Hooke saw small boxlike holes in cork while using his microscope, which he depicted and characterized as cells. He had found plant cells! Hooke's finding led to the recognition of cells as the tiniest units of life, laying the groundwork for cell theory.
The word "cell" was invented by Robert Hooke after studying thin slices of cork under a microscope. As a result, Robert Hooke noticed cork cells beneath the microscope.
His microscope was equipped with three lenses and a stage light to illuminate and expand the specimens. When Hooke examined a piece of cork under the microscope, he discovered something amazing. Hooke's observations of this microscopic and hitherto unknown world were recorded in his book, Micrographic.
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a single bacterium has epitope(s). True or false?
A single bacterium has epitope(s) are false
A single bacterium has multiple epitopes.
An epitope, also called an antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, especially antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The portion of an antibody that binds to an epitope is called the paratope. An epitope is a portion of an antigen that the host's immune system recognizes and elicits an immune response against invading pathogens. It binds specifically to the corresponding antigen receptor on immune cells (such as B cells) and only binds when the structures are complementary.
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which gram positive bacilli will show a positive result for urease?
Those species that are urease-positive are those that can break down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. In turn, the pH of the urine will rise. Among these microbes are ureaplasma, helicobacter pylori, klebsiella, and cryptococcus.
Decarboxylation of amino acids results in urea. Urea hydrolysis yields ammonia and CO2 as byproducts. The solution becomes more alkaline due to the creation of ammonia, and the pH change is shown by phenol red, which turns from pale orange at pH 6.8 to magenta (pink) at pH 8.1. Within 24 hours, rapid urease-positive microbes colour the whole medium pink. A common diagnostic test for the detection of helicobacter pylori is the rapid urease test (RUT). It is a quick, inexpensive, and straightforward test that finds urease in or on the gastrointestinal mucosa. The CLO test is another name for it (Campylobacter-like organism test). To obtain stomach lining cells for this test, a process known as gastric endoscopy and biopsy is used.
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Place each example into the corresponding characteristic used to distinguish species.
Morphological traits
Morphological Traits: number of stamens in a flower. Reproductive Isolation: frequency and duration of sounds in frog mating calls. Molecular Features: mRNA sequences in amoeba. Ecological Factors: portion of tree used for nesting by warblers; salinity tolerance in salt marsh grasses.
Morphological traits are physical characteristics of an organism that are used to distinguish one species from another. In the example given, the number of stamens in a flower is a morphological trait that can be used to identify a specific species.
Reproductive isolation refers to the biological mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species. In the example given, the frequency and duration of sounds in frog mating calls is a factor that can contribute to reproductive isolation, as it can prevent frogs of different species from mating with each other.
Molecular features refer to differences in the DNA or RNA sequences of organisms. In the example given, the mRNA sequences in amoeba are a molecular feature that can be used to distinguish different species of amoeba from each other.
Ecological factors refer to the environment and habitat that a species inhabits, as well as the interactions between species and the resources they use. In the examples given, the portion of tree used for nesting by warblers and the salinity tolerance in salt marsh grasses are ecological factors that can be used to distinguish different species from each other.
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The given question is incorrect. The correct question is as follows:
Place each example into the corresponding characteristic used to distinguish species.
Morphological traits
Reproductive Isolation
Molecular Features
Ecological Factors
. another method of fixing smears is to use methanol instead of heat. how does alcohol chemically fix the bacteria?
Alcohol chemically fix the bacteria by killing through a simple chemical process known as denaturation.
Alcohol has been used as a disinfectant for centuries. The most common sterilizing products used today – rubbing alcohol and alcohol-based hand sanitizers – are both made from solutions of alcohol, most often isopropyl or ethyl alcohol.The rubbing alcohol and alcohol-based hand sanitizers most often used to kill bacteria are solutions of alcohol, either ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, both of which are amphiphile chemical compounds. This property allows them to bond with and break down water-based membranes and disrupt protein structures suspended in water.
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Which student's model does the best job of showing membrane structure?
. catalytic efficiency is measured by two different variables, kcat and km. two hypothetical enzymes (a and b) have different catalytic efficiencies. a. enzyme a binds better to its substrate compared to enzyme b. however, enzyme b has a higher catalytic efficiency than enzyme a. briefly explain how this is possible. b. if enzyme a has a km that is four times larger but is only a sixteenth as efficient as enzyme b, how much smaller is kcata compared to kcatb?
