the heart is disturbed, blood circulation in the body can be disrupted, so maintaining heart health is very important to avoid various types of heart disease.
The main function of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body and accommodate it again after the lungs have cleaned the blood. The heart provides and circulates blood oxygen throughout the body, and cleanses the body of metabolic products (carbon dioxide).
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Why does glycolysis occur inside the cell?
Glycolysis occurs inside the cell because it is the first step in the breakdown of glucose molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP.
The enzymes involved in glycolysis are located within the cell's cytoplasm, so it must occur inside the cell for the process to take place.
What is ATP?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency for most cells. It is composed of adenosine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. ATP is used to store and transfer energy within cells, and is essential for cellular metabolism and other biological processes.
Therefore, Glycolysis occurs inside the cell because it is the first step in the breakdown of glucose molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP.
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Which of these have cells with the same structure as human cells?A. virusesB. plantsC. protistsD. insects
The option that have cells with the same structure as human cells is plants (option B).
What are eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotic cells are cells of living organisms that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that houses the genetic material of the cell.
An eukaryote is any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.
Group of organisms that fall in the eukaryotic category are as follows:
PlantsAnimalsFungiHumans are under the animal category and hence, have cells with similar structure with plants.
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1. Crossing over occurs during meiosis. What is happening in this step?
a. Centromeres are switching places.
b. Genetic information is being exchanged between chromosomes.
c. Three new nuclear membranes are formed.
d. The cell membrane starts to dissolve.
2. What happens in Prophase I of meiosis?
a. The nuclear membrane dissolves.
b. The chromosomes pair up in the middle of the cell.
c. The chromosome pairs separate.
d. Two new nuclear membranes form.
3. If the haploid number for an organism is 20, what is true about that cell?
a. It's 'n' number is 40.
b. It's "n' number is 10.
c. The somatic cells in that organism have 10 chromosomes.
d. The gametes for that organism have 20 chromosomes.
4. Which of the following statements is true about the 4 daughter cells formed from meiosis?
a. The daughter cells are all exactly alike.
b. The daughter cells are the same genetically as the parent cell.
c. Each daughter cell is genetically unique.
d. Daughter cells have no chromosomes.
5. After completing Telophase I and cytokinesis, the two daughter cells move into what phase?
a. Prophase II
b. Metaphase II
c. Anaphase II
d. Telophase II
The answers include the following below:
Crossing over occurs during meiosis therefore what is happening in this step is that genetic information is being exchanged between chromosomes and is denoted as option B. The nuclear membrane dissolves in Prophase I of meiosis and is denoted as option A . If the haploid number for an organism is 20, then what is true about that cell is that It's "n' number is 10 which is denoted as option B. The following statements is true about the 4 daughter cells formed from meiosis is that each daughter cell is genetically unique and is denoted as option C.After completing Telophase I and cytokinesis, the two daughter cells move into Telophase II which is denoted as option D.What is Meiosis?This is referred to as a type of cell division in which the parent cell produces four unique daughter cells and it is used during the process of reproduction in the body system.
Crossing over occurs during meiosis ensures that genetic information is being exchanged between chromosomes.
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Page 142 5.6 The Eukaryotic Cell
Order the movement of a transmembrane protein from synthesis to expression in the cell
membrane. Material in the endomembrane system moves consistently from the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. Place the events in order from left to right.
Start by clicking the first item in the sequence or dragging it here
Drag the items below into the box above in the correct order, starting with the first item in the sequence.
Golgi complex
secretory vesicles
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
not sure
Explanation:
Question 3 (20 points)
Louis Pasteur felt that liquid would spoil because there were particles in the air that could enter the liquid and grow there. He
performed experiments that led to a process that could keep food fresh for longer, a process called "pasteurization." He
boiled liquid broth and then placed it in flask that had an S-shaped neck. Air could enter the neck of the flask, but any
particles would be trapped in the neck. After a week, the liquid was still clear, showing that no growth occured. Pasteur then
broke the neck from the flask and let it sit for another week. This time, he saw that the broth became cloudy and spoiled. He
then knew that if boiling and preventing particles in the air to combine with food could preserve food (this process is called
pasteurization), then the particles in the air could cause food to spoil
What is Louis Pasteur's claim? Write about his evidences to support this claim. Lastly, write about his
reasoning why the evidences support his claim. Use the space below to type your answer.
