The longest wavelength and energy of light that is generally able to break a chemical bond depends on the strength of the bond and the nature of the bond being broken.
What is wavelength?
Wavelength is a term used in physics to describe the distance between two peaks (or troughs) in a wave. In the context of electromagnetic radiation, such as light, the wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks (or troughs) of the wave, and it is usually expressed in units of nanometers (nm), angstroms (Å), or micrometers (µm).
Generally, the bond energy of a chemical bond can be determined by its bond length, bond angle, and the electronegativity difference between the atoms involved in the bond.
In general, covalent bonds, such as those found in organic molecules, have bond energies in the range of 100-500 kJ/mol. To break these bonds, light with wavelengths in the UV region of the spectrum and energies in the range of 10-100 kJ/mol is typically required.
Ionic bonds, such as those found in salts, have higher bond energies, in the range of 400-1000 kJ/mol. To break these bonds, light with wavelengths in the visible or UV region of the spectrum and energies in the range of 50-200 kJ/mol is typically required.
The ability of light to break chemical bonds is related to the photon energy of the light. Photons with higher energies have the ability to break chemical bonds and cause chemical reactions.
The longest wavelength and lowest energy of light that is capable of breaking a chemical bond depends on the strength of the bond and the nature of the bond being broken.
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when the ph of a solution decreases from 11 to 8 the h3o concentration
The pH falls as the hydrogen ion concentration rises.
How does pH effect on ion concentration?Seven is the neutral pH. An increase in pH above 7 indicates an increase in alkalinity, whereas a fall in pH below 7 indicates an increase in acidity (hydrogen ions) (hydroxyl ions). Each pH unit corresponds to a concentration change of 10 times. The amount of hydronium in the solution rises as H+ ions separate from the acid and unite with water to create hydronium ions. A solution becomes less acidic and more basic as the hydronium concentration declines and the pH rises. We refer to a neutral solution with [H+]=10-7 as having a pH of 7. For instance, this indicates that a solution with a pH of 4 has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 10-4mol/l, or 0.0001 mol of hydrogen ions per liter of the solution.
The hydrogen ion concentration's negative log is known as pH. pH1 is the acidic range. Highest on the scale and very basic is pH 14. However, by comparing two H+ concentrations, we may observe what is taking place:
Since the log of [H+] = 1x10-10 is -10 and there is a negative sign to make it positive, the pH at this concentration is 10.
The pH is -log(10-2), or 2, at larger concentrations, such as 1x10-2 or more. [H3O+] = 10-pH So for pH = 11 , [H3O+] = 10-11 M ,and for pH = 8 , [H3O+] = 10-8.
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what is the maximum number of electrons of an atom that can be accommodated in the n = 3 energy level?
The maximum number of electrons of an atom that can be accommodated in the third energy level is 18 electrons.
It is known that nth shell has n² orbital and each orbital has maximum of 2 electrons. Thus, 2n² number of electrons are present in nth energy level. For third shell/energy level n = 3 therefore number of electrons are 2 × 3² = 18.
Energy levels are defined as the fixed distances of electrons from the nucleus of an atom. The energy levels are also known as electron shells. An electron can either move in one energy level or to another energy level, but it is not possible to stay in between two energy levels.
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Consider a solid cone of radius R, height H, and mass M. The volume of a cone is 1/3 πHR2a. What is the distance from the apex (the point) to the center of mass? b. What is the moment of inertia for rotation about the axis of the cone? Hint: The moment of inertia can be calculated as the sum of the moments of inertia of lots of small pieces.a) Center of mass is at 3/4 H from vertex.b) The moment of inertia is 3Mr2/10
(A) The vertex, or point of the cone, is situated 3/4 H away from the centre of mass. (B) A cone has a moment of inertia at its axis of 3Mr2/10, where M is the mass and r is the cone's radius.
a) The volume of a cone formula may be used to determine the centre of mass of a solid cone while taking the mass distribution inside the cone into consideration. The centre of mass is situated 3/4 H away from the vertex, the cone's point, and the volume of a cone is calculated using the formula 1/3 HR 2. b) A solid cone's moment of inertia is the amount of energy needed to spin it around its axis. It may be computed as the total moment of inertia of all the little cone components. A cone has a 3Mr2/10 moment of inertia around its axis.
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pK afor acetic acid is 4.74. What should be the ratio of concentration of acetic acid and acetate ions to have a solution with pH 5.74?
a. 1:10
b.10:1
c.1:1
d.2:1
The pH of a solution can be calculated from the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]. So the correct answer is d) 2:1.
How to calculate ratio of concentration of acetic acid and acetate ions?