If enzyme A has a KM that is four times larger but is only a sixteenth as efficient as enzyme B, this means that kcata is much smaller compared to kcatb.
What is catalytic efficiency?Catalytic efficiency is a measure of the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction. It is defined as the rate of the reaction (kcat) divided by the concentration of substrate required to reach half-maximal activity (Km).
The higher the catalytic efficiency, the faster the reaction is occurring and the lower the Km value, the more tightly the enzyme binds to its substrate, making the reaction more efficient. The comparison of kcat and Km values between two enzymes provides insight into the relative efficiency of each enzyme in catalyzing a specific reaction.
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a. Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.
b. The ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
c. The iris of the eye consists of two layers of smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
d. The stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion, and secretes many enzymes as well as hormones.
The question is incomplete. It only provides the options. Before the options, the complete question should have :
“Choose the statement that exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology”.
The correct statement that exemplifies the association of anatomy and physiology is an option (a) Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.
Do anatomy and physiology relate?Option a: Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of the flattened cell. The primary function of this kind of epithelium is as the mediator of filtration and diffusion. Due to their simple and thin structure, they allow for easy transmembrane movement of small molecules. This epithelium lines the inner surface of all blood vessels and the wall of alveolar sacs in the lung.Option b. The ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as the production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. This statement does not describe the relationship between the anatomy and physiology of ovaries.Option c. The iris of the eye consists of two layers of the smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system is incorrect because the two-layer of muscle anatomy does not have a specific association with the function of the iris.Option d. The stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion and secretes many enzymes and hormones is incorrect because the statement does not exhibit the connection between the anatomy and physiology of the stomach.Thus, the option that shows the relationship between anatomy and physiology is A.
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5. An extreme heat wave hit San Francisco Bay in August 2017. Between August 21st5 and 28th, air temperature increased by 16 degrees Celsius. How did water temperature change during the same period of time?
A. water temperature did not change water
B. temperature increased by more than 2 degrees Celsius
C. water temperature decreased by more than 1 degree Celsius
6. which statement best describes the apparent relationship between air temperature and water temperature?
A. Air temperature and water temperature are directly related
B. When air temperature increases, water temperature decreases.
c. There is no relationship between the two.
7. What might reasonably cause water temperature in an estuary to become warmer or colder than normal?
A. an extended period of unusually cold weather
B. a heat wave
C. Global climate change
D. all of the above
The answers include the following;
Between August 21st5 and 28th, air temperature increased by 16 degrees Celsius which led to temperature increasing by more than 2 degrees Celsius and is denoted as option B.The statement which best describes the apparent relationship between air temperature and water temperature is that air temperature and water temperature are directly related and is denoted as option A.All of the above might reasonably cause water temperature in an estuary to become warmer or colder than normal which is denoted as option D.What is Climate change?This is referred to as long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to factors such as emission of greenhouse gases.
Water temperature in an estuary become warmer or colder than normal of there is a global climate change, heat wave etc.
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Why does Earth have a lower amount of carbon in the atmosphere than planets such as Venus and Mars?
Carbon is released into the air during plant decomposition
The carbon escapes Earth's atmosphere faster than it is being absorbed
Most of Earth's carbon can be found in the proteins and lipids of organisms
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis
Earth has a lower amount of carbon in the atmosphere than planets such as Venus and Mars due to a combination of factors, like; Plants take in carbon dioxide, carbon is stored in living beings etc.
What is the role of carbon in nature?Most of Earth's carbon is stored in the proteins and lipids of living organisms, as well as in the soils and sedimentary rocks.
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, which helps to regulate the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Carbon is also released into the atmosphere during plant and animal decomposition, volcanic eruptions, and other geological processes, but it is removed from the atmosphere through weathering and chemical reactions that form carbonate rocks.
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Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the plasma membrane structure? a.) Protein molecules be partially or wholly embedded. b.) Protein molucules are localized toward one side of the cell. c.) Phospholipids have a fluid consistency. d.) The head of the phospholipid molecule is attracted toward water.
In the bilayer phospholipids of the plasma membrane, protein molecules may be fully or partially embedded.
What is the of the plasma membrane?All living cells have a biological membrane called the plasma membrane that functions as a barrier between internal and exterior elements. It shields the cell from various shocks and toxins from the environment. In addition to proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, the phospholipid bilayer contains other elements.