The answers includes the following:
Louis Pasteur's claim was that the microorganisms present in the air were responsible for the spoilage which occurred in the broth.The evidence was that the boiled liquid broth which was put in a flask which had no air entering was still clear, showing that no growth occurred.What is Pasteurization?This is referred to as a heat treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverage.
Pasteur was the one who first devised during his experiment in which no growth occurred hence no spoilage.
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The article mentions that "Historically, there had been gene flow between Texas cougars and Florida panthers". This means that:
There were no more than 30 Florida Panthers left, and several of them had genetic problems brought on by inbreeding. In a last-ditch attempt, state officials sent in eight Texas cougars, a close relative of the panther, to procreate with the remaining males.
What gene flow in Texas cougars and Florida panther?Florida's state animal was under danger in 1995. There were no more than 30 Florida Panthers left, and several of them had genetic problems brought on by inbreeding.
In a last-ditch attempt, state officials sent in eight Texas cougars, a close relative of the panther, to procreate with the remaining males. Only 30 Florida Panthers remained, and several of them suffered from genetic issues brought on by inbreeding.
Therefore, the Texas cougar and the Florida panther have interbred with each other in the past.
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There were no more than 30 Florida Panthers left, and several of them had genetic problems brought on by inbreeding. In a last-ditch attempt, state officials sent in eight Texas cougars, a close relative of the panther, to procreate with the remaining males.
What gene flow in Texas cougars and Florida panther?Florida's state animal was under danger in 1995. There were no more than 30 Florida Panthers left, and several of them had genetic problems brought on by inbreeding.
In a last-ditch attempt, state officials sent in eight Texas cougars, a close relative of the panther, to procreate with the remaining males. Only 30 Florida Panthers remained, and several of them suffered from genetic issues brought on by inbreeding.
Therefore, the Texas cougar and the Florida panther have interbred with each other in the past.
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Why does natural selection not lead to organisms that are perfectly adapted to their environments?
Because it only chooses between already-existing variants in a population, natural selection cannot produce novel, ideal species.
Can a creature adapt to its environment perfectly?No population or living thing has perfect adaptation.Second, rather than considering natural selection as just a guiding force, it is more accurate to view it as a process.Darwinism is the thoughtless, mechanical outcome of variation, utilizes various, and heredity.
What prevents living things from getting completely acclimated to their surroundings?Darwinism is a force that leads to the evolution of a group of organisms through time.The environment is continually changing, and animals receive their genetic makeup from their parents and ancestors.Therefore, no living thing is entirely suited to its surroundings.
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What do plant, animal and bacteria cells have in common?
A
cell walls, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum
B
DNA, chloroplasts and cytoplasm
C
cell membranes, DNA and lysosomes
D
DNA, cytoplasm and cell membranes
Answer:
Both the cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
Explanation:
the Plant, bacteria and animal cells, three have ribosomes that contain RNA and proteins. The Ribosomes primarily translate the nucleic acids into amino acids to form proteins. The Proteins then form enzymes and play a role in every function within cells
Hope its right
Where are molecules stored in photosynthesis?
Chloroplast is referred to as the organelle where molecules are stored during the process of photosynthesis.
What is Photosynthesis?This is referred tom as the process in which green plants manufacture food in the presence of sunlight which is usually in the form of glucose. It is also defined as the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
The organelle which is known as chloroplast contain green pigment called chlorophyll which helps tor trap the light energy for the activation of the photosynthetic process.
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During photosynthesis, the energy is stored in ATP and NADPH molecules.
What is photosynthesis?This refers to the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. During the process of photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is captured and used to produce sugar molecules. The energy that is stored in ATP and NADPH molecules is used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.
What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
ATP can be used to store energy for future reactions or be withdrawn to pay for reactions when energy is required by the cell. Animals store the energy obtained from the breakdown of food as ATP. Also, plants capture and store the energy they derive from light during photosynthesis in ATP molecules.
What is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)?
This refers to an essential electron donor in all organisms and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH homeostasis is regulated by varied signaling pathways and several metabolic enzymes that undergo adaptive alteration in cancer cells.
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Please someone help. Also don’t pay attention to the questions.
DNA sequence of
[tex]5^'[/tex] CAGGAATTGCTGAT [tex]3^'[/tex] will be
[tex]3^'[/tex]GTCCTTAACGAGCTA [tex]5^'[/tex]
What is DNA sequence?DNA sequencing is defined as the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence - the order of nucleotides in DNA which includes any method or technique that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine A, guanine G, cytosine C and thymine T. For complimentary strand of DNA during DNA replication, A binds with T and C binds with G.