The pH of a solution can be calculated from the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]. The concentration of H+ ions in a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and acetate (CH3COO-) ions can be calculated using the expression for the acid dissociation constant (pKa) of acetic acid:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
Where [A-] and [HA] are the concentrations of acetate and acetic acid ions, respectively.
Since the pKa of acetic acid is 4.74, a solution with a pH of 5.74 would have [H+] = 10^(-5.74), and we can solve for [A-] and [HA].
For a 1:1 ratio of acetic acid and acetate ions, [A-] = [HA], and the equation becomes:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[A-]) = 4.74
So a 1:1 ratio is not the correct answer.
For a 2:1 ratio, [A-] = 2[HA], and the equation becomes:
pH = pKa + log(2[HA]/[HA]) = 5.74
So the correct answer is d) 2:1.
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How do you find the concentration of blue dye in Gatorade?
The absorbance of light by the solution is measured using spectrophotometry, which is a typical approach.
What is concentration?Concentration in chemistry is defined as the abundance of an ingredient divided by the total volume of a combination. There are four sorts of mathematical descriptions: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. To apply this approach, produce a series of Gatorade dilutions and test the absorbance of each dilution at a given wavelength, often the wavelength at which the blue dye absorbs light the most strongly. The absorbance of each dilution may then be plotted against its concentration to estimate the concentration of blue dye in the original sample.
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Select all intermolecular forces that contribute to creating a solution of CH2Cl2 In H20. London Dispersion lon-dipole Dipole-dipole H-bonding
The intermolecular forces that contribute to creating a solution of CH2Cl2 in H20 are London Dispersion, lon-dipole, dipole-dipole, and H-bonding forces.
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion that exist between molecules. These forces determine the physical and chemical properties of a substance, such as boiling point, melting point, and viscosity.
The most common intermolecular forces are London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. London dispersion forces are weak forces that arise from the temporary movement of electrons in a molecule, and can be found in all molecules. Dipole-dipole forces occur between molecules with permanent dipoles, and cause them to be attracted to one another. Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole force that occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen. This type of bond is especially strong, and is responsible for the high boiling and melting points of some substances.
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a solution is prepared by dissolving 170.1 g of glucose (c6h12o6) is dissolved in enough water to make 1.000 l of solution. the density of the solution is 1.062 g/ml. calculate the concentration in molality (m) and percent by mass.
Molality of the given solution is 0.000947 mol/kg and its mass percentage is 14.29%.
To calculate molality, we need to know the number of moles of solute (glucose) present in the solution.
Number of moles = mass of solute / molar mass of solute
Number of moles of glucose = 170.1 g / (6 x 12.01 + 12 x 1.01 + 6 x 16.00) = 170.1 g / (6 x 12.01 + 12 x 1.01 + 6 x 16.00) = 170.1 g / 180.18 g/mol = 0.947 moles
Molality (m) = number of moles of solute / mass of solvent (in kilograms) Molality = 0.947 mol / (1000 g / 1000 g/kg) = 0.000947 mol/kg
Percent by mass (mass %) = mass of solute / total mass of solution x 100 Percent by mass = (170.1 g / (1000 g + 170.1 g)) x 100 = 14.29%.
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Which types of catalysis can increase the rate of a chemical reaction? Choose all correct answers;there may be more than one correct answer.A.enzymatic B.heterogeneous C.nuclear D.homogeneous E.electrolytic F.intramolecular
The types of the catalysis can be increase the rate of the chemical reaction is the correct option is A. enzymatic catalyst, B. heterogeneous D. homogeneous .
The Catalysts are the substances that can added to the reaction to increase the speed of the chemical reaction without taking part in the chemical reaction. Homogeneous catalysis will be occurs when the catalysts and the reactants are in the same phase. Adsorption will be occurs between the reactants and the catalyst surface in the heterogeneous catalysis.
Thus, the enzymatic catalysis , heterogeneous catalysis , homogeneous catalysis will increase the rate of the chemical reaction.
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What is the total number ofpi bonds found in the following compound? CH3C-C-C - OH
The chemical compound CH3C-C-C - OH has a total of three pi bonds. There are three double bonds in the complex, which translates to three pi bonds as each double bond is made up of two pi bonds.
In the substance CH3C-C-C - OH, there are a total of three pi bonds. Since there are three double bonds and three pi bonds in the compound, each double bond is made up of two pi bonds. The first double bond, known as the C=C bond, is between the carbon atoms. The second double bond, known as the C=C bond, is between the carbon atoms. The third double bond, known as the C=O bond, is between the oxygen and carbon atoms. The molecule's structure and reactivity are significantly influenced by these pi bonds.