What four elements comprise the plasma membrane?The four main phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin), which collectively make up more than half of the lipid in most membranes, are found in the plasma membranes of animal cells.
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which turfgrass specie leaves has a glossy undersides?
Perennial ryegrass is the turfgrass specie leaves has a glossy undersides.
Our suburban and urban environments benefit from the lovely green spaces provided by turfgrass. Turfgrasses have been cared after by people for more than a thousand years to improve their surroundings. It has only recently been clear from studies how intricate and extensive the environmental advantages of turfgrass are that raise our quality of life. Along with the physical and emotional benefits of outdoor exercise, a properly planned and managed turfgrass facility, like a golf course, offers a variety of functional advantages to the community as a whole. Given the insect assemblage that harms turfgrass, a range of cultural techniques, fertilisers, and pesticides may be employed to promote turf health.
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A laboratory is testing a product to see how fast it heats or cools in different conditions. The table shows the results of three tests. Drag a number to each empty cell to identify the slope.
Answer:
Cell content
Started at 20° and dropped 4° each minute -4
Cell content
Started at −20° and rose 1° each minute 1
Cell content
Started at 20° and dropped 1° each minute -1
Cell content
Started at −20° and rose 4° each minute 1
Step-by-step explanation:
Why does increasing temperature increase enzyme activity?
Answer:
Higher temperature generally causes more collisions among the molecules
Explanation:
Higher temperature generally causes more collisions among the molecules and therefore increases the rate of a reaction. More collisions increase the likelihood that substrate will collide with the active site of the enzyme, thus increasing the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
At low temperatures, an enzyme-catalyzed reaction speeds up as the temperature rises. At higher temperatures, the protein is denatured, which also results in a dramatic decrease in response rate.
What does biological enzyme activity mean?Enzyme assays are standardized processes for determining the concentrations of certain enzymes in a sample. The broad catalytic capabilities of an enzyme are referred to as its activity. influencing factors for enzymatic analysis
What three main factors affect how an enzyme behaves?The three factors of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration would change an enzyme's activity. Enzymes function optimally within a range of temperature, pH, and substrate concentrations.
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normal blood pressure is characterized as systolic under 120 and diastolic under 80. question 9 options: 1) true 2) false
It is true that normal blood pressure is characterized as systolic under 120 and diastolic under 80.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the body. These walls are the walls of your arteries in the body. Every time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries. The blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood across the body. This action is called systolic pressure which is under 120. When the heart is at rest, between the beats, the blood pressure falls. This action is called diastolic pressure which is under 80.
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what animal can fall 100 feet without hurting itself
Answer:
a sloth can fall approx. 100 fett without hurting itsefl
Mutations can occur randomly during DNA replication. Suppose DNA replication is occurring in a cell. If DNA replication occurs correctly, the following strand will be produced.
ATG/GAC/CAT/TTC/GGC
ATG/GAC/CAT/TTC/GGC strand is been produced.
What is a mutation and What type of mutation occurs during DNA replication?
Mutation is the process of changing the genetic makeup of a gene or organism. It is the underlying cause of genetic variation and can be caused by exposure to environmental agents such as radiation, chemicals, or viruses. Mutations can involve changes in the DNA sequence, such as deletion, insertion, or substitution of nucleotides, or changes in the structure of the DNA, such as rearrangements. Mutations can also be caused by errors in DNA replication or by exposure to mutagens. Mutations can result in changes in the physical characteristics of an organism, or in the expression of certain genes. During DNA replication, a type of mutation called a point mutation can occur. This occurs when a single nucleotide base (A, C, G, or T) is substituted, deleted, or inserted in the DNA sequence.
The original strand of DNA is ATG/GAC/CAT/TTC/GGC. During DNA replication, the original strand is copied, and a complementary strand is created with the sequence TAC/CTG/GTA/AAG/CCG. The two strands then form a double helix. If DNA replication occurs correctly, the two strands will be identical, and the final strand will be ATG/GAC/CAT/TTC/GGC.
Therefore, ATG/GAC/CAT/TTC/GGC is the answer.
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what the rough endoplasmic reticulum function in animal cell
Post-translational modifications, folding, and sorting are among the many functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis in an animal cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a group of flattened sacs that are connected and are a part of a continuous membrane organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are important for making proteins. The RER's membrane-bound ribosomes convert the mature mRNA transcript into polypeptide-attached amino acids. There are two dissimilar subunits in the 80S ribosome of eukaryotes: the 40S small subunit and the 60S large subunit.