For above given information,
DNA [tex]5^'[/tex] CAGGAATTGCTGAT [tex]3^'[/tex]
[tex]3^'[/tex]GTCCTTAACGAGCTA [tex]5^'[/tex]
mRNA [tex]5^'[/tex] CAG GAA UUG CUC GAU [tex]3^'[/tex] (These are Codons)
tRNA GUC CUU AAC GAG CUA (These are Anti-codons)
For Amino acids,
The codon CAG represents the amino acid glutamine
The codon GAA represents the amino acid glutamine
The codon UUG represents the amino acid leucine
The codon CUC represents the amino acid leucine
The codon GAU represents the amino acid aspartic acid.
Thus, DNA sequence of
[tex]5^'[/tex] CAGGAATTGCTGAT [tex]3^'[/tex] will be
[tex]3^'[/tex]GTCCTTAACGAGCTA [tex]5^'[/tex]
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a slice of pizza contains 27 g of carbohydrate, 12 g of protein and 13 of fat. how many kcal of energy does the slice of pizza contain? report the answer to 2 significant figures. (the accepted caloric values for foods are 4.0 kcal/g for carbohydrate, 4.0 kcal/g for protein, and 9.0 kcal/g for fat.) write your numerical answer without unit inside the box. the answer should be in two significant figures and in standard not scientific notation.
If the slice of pizza contains 27 g of carbohydrates, 12 g of protein and 13 of fat, the energy of the slice of pizza is 273 kcal.
Based on the given information,
A slice of pizza contains 27 g of carbohydrates, 12 g of protein and 13 of fatThus,
Total calories of carbohydrates = 27 × 4 kcal (1 g of carb contain 4 kcal of energy) = 108 kcal.Total calories of protein = 12 × 4 kcal (1 g of protein contains 4 kcal of energy) = 48 kcal.Total calories of fat = 13 × 9 kcal (1 g of protein contains 9 kcal of energy) = 117 kcal.The total energy from a slice of pizza:
= 108 + 48 + 117
= 273 kcal
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which of the following pairs of muscles produces the strongest contractions? multipennate and bipennate muscles sphincter and fusiform muscles bipennate and unipennate muscles fusiform and strap muscles
Sphincter and fusiform muscles are the pairs of muscles that produces the strongest contractions. That is option B.
What are muscles?The muscles are the major parts of the musculoskeletal system that is made up of contractile tissue grouped into coordinated systems that aids in the movement of the body.
There are various types of muscles which include the following:
The cardiac musclethe smooth muscle andThe skeletal muscle.The Sphincter and fusiform muscles are the pairs of skeletal muscles that produces the strongest contractions in the body.
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Which of the following pairs of models provides the most complete and accurate representation of the cells of grasses and white-tailed deer? You are only selecting one choice ...
The difference between the cells of grasses and white-tailed deer is option B
What is the cell?The cell is the basic unit of life in all organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that retains the characteristics of life, and is capable of functioning independently.
We know that the animal cell does not have the cell wall but the cells of the plants does have a cell wall and this is the fundamental difference between the two of them.
Cells vary in size and shape, but all have a similar basic structure, consisting of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material in the form of DNA.
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The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin. True False
The bellow statement is False.
Inhibin is the hormone that regulates the pace of spermatogenesis by providing negative feedback to the anterior pituitary.
The male reproductive system's hormones form a negative feedback loop that aids in maintaining healthy levels of testosterone and sperm.
FSH, which encourages spermatogenesis, is produced and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland.
Inhibin It is only created by the testis, principally by the Sertoli cells in the prepubertal testis, however the exact location of production in the adult testis is still up for debate.
Inhibin B controls FSH secretion by utilising a negative feedback mechanism.
A negative feedback process occurs in males as testosterone levels rise because the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus release inhibin, which inhibits the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
The Sertoli cells produce the hormone inhibin, which is released into the bloodstream when the sperm count is high.
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Record your answer from lab exercise #1, step 1, question 1. What time in hours:minutes:seconds gmt did the p waves arrive?
The first P-wave will arrive at 1:22 p.m. based on the epicentre and the time of the first S-arrival. wave's
The P and S waves are described. The primary or P waves are the ones that are first observed at the epicenter and are also the first to arrive. The secondary or S waves, on the other hand, are those that do not pass through liquids and are the ones that arrive second. Therefore, the answer is that there is a four-minute difference between the arrival times of the two waves. There is a time difference between the P and S waves because the P waves move quickly and can penetrate solids and liquids at a faster rate than the S waves. They consequently influence the seismograph's arrival time. As a result, choice One is right.