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Suppose the accompanying graph represents the Canadian production possibilities frontier between producing maple syrup and timber. . Place point A at a location that is obtainable but inefficient Place point B at a location that is unobtainable Place point C at a location that is efficient. Production Possibilities for Canada
The trade-offs between producing two items are depicted graphically by the production possibility frontier (PPF).
Given the available resources and technology, the graph shows the maximum quantity of one product that can be produced for each feasible combination of the two goods. A production combination that is inefficient and underutilizes resources is represented by Point A on the PPF. Point B stands for an unattainable combination because it is outside of the PPF, meaning that it cannot be produced using the available resources and technology. Point C is an example of an effective combination, where resources are used to their fullest extent to generate the greatest possible quantity of both items. Using the opportunity cost of producing one good in comparison to the potential cost of producing one good in terms of the opportunity cost of producing the other good.
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the ability or likelihood of a substance or compound to change or break down easily, rapidly, or continually
According to the research, the correct answer is chemical property. The ability or likelihood of a substance or compound to change or break down easily, rapidly, or continuously is called a chemical property.
What is a chemical property?It is any obvious property or particularities that lead a certain matter to modify its composition.
In this sense, they make a material react under certain conditions or against certain reagents, which allows the analysis of the composition, structure and transformation of a substance or compound.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, chemical properties determine how a material breaks down easily under given conditions.
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What is bronsted–lowry theory?
A base is a hydrogen acceptor according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory of bases and acids whereas an acidity is a proton (H+) donor. A Brnsted-Lowry acid transfers a proton, creating a conjugate base.
The Bronsted Wolff theory of bases and acids refers to what?In the Brnsted-Lowry theory, proton transport between chemical species is used to characterize acid-base interactions. Any organism that can give a proton is a Brnsted-Lowry acid, followed by H+start paragraph, H, \text, start subscripts, plus, and any species which can receive a proton is a base.
What distinguishes Lewis theory from the Brnsted-Lowry theory?Lewis' hypothesis is based on the movement of electrons, whereas the Brnsted-Lowry theory depends on the passage of protons. Lewis acids arematerial capable of taking in two electrons to create a new connection. They are sometimes known as electrophiles, or people who are looking for an extra electron pair.
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Two elements that are __________ bond to form binary covalent compounds.
Responses
A metalsmetals
B nonmetals
Two elements that are nonmetals bond to form binary covalent compounds. Therefore, option B is correct.
What are binary covalent compounds ?A binary covalent compound is made up of two distinct elements (usually nonmetals). A molecule of chlorine trifluoride, ClF3, for example, contains one chlorine atom and three fluorine atoms.
Covalent bonds are typically formed between nonmetals. In water (H2O), for example, each hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atom shares a pair of electrons to form a molecule of two hydrogen atoms single bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Thus, option B is correct.
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resonance effects are typically the best way to stabilize a conjugate base
Because of the existence of resonance, the conjugate base is stabilized, making it a weaker base. We infer that the amide is a stronger acid than the amine because a weaker conjugate base is formed from a stronger acid. +) has a lower acidity than the hydronium ion (H3O+).
When the negative charge occurs on an electronegative element and is delocalized over several atoms, a conjugate base is more stable. The stronger the acid, the more stable the conjugate base.
A conjugate acid-base pair, according to the Brnsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, consists of two compounds that vary solely by the presence of a proton (H+). When a proton is added to a base, a conjugate acid is created, and when a proton is added to a base, a conjugate base is formed.
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why doesn't the solution change color with addition of diethyl carbonate in a crystal violet reaction
The solution does not change color with the addition of diethyl carbonate in a crystal violet reaction because it does not interfere with the dye-base interaction.
In a crystal violet reaction, the dye crystal violet is dissolved in an acidic solution, where it exists as an ionized species. The addition of a basic compound, such as diethyl carbonate, can alter the pH of the solution and affect the ionization of the dye, potentially changing its color.
However, diethyl carbonate is a weak base that does not interfere with the dye-base interaction and therefore does not alter the color of the solution. This makes it useful as a solvent for crystal violet and other dyes, as it allows the color to be measured without interference from the solvent.
In general, the selection of a solvent for a chemical reaction should consider its effect on the reactants and products, including its ability to alter the color of the solution.
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Red light has a wavelength of 6.80x10 2 nm. The energy of a photon of Red light is (in J) ? I keep getting 2.92e-19 but that's not the correct answer, it's 3.20e-19
A photon of red light with a wavelength of 6.80 x 10-7 m has an energy of 3.20 x 10-19 J.
