What physical property is characteristic of all of the elements in the group 18 of the periodic table?

In the gold foil experiment, alpha particles shot at gold foil bounced in the opposite direction from a gold foil which indicated atoms have a small, dense nucleus.

Rutherford’s α-particle scattering or gold foil experiment changed our perception of the atomic structure of an atom. Rutherford bombarded beams of α-particles at thin gold foil and observed how the α-particles scattered from the gold foil.

Rutherford showed that the atom has the most empty space with the nucleus at the center and electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus. Highly charged α-particles passed straight undeflected through the foil. This will be the expected result if the plum pudding model of Thomson was correct.

A few charged alpha particles were deflected backward direction leading to the positive charge concentrated in a small space.

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The empirical formula for this compound containing 59.94 % carbon, 13.44 % hydrogen, and 26.62 % oxygen by mass is C3H8CO.

Given the % of carbon = 59.94%

The % of hydrogen = 13.44%

The % of oxygen = 26.62%

If a percentage is provided, we will assume that the entire mass is 100 grams. As a result, each element's mass is equal to the percentage indicated. Then

the mass of carbon (m1) = 59.94g

The mass of hydrogen (m2) = 13.44g

The mass of oxygen (m3) = 26.62g

We know the molar mass of C = 12 g/mole

The Molar mass of H = 1 g/mole

The Molar mass of O = 16 g/mole

The moles of carbon = 59.94/12 = 4.995

The moles of hydrogen = 13.44/1 = 13.44

The moles of oxygen = 26.62/16 = 1.664

Divide each mole value by the lowest computed mole number to get the mole ratio.

For C = 4.995/1.664 = 3 , For H = 13.44/1.664 = 8 and For O = 1.664/1.664 = 1. Then the empirical formula = C3H8CO

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some materials made up of entirely nonmetal atoms are soluble in water while some are not Due to different combinations of pairs created, which might either dissolve extremely well, or not dissolve whatsoever

The solubility of a substance in water depends on the nature of the chemical interactions between the substance and the water molecules. Some materials made up of entirely nonmetal atoms are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules. These materials are called polar solvents and are typically composed of polar molecules, like those found in many organic compounds. For example, ethanol (C2H5OH) is a polar solvent that is composed of entirely nonmetal atoms and is soluble in water because it can form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules.On the other hand, some materials composed of entirely nonmetal atoms are not soluble in water because they do not form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules. These materials are called non-polar solvents and are typically composed of non-polar molecules, like those found in many hydrocarbons.

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The structure of a molecule affects its physical properties because the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule determines the type of forces that interact between molecules.

And that forces affect how the molecules move and interact with each other. This, in turn, affects the physical properties of the molecule, such as its melting point, boiling point, polarity, and solubility.

For example, when a molecule has a higher number of non-polar bonds due to symmetrical structures, it will be less polar overall and have fewer attractive forces acting between molecules, resulting in a higher boiling point and lower solubility.

On the other hand, a molecule with a higher number of polar bonds due to asymmetrical structures will be more polar overall, leading to stronger attractive forces acting between molecules, resulting in a lower boiling point and higher solubility.

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2.49 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] moles is equal to 1.5×[tex]10^{20}[/tex]. The number of moles is equal to the number of molecules divided by Avogadro's number, 6.022×[tex]10^{23}[/tex].

This means that 1.5×[tex]10^{20}[/tex]moles are equal to

1.5×[tex]10^{20}[/tex]/6.022×[tex]10^{23}[/tex]

0.24908×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]

2.49 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] moles.

Avogadro's number: Avogadro's number is a constant used in chemistry to represent the number of atoms or molecules in a mole of a substance. It is equal to 6.022 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex]. Or we can say that Avogadro's number is, the number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.02214076 × 1023. The units may be electrons, atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the nature of the substance and the character of the reaction.

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If a researcher wanted to the temporarily denature a protein but wanted to be sure it would refold, the method or the substances would be most appropriate is the urea.

The denature is defined as the process of the modification of the molecular structure of the protein. In this method it involves the breaking of the many weak linkage or the bonds in the protein molecules. It is responsible for highly ordered of the structure of the protein in the natural of state.

Thus, the urea is the appropriate substances , if the researcher wanted to the  temporary denature the proteins.

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Answer:

16 P

40 O

Explanation:

You have 4 moles of P4O10

Therefore you multiply the subscript of each atom of the compound by 4.

There are 4 phosphorus atoms in 1 mole of P4O10 so in 4 moles you would have 4*4 atoms so 16

There are 10 oxygen atoms in 1 mole of P4O10 so in 4 moles you would have  4*10 so 40

The name of most reactive non-metal element on the periodic table is fluorine

Fluorine is the nonmetal in the periodic table that is the most reactive.