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Researcher Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed a wild type female fruit fly heterozygous for the traits cinnabar eyes and vestigial wings with a male fruit fly displaying both traits.
The number of offspring produced was 965 with wild type wings and eyes, 185 with wild-type eyes and vestigial wings, 206 with cinnabar eyes and wild type wings, and 944 with cinnabar eyes and vestigial wings.
This trait could best be described as
a. simple dominance and linked genes
b. incomplete dominance
c. sex-linked genes
d. simple dominance
It is known as linkage because the genes on chromosomes have a propensity to inherit collectively and maintain the parental combination through successive generations. Genes that are related and simple to dominate
Describe chromosomes in plain English.Proteins and DNA are arranged into genes on a chromosome. There are typically 23 pairs or chromosomes in each cell.
What are chromosomes and what do they do?The thread-like chromosomes that convey the genomic data from to cell are formed of protein or a single DNA molecule. Chromosomes are found in a cell's nucleus in both plants and animals, including humans.
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if the f2 flies mate randomly what are the expected phenotypic proportions of flies in f3
Mendelian genetics is a field of study in biology that deals with the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, first described the principles of inheritance in 1865 through his experiments with pea plants. In his experiments, Mendel studied seven traits in pea plants and showed that these traits are inherited in a predictable manner.
Explanation:
When two flies mate randomly, the offspring produced will have a combination of the genes of both parents. This combination of genes determines the phenotype of the offspring, which is the physical expression of the genes.
In the F2 (second filial) generation, we can expect different phenotypic proportions in the offspring based on the genes inherited from the parents. For example, if a fly with the dominant gene for a particular trait mates with a fly with the recessive gene for the same trait, the offspring will show a phenotype that reflects the dominant gene. In this case, the phenotype of the offspring will be the same as the phenotype of the dominant parent.
If we consider a trait that is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, one dominant (A) and one recessive (a), we can calculate the expected phenotypic proportions in the F3 generation by using a Punnett square. A Punnett square is a diagram that shows the possible combinations of alleles in the offspring from a cross between two parents.
In a Punnett square, we place the alleles of one parent along the top and the alleles of the other parent along the side. The boxes in the middle of the square represent the possible offspring.
For example, if two heterozygous flies (Aa) mate, the offspring will have a 50% chance of inheriting the dominant allele (A) and a 50% chance of inheriting the recessive allele (a). The Punnett square for this cross would look like this:
A a
A Aa
a Aa
So, in the F3 generation, we would expect 50% of the offspring to be homozygous dominant (AA), 25% to be heterozygous (Aa), and 25% to be homozygous recessive (aa). These proportions are the expected phenotypic proportions in the F3 generation if the flies mate randomly.
In conclusion, the expected phenotypic proportions in the F3 generation can be predicted by understanding the genes inherited from the parents and calculating the possible combinations of alleles in the offspring.
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what is the tragedy of the commons definition environmental science?
The tragedy of the commons is a concept in environmental science that refers to a situation where a shared resource, such as a common pasture or a fishery, is overused and depleted because individuals acting in their own self-interest do not have sufficient incentives to conserve the resource.
The reason for this is that each person acting in their own self-interest is motivated to utilize as much of the resource as they can without thinking about how their activities would affect the resource's long-term sustainability. Even if it is in everyone's best interest to save the resource for later use, as a result of abuse, it eventually runs out.
Numerous environmental problems, such as overfishing, deforestation, air and water pollution, and soil erosion, are affected by the tragedy of the commons. Each time, the resource is a shared one, therefore the users are not entirely responsible for the consequences of their activities. Despite the fact that it would be in society's best interests, this results in excessive use and resource loss.
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Cells A and B receive the same high levels of stimulation, but Cell A shows a lower level of activity relative to Cell B. A likely explanation for this fact is that Cell A
is defective.
is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells.
has a higher resting level than Cell B.
is receiving input from the edge of a surface, while Cell B is receiving input from a portion of the surface away from the edge.
is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells.
Cell A is laterally being inhibited by other neighboring cells.
What causes the charge differential between a neuron's interior and exterior?A space with a differential in electrical charge is said to have an electrical gradient. For instance, in nerve cells, there is an electrical gradient between the interior and exterior of the cell, with the interior being negatively charged (at about -70 mV) in comparison to the exterior.