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what are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control a transcriptional activator recruits
1. Transcriptional control
2. RNA processing control
3. RNA transport and localization
4. Translational control
5. mRNA degradation control
6. Protein activity control
are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control a transcriptional activator recruits.
The complex process known as eukaryotic transcription is used by eukaryotic cells to convert the genetic information present in DNA into transportable complementary RNA replicas.
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can transcribe genes. Contrary to prokaryotic RNA polymerase, which starts all types of RNA transcription, eukaryotic (including human) RNA polymerase has three varieties, each of which translates a particular kind of gene.
The transcription and translation processes are separated in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. DNA is bundled into nucleosomes and other higher order chromatin structures in the nucleus, where eukaryotic transcription takes place. A wide range of complicated gene expression regulation mechanisms are required by the complexity of the eukaryotic genome.
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Find all the zero of f(x)=4x^316x^224x12, given that x1 i a factor. Enter the exact value, no decimal approximation. Make ure to enter each complex number in the form abi with the i at the end
The zeros of the polynomial f(x) are x = 1, -4 + 2i / 8, and -4 - 2i / 8, expressed in the form abi with the i at the end.
To find the zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = 4x^3 - 16x^2 + 24x + 12, one method is to factor the polynomial into the product of simpler polynomials, where each zero of the polynomial corresponds to a factor. To do this, we can divide the polynomial by x - 1, which is one of the factors, and look for the remaining factors.
To find the zeros of a polynomial function, you can use various methods such as the Rational Root Theorem, synthetic division, or the Factor Theorem. However, finding the exact zeros of a polynomial with a high degree like the one you provided may be difficult.
If you have a complex zero, it can be written in the form of x = a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
The division gives:
f(x) = (x - 1)(4x^2 - 20x + 12)
So, x = 1, -4 ± √(4^2 - 4 * 4 * 12) / (2 * 4) are the remaining zeros of the polynomial.
x = -4 ± √(-16) / (2 * 4) = -4 ± 2i / 8
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Which description is best for transitional epithelium?
Round and pear-shaped are the characteristics of the cells that make up the transitional epithelium. However, as the tissue is stretched, these cells become more elongated and thinner than before.
The cells that make up the transitional epithelium are joined to one another by means of something called a gap junction.
When at rest, the transitional epithelium often has a cuboidal appearance, but when stretched, it takes on a squamous appearance. This tissue is made up of several layers of epithelial cells, each of which has the ability to contract and expand in response to changes in the required level of distension.
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a doctor has ordered 4 units of red blood cells for a patient with anti-e in his serum. how many units would have to be screened to yield 4 e-negative units? (note: the frequency of the e-antigen in the general population is 30%)
13.3 units of red blood cells would have to be screened to yield 4 e-negative units.
Red blood cells with the "e" antigen are commonly found in the general population and make up about 30% of red blood cells. If a patient has anti-e in their serum, this means that their blood would attack red blood cells with the e antigen if they were transfused. To avoid this reaction, the doctor has ordered e-negative red blood cells for the patient.
To yield 4 units of e-negative blood, a larger number of red blood cells would need to be screened. This is because only 70% of red blood cells do not have the e antigen. To get 4 units of e-negative blood, approximately 13.3 units of red blood cells would need to be screened.
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What is one property shared by the cells of all living organisms?
Organisms that have life and the fundamental characteristics necessary to be considered living are referred to as living organisms. This includes things like growth, reproduction, and irritability that are shared by the cells of all living organisms.
The main characteristic of a living thing can differentiate it from non-living things. Living things are things that are alive. Growth and reproduction are these properties. The cells that created all living matter are the living cells. Macromolecules comprise the living cell. The DNA and various cell organelles make up the cell.
DNA can be found in any living thing. Every organism's genetic differences are determined by it. Every cell has the same version.
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What evidence may have led you to conclude that the molecule is a macromolecule? Choose one: A. The molecule is essential for cell viawility. B. During centrifugation, the proposed macromolecule sediments as a single, discrete band in the centrifuge tube. C. Composition analysis of the proposed macromolecule shows that it contains carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and sulfur atoms. D. The proposed macromolecule passes through a filter that prevents the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.
The evidence that may have led you to conclude that the molecule is a macromolecule is B. During centrifugation, the proposed macromolecule sediments as a single, discrete band in the centrifuge tube.
A macromolecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, is a large molecule that plays an important role in biophysical processes. It is made up of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers made up of smaller molecules called monomers. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of macromolecules.
Macromolecules are polymers, which are long chains of molecular constituents called monomers. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids all include long polymers. Because of their polymeric nature and massive size, they are classed as macromolecules. Macromolecules are large molecules that live inside cells and perform essential functions for life. For example, macromolecules provide structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and the ability to speed up biological functions.
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I NEED A QUESTION NOW Which of these is NOT required for a plant to perform photosynthesis? Select all that apply.
Responses
glucose
glucose
cool temperatures
cool temperatures
oxygen
oxygen
sunlight
Answer:
The answer is cool temperatures
Explanation:
the reason the answer is cool temperatures is because plants use the oxygen from the sunlight to change the water and carbon dioxide into glucose. there for making the answer cool temperatures.
Answer: Glucose, cool temperatures, and oxygen are correct
Explanation:
I got these right for me. sorry if there wrong.
nerve cells called convey information within the nervous system.
Answer:
these nerve cells are called "neurons"
Why is it important for scientists to classify organisms?
Classifying organisms helps to understand and organize the diversity of life and improve our understanding of evolutionary relationships and biodiversity.
Why classifying organisms important?Classifying organisms is important for scientists because it allows them to understand the relationships and similarities between different species and to place them into a logical and organized system. This classification helps to:
Improve communication: Scientists can easily communicate about a species by referring to its scientific name and classification, which is universally recognized.Study evolution: By analyzing the similarities and differences between species, scientists can understand the evolutionary relationships between them and trace their evolutionary history.Aid conservation efforts: Classification provides a basis for determining which species are endangered or threatened, and helps guide conservation efforts to protect them.Facilitate medical research: Understanding the classification of organisms can help medical researchers identify potential new treatments and cures for diseaseLearn more about classification of organisms, here:
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in a typical eukaryotic cell, mitosis will last about _____ minutes.
Answer: 80 minutes.
Explanation: In a typical eukaryotic cell, mitosis usually last around 80 minutes.
specialized horizontal underground stem found in ferns
Ferns are members of the Phylum Pteridophyta and have deep, sturdy roots that can hold plenty of water and nutrients.
Rhizoids share morphological and biological similarities with the root hairs of vascular plants.
Phylum Bryophyta's underground stems (rhizoids) are what firmly bind the thallus to the substrate.
Plants can perennate (survive an annual unfavorable season) underground by using rhizomes to store proteins and carbohydrates.
Some plants, like poplars and various bamboo, heavily rely on rhizomes for this purpose. In addition, those modified stems allow the parent plant to reproduce vegetatively (asexually).
Rhizomes are the only stems in plants like water lilies and a lot of ferns. Only the blooms and foliage are apparent in these situations. Notably, some species' rhizomes, such as those of lotus, ginger, and turmeric, are edible and highly prized for their culinary uses.
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Which sgRNA portion does a researcher customize to bind the target DNA sequence?
A. the PAM sequence
B. the stem-loop structure
C. the 3' end
D. the 5' end
The sgRNA portion does a researcher customize to bind the target DNA sequence is the 5' end so the correct option is D.
The experimenter generally customizes the 5' end of the sgRNA sequence to bind the target DNA sequence. This region of the sgRNA is known as the protospacer, and it's composed of a 20- nucleotide sequence that's reciprocal to the target DNA sequence. This portion of the sgRNA is designed in such a way that it'll form hydrogen bonds with the reciprocal DNA sequence and therefore bind it. The protospacer also contains a PAM( protospacer conterminous motif) sequence,
he stem- circle structure of the sgRNA is also important for binding of the target DNA sequence, as it helps to insure that the protospacer is duly folded and suitable to bind the target DNA.
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What is an example of a primary protein structure?
Peptide bonds are created when amino acids condense to form protein structures. The arrangement of amino acids makes up a protein's primary structure.
The sequence of amino acids joined together to form a polypeptide chain is referred to as a protein's fundamental structure. Peptide bonds formed as a result of protein production bind each amino acid to the one afterward.
The precise protein sequence is crucial because that controls the protein's ultimate fold and, consequently, the function.
Proteins are created when many polypeptide chains are combined. These chains include amino acids in a specific sequence that is unique to the particular protein. Any alteration to the sequence alters the protein as a whole.
Small chemical compounds called amino acids have a chiral carbon atom with four substituents.
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