On the Pauling scale, it has the highest electronegativity of any element (3.98). Fluorine is a highly reactive, diatomic gas that may mix with practically every other element to form compounds that have entirely different properties from either of the original components. The boiling point of fluorine is -188 °C (-310 °F).

Hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride gas are produced during the reaction with water: HF + H₂O ⇒H⁺ + HF + OH.

Chemical elements are shown on a periodic table in order of their atomic number. The classification of elements and their relationships to one another can be understood using the periodic table.

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At a pH of 11, the side chain of arginine would be positively charged (NH3+) and polar.

This is because the pKa of the guanidine group (NH2) in the side chain of arginine is 12.48, which means that at a pH greater than 12.48, the guanidine group will be protonated and carry a positive charge. Since the nitrogen atom in the guanidine group is also surrounded by hydrogen atoms, the side chain is polar.

Key points:

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To solve this we must be knowing each and every concept related to rock and its characteristics. Therefore, the two characteristics of the rock can be given as below.

The word rock relates to the material's bulk volume, which includes the grain or crystals in addition to the enclosed vacuum space.

The two characteristics of the rock are:

Some minerals exhibit color features related to mineral composition and atom arrangement: for example, magnetite is black, chlorite is green, and pyrite is brassy yellow.

The capacity of a mineral to resist scratching is used to estimate its hardness, which is generally determined on fresh material. When a mineral is scraped with a knife, it softens. If a knife cannot scratch it, the two have equivalent hardness or even the mineral is harder.

Therefore, the two characteristics of the rock can be given as above.

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Volume of liquid water  would be approximately 24 million km³.

Volume(V) of ice at 20° is;

                    Vi = 26.8×10⁶ km³

Density is depend upon the mass and volume

∴   p =m/v

where;   p = Density

               m = Mass

                v = Volume

Density of ice p(i) = 0.92g /cm³

Density of water at 4°C is;

             p(w) = 1g/cm³

If ice is melt then,

          mass(m) of water = mass(m) of ice

              p(w) = p(i)

     V = p(i)/p(w)

    0.92g / cm³/1g/cm³×26.8×10⁶ km³

        24.5 ˣ 10⁶ km³

      ≈24 million km³

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The pressure difference required to stop solvent from flowing through a semipermeable membrane is known as the osmotic pressure of a solution.

The molar concentration of the solute particles in solution directly relates to the osmotic pressure of a solution. Because a solution has a higher concentration of a solute than pure water does, water from pure water wants to diffuse or go by osmosis to the solution. Therefore, the osmotic pressure of a solution is always greater than that of pure water or solvent because it is necessary to prevent water from entering the solution. A semipermeable membrane can no longer pass water through it due to osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure formula can be used to determine this pressure, which in turn inhibits osmosis from taking place.

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Before we use our imaginations to try and think of a fitting room, let's take a look at what a chloroplast is.

A chloroplast is the organelle in plant-based cells responsible for energy production. Through photosynthesis (you've probably heard of this before!), they use sunlight to create energy for the plant to function.

Since the chloroplast is the energy-maker for the cell, we need to imagine a room in a house that does something like this. There's a couple things that come to my mind. Firstly, although they don't really count as rooms, something like solar panels would probably make the most sense here. Since the answer asks for a room, though, solar panels don't work.

Maybe a kitchen? The kitchen is the room where food is created, supplying energy to all the inhabitants of a house.

I hope this helped! Learning about the components of cells is a little complicated at the start, but it's definitely a very exciting topic that only gets more and more interesting the deeper you delve into it.

- breezy ツ

The two elements that are frequently used for making transistors are  niobium and columbium.

It is defined as a substance which cannot be broken down further into any other substance. Each element is made up of its own type of atom. Due to this reason all elements are different from one another.

Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals. Metals are shiny and conduct electricity and are all solids at room temperature except mercury. Non-metals do not conduct electricity and are mostly gases at room temperature except carbon and sulfur.

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The correct answer is option A. The mass of the sample decreased, so physical changes occurred as the metal first melted and then boiled out of the crucible. The decrease in mass is a result of the metal melting and then vaporizing as it is heated.

Physical changes refer to changes in the physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition. Examples of physical changes include melting, freezing, condensation, vaporization, sublimation, and physical state changes. Physical changes occur when a substance changes from one state of matter to another without a chemical reaction taking place.

This is an example of a physical change, as the material is changed from a solid to a liquid and then to a gas, but its chemical composition remains the same.

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As stated, the Tributary, River, and River system are in order of largest to smallest.

A river is a part of the ocean that resembles a ribbon and flows downward under the influence of gravity. A river may be both large and deep or it may be only shallow enough to wade over. A stream, watercourse, or brook is a streaming water source that is lower than a river.