What distinguishes the two types of cells that make up brain tissue?Neurons and glial cells are the two main cell types found in nervous tissue. The cells that transmit electrical signals for communication are known as neurons. Glial cells are support cells that keep the surroundings of the neurons in good condition.
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Samantha is a basketball player who wonders whether different pairs of shoes will help her jump higher. She ran the same set of jumping drills in four different pairs of shoes and had a friend measure how high she could jump in each. Did Samantha use scientific inquiry?
No, because she did not have an investigation about the natural world.
Yes, because she asked a question about the natural world and investigated it.
No, because she is not a scientist.
Yes, because she asked a question.
She ran the same set of jumping drills in four different pairs of shoes and had a friend measure how high she could jump in each which means that she used scientific inquiry because she asked a question about the natural world and investigated it which is denoted as option B.
What is Scientific inquiry?This is referred to as a form of problem-solving and questioning that helps people come to a greater understanding of observable phenomena.
In this scenario, the question asked was which was suitable for jumping higher and she performed experiments by using all the shoes to test in which different height measurement were taken which indicates a scientific inquiry.
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A a reponible citizen of india what in your opinion hould be done to keep the water and air free of pollution in 500 word
As capable residents of India, it is our obligation to make moves to keep the air and water liberated from contamination.
The air and water are the two most significant regular assets that are fundamental for our endurance and prosperity. In any case, because of the quick industrialization and urbanization, these assets are being contaminated at a disturbing rate.
The following are a couple of steps that can be taken to lessen contamination:
Lessen the utilization of individual vehicles: Support the utilization of public transportation, cycling, or strolling to decrease air contamination brought about by vehicle outflows.Advanced clean energy: The utilization of clean energy sources like sun-based, wind, and hydropower can assist with lessening air contamination brought about by the consumption of petroleum products.Legitimate waste administration: Guarantee that the waste created is discarded appropriately and not unloaded in streams or other water bodies.Urge enterprises to embrace green innovation: Businesses ought to be urged to take on cleaner creation strategies and use innovation that lessens the outflow of poisons.Spread mindfulness: Spread mindfulness about the effect of contamination on well-being and the climate through missions and studios.Support natural regulations: Backing ecological regulations and guidelines that expect to lessen contamination and safeguard the climate.Diminish plastic use: The utilization of single-utilized plastic ought to be decreased as it requires many years to corrupt and is a significant supporter of water contamination.Plant trees: Trees retain carbon dioxide and assist with decreasing air contamination. Establishing more trees can assist with further developing air quality.Support tidy-up drives: Backing drives to tidy up streams, lakes, and seashores to lessen water contamination.All in all, the endeavors to diminish contamination ought to be an aggregate exertion including the public authority, businesses, and people. By taking on these means, we can assist with saving our air and water for people in the future and guarantee a cleaner and better climate for all.
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starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide. true or false
The statement "Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide" is true.
Polymers of glucose include both starch and glycogen, as well as cellulose. They are distinguished from one another by the form of glucose that is present as well as the links that join the glucose monomers together. Alpha-glucose is the starting point for the production of both starch and glycogen.
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are the three types of polysaccharides that are found in the greatest abundance. After complete hydrolysis, each of these three substances only produces a single form of monosaccharide, which is known as glucose. Therefore, these substances are classified as homopolymers.
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Since felicia missed four classes in a row, she is wholly unprepared for today's exam, which covers all the bones in the human body.
A comma splice is a type of grammatical error where two independent clauses (self-sufficient sentences) are connected only by a comma, creating a run-on sentence. So option b is correct.
a) Fused sentence: Since Felicia missed four classes in a row, she is wholly unprepared for today's exam which covers all the bones in the human body.In this sentence, two independent clauses are joined without a proper conjunction or punctuation, creating a fused sentence.
b) Comma splice: Since Felicia missed four classes in a row, she is wholly unprepared for today's exam, which covers all the bones in the human body.In this sentence, a comma is used to separate the two independent clauses, creating a comma splice. This is a common writing error that occurs when a comma is used instead of a stronger punctuation mark, such as a semicolon or a conjunction, to separate two independent clauses.
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Complete question :
Since Felicia missed four classes in a row, she is wholly unprepared for today's exam, which covers all the bones in the human body.
a) fused sentence
b) comma splice
at equilibrium, there will be no net movement of molecules across the cell membrane. T/F
It is true to say that there won't be any net molecular movement across the cell membrane at equilibrium.