The river flows through the landscape like a silver ribbon. The fast flowing river plunders everything in its path. The river is a seal that is attempting to return toward the tidal ways. A grizzly bear is the river, leaping to get its prey.

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The complete question is-

Place the following in order from smallest to largest.

River, River system, Tributary.

The supplied statement indicates that the compound's molecular formula is (CH)ₙ = CH₆ = C₆H₆

Fuel cells may produce energy, power, and heat using hydrogen. The two industries where hydrogen is now most widely employed are urea manufacturing and petroleum refining, with the developing markets of utilities and transportation.

The lowest half figure ratio of a compound is revealed by the empirical formula for that molecule.

Empirical weight formula: 12 + 1 Equals 13.

Molecular weight = 78

n = Molecular weight/Empirical formula weight

n = 78.12/13

n = 6.00

Molecular formula = (CH)ₙ = CH₆ = C₆H₆

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x + (360 - x) = 360 * 0.50

where x is the amount of the 60% acid solution.

Solving for x, we get: x = 360 * 0.50 - 360 x = 180

Therefore, you will need to mix 180 L of the 60% acid solution with 180 L of the 15% acid solution to get 360 L of a 50% acid solution.

Acid is a substance that has a pH level of lower than 7.0 and is capable of corroding or dissolving other substances. It is usually found in aqueous solutions and is a highly reactive substance. Examples of acid include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid. These are used in a variety of industries such as food production, industrial cleaning and chemical engineering.

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He came to the conclusion that mass and positive charge are concentrated at the center of the atom from a small number of alpha particles deflected by huge angles with a 180.

Rutherford discovered that most positively charged alpha particles in his gold foil experiment passed straight through the foil without being deflected, leading him to believe that the majority of the atom's space is largely empty.

He came to the conclusion that mass and positive charge are concentrated at the center of the atom because there are few alpha particles that are deflected by huge angles with a 180. Rutherford Atomic Model - J. J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model was unable to account for some experimental findings related to the atomic structure of elements. British scientist Ernest Rutherford performed.

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B) Rubidium is a highly reactive element.

Rubidium is a highly reactive element due to its low ionization energy, which makes it easily lose electrons and form compounds. It is considered to be one of the most reactive alkali metals.

When it comes into contact with water or air making rubidium is highly flammable. It can ignite spontaneously in the air and reacts violently with water to produce rubidium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

Being noticeably more reactive than potassium but less so than cesium, it is likely to react with substances that are dangerous with sodium or potassium more forcefully. When rubidium is exposed to air or dry oxygen, it ignites, mostly generating oxide.

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Answer:

Francium

Hope this helps :)

The two quantities in this module for which we will develop unit factors to do dimensional analysis with chemical substances are mass (m) and volume (V).

To calculate the unit factor, we need to divide the unit of the desired quantity by the unit of the given quantity. For example, to convert from mass to volume, the unit factor is V/m.

This unit factor can then be used to convert mass to volume or vice versa. Dimensional analysis helps us to determine the proper units for a given equation and to convert from one unit to another.

It also allows us to compare different units of measurement and to check that the units in both sides of an equation match. This is especially useful in chemical calculations, where it is important to ensure the correct units are used.

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Ferric oxide, is the product that is formed when iron undergoes oxidation

Upon reacting with oxygen, iron will be oxidized to either the +3 oxidation state in iron (III) oxide, or to a combination of the +2 and +3 oxidation states in iron (II, III) oxide.The balanced chemical equations for these reactions look like this

#4”Fe”_text((s]) + 3”O”_text(2(g]) -> 2”Fe”””_2”O”_text(3(s])#

And

#3”Fe”_text((s]) + 2”O”_text(2(g]) -> “Fe”””_3”O”_text(4(s])#

The first compound, iron (III) oxide, also called ferric oxide, is dark red/brown in color

While the second compound, iron (II, III) oxide, also called ferrous ferric oxide, is dark brown/black in color.The [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ion is colorless (or pale pink), but many solutions containing this ion are yellow or amber-colored because of hydrolysis.

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Answer: -162,120J

Explanation:

Okay, so q stands for work, given by the formula q = -P∆V,

For the first round, we have 2atm (for P) and a volume change of 3.2 (6.4-3.2) for the first experiment.

Find the work: q = -2 • (3.2 - 6.4) = 6.4L/atm

For the second experiment, it is now 2.5atm, with the change in volume going from 3.2 to 2.56.

So, work is q = -2.5(2.5 - 3.20) = 1.6L/atm

Add the total work: 1.6 + 6.4 = 8L/atm

To find the Joules per L/atm, recall that a mol of gas in K is 8.31447J, while the gas constant where a liter of gas per mol in K is 0.08206L/atmK. Divide these two values, which leaves us with 101,325J

So, for the first round, multiply 8 x 101,325, which leaves us with 810,600J.