There is no net movement of an ion when it is at equilibrium, which happens when the concentration and electrical gradients acting on the ion are in balance. Through open channels, the ions continue to migrate through the membrane, but there is equal ion flow into and out of the cell. Molecule movement continues at equilibrium.
Material movement in both directions is equal at equilibrium. Although the molecules continue to migrate, the concentration does not change as a result. The movement is haphazard and does not follow the gradient of focus.
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All organisms begin life as a cell?
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Organisms begin as cells due to the cell theory it states all living things must come from a living cell
What Are Vertices, Faces And Edges? Explain
Answer:
Vertices, edges and faces
Explanation:
A face is a flat surface. An edge is where two faces meet. A vertex is a corner where edges meet. The plural is vertices.
All answers are mentioned below.
What do you mean by complex 3-dimensional shapes?Complex 3-dimensional shapes refer to objects or structures that have multiple interconnected surfaces and vertices extending in three dimensions (height, width, and depth). These shapes are often more intricate and difficult to describe or visualize compared to basic 2-dimensional shapes, and can have various features such as curves, irregular sides, and varying dimensions. Examples of complex 3-dimensional shapes include molecular structures, sculptures, and architectural designs.
In biology, vertices, faces, and edges are terms that are used to describe the structure of complex 3-dimensional shapes. These terms are most commonly used in the context of describing the shapes and arrangements of molecular structures, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Vertices: A vertex is a point where three or more lines or edges intersect. In molecular biology, vertices can refer to the points where three or more chemical bonds intersect.
Faces: A face is a flat surface that is bounded by edges or lines. In molecular biology, faces can refer to the surface of a molecule that is composed of one or more atoms.
Edges: An edge is a line or boundary that separates two faces. In molecular biology, edges can refer to the chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule.
By analyzing the vertices, faces, and edges of a molecular structure, scientists can gain insights into the physical and chemical properties of the molecule, including its stability, reactivity, and ability to interact with other molecules. Understanding the vertices, faces, and edges of a molecular structure is also important in the design and synthesis of new drugs and other biologically active compounds.
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Select all likely options for how a mutation in Ssl2 might affect transcription.
Alter interaction of Ssl2 with cofactors that influence start site selection
Alter the rate at which Ssl2 spools DNA through Pol II
Alter how long Ssl2 remains bound to DNA
Alter the rate of mutations incorporated during DNA replication
A mutation in Ssl2 might affect transcription as an alteration in interaction of Ssl2 with cofactors that influence start site selection and it alters the rate at which Ssl2 spools DNA through Pol II.
Hence, the correct options are A and B.
Ssl2 is basically the yeast homolog of XPB and a very essential as well as conserved subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH. It drives the scanning by the help of its DNA-dependent ATPase activity, therefore potentially controlling both scanning rate and also scanning extent or the processivity.
An alteration in the interaction of Ssl2 with the cofactors which influence start site selection and also a change in the rate at which Ssl2 spools DNA through Pol II can occur as a result of mutation in the Ssl2 which affects transcription.
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what kind of bond holds the two pieces of a dna strand together?
Hydrogen bonds holds the two pieces of a DNA strand together.
The DNA helix is stabilised by the covalent bonds that are weak. DNA has four different kinds of nitrogenous bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. Hydrogen bonds bind the complementary base pairs of guanine with cytosine and adenine with thymine. The two strands of the DNA helix are held together by hydrogen bonds formed by complimentary nucleotides.
DNA is a double-stranded molecule with a spiral staircase-like structure. The railings of the staircase are the nucleotides, and the stairs are the nucleotides. Between the two strands of DNA, hydrogen bonds form a base that connects them. Although each of these hydrogen bonds is weak, they work together to form strong bonds.
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Platelets are unable to aggregate at normal rates when exposed to drugs containing salicylates (aspirin). What has happened to cause this
Aspirin exerts its cardioprotective effects by blocking the synthesis of TXA2 and irreversibly inhibiting platelet COX-1.
To lower the chance of having a heart attack in those with heart disease, this drug contains a low dose of aspirin. People who have already experienced a stroke or "mini-stroke" can also take it to lower their risk of another one (transient ischemic attack). Salicylate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication are two terms that describe aspirin (NSAID). In order for a heart attack or stroke to not occur, this medicine prevents platelets from adhering to one another and forming blood clots. Since it takes time to take effect, this drug is a long-acting aspirin. When a quick effect is required, such as soon after a heart attack or for pain treatment, other types of aspirin (immediate-release) should be utilized.
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