Second round: The pressure is 2.5atm, with the volume change from 6.40 to 2.56

Solve for work: q = -2.5(2.56-6.4) = 9.6L/atm

Multiply with the Joule unit found earlier: 9.6 x 101,325 = 972,720J.

To find the difference, subtract the value of the single-step process (second round) from the first round (multistep)

810600 - 972720 = -162,120J. Therefore, it takes more heat to do the single step than the multistep process.

According to the stoichiometry of the given chemical equation,2.66 moles of aluminium oxide are formed when 4 moles of oxygen reacts.

It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.

Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.

As 3 moles  of oxygen gives 2 moles of aluminium oxide, thus, 4 moles of oxygen will give 4×2/3=2.66 moles.

Thus, 2.66 moles of aluminium oxide are formed when 4 moles of oxygen reacts.

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Thermal energy flow between a hot or cold pack and the atmosphere by the D. Hot packs absorb energy from the atmosphere and cold packs release energy into the atmosphere.

When a hot pack is applied to the skin, the heat energy stored inside the pack is transferred to the skin, by conduction, and the heat energy is absorbed by the skin. Cold packs work in the opposite way, the cold energy stored inside the pack is transferred to the skin and released into the atmosphere.

The heat energy is conducted out of the pack and then radiated out into the atmosphere in the case of a cold pack, and The heat energy is conducted into the pack and then radiated out into the atmosphere in the case of a hot pack.

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The molarity of a solution of HNO3 if 15.72 mL of the solution neutralize 28.2 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4 solution is 0.89 x 10^-4M

Given the volume of HNO3(V1) = 15.72mL

The volume of H2SO4 (V2) = 28.2mL

concentration of H2SO4 (M2) = 0.100M

Concentration of HNO3  = M1

We know that c = n/v where n is the number of moles.

The moles of H2SO4 (n2) = V2 X M2/1000

n2 = 28.2 x 0.100 /1000 = 28. 2 x 10^-4  

From the reaction: H2SO4 + HNO3 -> NO2+ + HSO4- +H2O

We can see from the equation that the number of moles of HNO3 must be half that number, so: n1 = 28. 2 x 10^-4  /2 = 14.1 x 10^-4

M1 = 14.1 x 10^-4/15.72 = 0.89 x 10^-4M

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The amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 125 g.

Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na on the periodic table. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metal group of chemical elements.

The graph below shows the amount of 500 g sample of sodium-24 over time. The x-axis of the graph represents time (in hours), and the y-axis represents the amount of sodium-24 (in grams). The title of the graph is "Amount of sodium-24 in 500 g Sample Over Time".

The graph shows that the amount of sodium-24 in the sample decreases over time. After 24 hours, the amount of sodium-24 in the sample decreases to approximately 375 g. After 48 hours, the amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 250 g. After 72 hours, the amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 125 g.

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According to  the concept of molar mass and stoichiometry, the  mass of copper(II) sulfate  that would remain after removing all the water from 55 g of CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O is 35.18 g.

Molar mass of a compound or a molecule is defined as the mass of the elements which are present in it.The molar mass is considered to be a bulk quantity not a molecular quantity. It is often an average of the of the masses at many instances.

Molar masses of an element are given as relative atomic masses while that of compounds is the sum of relative atomic masses which are present in the compound.

In copper(II) sulfate , 249.68 g of copper (II) sulfate has 90 g water, thus 55 g of copper (II) sulfate will have 55×90/249.68=19.82 g water, so mass of copper sulfate= 55-19.82=35.18 g copper(II) sulfate.

Thus,35.18 g copper(II) sulfate would remain after removing all the water from 55 g of CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O.

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Both anaerobic and aerobic conditions can result in glycolysis. Pyruvate joins the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions and proceeds through oxidative phosphorylation, which results in the net synthesis of 32 ATP molecules.

Anaerobic exercises require small bursts of energy and are finished rapidly while exerting maximum effort. Examples include jumping, jogging, and hard weightlifting. Your breathing and heart rate alter as you engage in aerobic vs anaerobic activities. During aerobic workouts, oxygen is your major source of energy.

Anaerobic means "without oxygen," whereas aerobic indicates the existence of oxygen. Both are important for your overall health since they put your body through different difficulties. Anaerobic exercise consists of short bursts of high-intensity activity that do not demand your body to consume oxygen as it would during cardio (or aerobic) exercise.

Here,

Glycolysis can occur under both anaerobic and aerobic settings. Under aerobic circumstances, pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and goes through oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in the net production of 32 ATP molecules.

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