A photon's energy is inversely correlated with its wavelength, and its frequency is inversely correlated with its energy. E = hf, where E is the photon's energy, h is Planck's constant (6.62607015 10-34 Js), and f is the photon's frequency, can be used to express this relationship.
E = hc/, where E is the energy, h is Planck's constant (6.62607015 10-34 Js), c is the speed of light in a vacuum (2.998 x 108 m/s), and is the wavelength of the photon, can be used to compute the energy of a photon.
We obtain the following equation by plugging in the above values:
E = (6.62607015 10-34 Js) * (2.998 x 108 m/s) / (6.80 x 10-7 m)
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What are the products for the net ionic reaction that would occur when an aqueous solution of h2so4 is combined with an aqueous solution of nano2? [select all that apply.]Na+ (aq) NO2 (aq) Na2SO4 (s) SO42- (aq) HNO2 (aq) H+ (aq) NaSO4 (s)
Na2SO4 (s), H2SO4 (aq), and HNO2 (aq) are the end products of the net ionic reaction that would take place when an aqueous solution of H2SO4 and an aqueous solution of NaNO2 are mixed together.
H2SO4 + NaNO2 = Na2SO4 + HNO2
Strong sulfuric acid (H2SO4) completely dissociates into H+ and SO42- ions in water. When salt NaNO2 (sodium nitrite) dissolves in water, it separates into Na+ ions and NO2- ions.
These two liquids mix to create sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and nitric oxide (HNO2) when they are combined (nitrous acid). The response can be expressed as follows:
H+ aq + NO2 aq -> HNO2 (aq)
An acid (H+) combines with a base (NO2-) in this reaction to create, as an example of an acid-base reaction.
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which of the reaction mechanisms is consistent with the energy diagram?
Answer:
Solution
The energy diagram contains two maxima, which indicates that the reaction contains two elementary steps. The first maximum corresponds to the transition state of the first step and the second maximum corresponds to the transition state of the second step. The activation energy of the first step is less than the activation energy of the second step, meaning the first step proceeds at a faster rate than the second step. Therefore, the most probable reaction mechanism is
2A−→−fastB
B−→−−slowC
Explanation:
Answer:
A+B−→−−slowC
C−→−fastD
The energy diagram contains two maxima, which indicates that the reaction contains two elementary steps. The first maximum corresponds to the transition state of the first step and the second maximum corresponds to the transition state of the second step. The activation energy of the first step is greater than the activation energy of the second step, meaning the first step proceeds at a slower rate than the second step.
A student sets up the following equation to solve a problem in solution stoichiometry.
A student sets up the following equation to solve a problem in solution stoichiometry, (The 7 stands for a number the student is going to calculate.)
[tex] \frac{1.26mol ^{ \frac{1 ml}{ {10}^{ - 3}l } } }{7.9 \frac{mol}{l} } = [/tex]
The units can be obtained as:
[tex] \frac{mol. \frac{ml}{l} }{ \frac{mol}{l} } = [/tex]
the final units are mL.
Stoichiometry ChemistryStoichiometry comes from the word "stoicheion" in Greek which means to measure. In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study of the quantity of a substance in a chemical reaction. These substances include mass, number of moles, volume, and number of particles. Not only that, stoichiometry is also defined as a chemical calculation that involves the quantitative relationship of the substances involved in the reaction.
A chemical reaction can be said to be a stoichiometric reaction when the reactants in the reaction are completely used up.
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Describe Changes of State
Match each phrase to the change of state it describes.
Answer:
Freezing:Liquid changes to solid
Vaporization: Liquid changes to Gas
Condensation:Gas changes to liquid
Melting: Solid changes to liquid
Explanation:
look up changes in states of matter and kinetic theory.
why doesn't helium form diatomic molecules
Because it contains only one atom, helium is regarded as monoatomic, whereas hydrogen, which has two hydrogen atoms per molecule, is regarded as diatomic.
What do you mean by monatomic?
The term "monoatomic" is a combination of the words "mono" and "atomic," both of which refer to a single atom. These gases are referred to as monatomic gases in both physics and chemistry when using this term.
All the chemical elements are monatomic gases when they are in the gaseous phase at high enough temperatures.
What is monatomic element?
Monoatomic: A molecule of an element that has atomicity 1 or only contains one atom is referred to as being monoatomic.
As noble gases, monoatomic particles can exist independently of other substances or elements and can thus be thought of as such. As an illustration, consider the monoatomic noble gases Ar, He, and Ne.
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HELP ASAP
Which statement correctly describes how nitrogen in the soil returns to the atmosphere?
A- soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas
B- plants assimilate nitrites and convert them into nitrogen gas
C- nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the plant roots convert nitrites into nitrogen gas
Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. The correct option is A
What is atmosphere?Atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by the planet's gravitational field. It serves as a protective shield, shielding the surface and its inhabitants from the harmful effects of solar radiation and cosmic rays.
Atmosphere also helps to regulate the Earth's temperature and plays a key role in the water cycle and the cycling of other elements and compounds.
Therefore, Nitrogen returns to the soil when organisms release waste or die and are decomposed by bacteria and fungi.
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what property of water allows sucrose crystals, which are polar, to dissolve when they are added to the water?
Explanation:
Sucrose is a polar molecule. The polar water molecules attract the negative and positive areas on the polar sucrose molecules which makes sucrose dissolve in water.
If there are equal masses of each substance, which substance must absorb the greatest amount of heat to increase the temperature by the same amount?.
The substance that must absorb the greatest amount of heat to increase the temperature by the same amount is the one with the lowest specific heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Therefore, if there are equal masses of two substances, the one with the lower specific heat capacity will require more heat to increase its temperature by the same amount.
The lowest specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. Generally, substances with heavy atoms, such as lead, have the lowest specific heat capacity. This is also known as the Dulong-Petit limit. Other examples of substances with low specific heat capacity are sand and fat.
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What is the molarity when 8. 4 grams of naf (molar mass = 42 grams/mol) is placed in 100 ml of water?.
The molarity when 8. 4 grams of NaF (molar mass = 42 grams/mol) is placed in 100 ml of water is 2.0 M
Molarity is the concentration of a solution in terms of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is denoted by the unit "M" (moles per liter).
To calculate the molarity of a solution, we need to know the number of moles of solute and the volume of the solution.
First, we need to determine the number of moles of solute: 8.4 g / (42 g/mol) = 0.2 molesNext, we need to convert the volume of the solution from milliliters to liters: 100 ml * (1 L / 1000 ml) = 0.1 LFinally, we can calculate the molarity:
0.2 moles / 0.1 L = 2.0 M
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what is the most efficient way to make a hepes buffer at ph 8.5? what starting compounds and reagents will you use
To make a HEPES buffer at pH 8.5, you will need to use HEPES and distilled water.
To start, dissolve the required amount of HEPES in the distilled water, then adjust the pH of the solution to 8.5 using a pH meter or indicator paper.
Finally, add a small amount of sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH if necessary. Once the pH has been adjusted to 8.5, the buffer is ready for use.
To ensure that your HEPES buffer is correctly adjusted to the desired pH, you may need to titrate the solution with a strong acid or base such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. This involves adding small amounts of the acid or base until the desired pH is reached.
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Which of these pure substances is an element?
CH4 (methane, the primary component of natural gas)
O2
C12H22O11 (sucrose, table sugar)
NH3 (ammonia, a component of fertilizer)
O2 is an element because it is composed of only one type of atom, oxygen.
What is atom ?Atom is the smallest unit of matter that can exist. It is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. In chemistry, an atom is the basic building block of all matter and the structure of the atom determines the properties of an element. Atoms are composed of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus by the strong nuclear force and electrons are kept close to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force. Atoms can be combined to form molecules, which are the basic units of compounds. Atoms can also form bonds with other atoms, enabling them to form complex molecules. Atoms are in constant motion and can vibrate, rotate, and move in three-dimensional space.
It does not contain any other elements or compounds, making it a pure substance. The other three options listed are compounds: CH4 is composed of carbon and hydrogen; C12H22O11 is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements; and NH3 is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen.
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WHOEVER ANSWERS FIRST GETS THE BRAINLIST
Answer:
Choose 2 identical plants. Put one in the dark and one near sunlight; use the same amount of water; water both regularly.
Explanation:
You want to keep everything the same except for one thing.
the ksp of caso4 is 2.4 x 10^-5. what mass of this salt will dissolve in 1.0 l of 0.010 m so4
In 1.0 L of 0.010 M SO4, a maximum of 2.4 x 10^-5 g of CaSO4 can dissolve.
The salt's solubility product constant (Ksp) is a measurement of the highest ion concentration possible in a solution before the salt starts to precipitate out of the solution. Given that CaSO4 has a Ksp of 2.4 x 10^-5 in this situation, only 2.4 x 10^-5 grammes of CaSO4 may dissolve in 1 litre of water before precipitation starts. The concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in a solution with a 0.010 M sulphate ion concentration will be equal to the Ksp of CaSO4 divided by the sulphate ion concentration, or 2.4 x 10^-5.
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Select the structure(s) for a compound with six carbon atoms that exhibit(s) the following feature: Only one carbon atom is sp hybridized, and the remaining five carbon atoms are all sp hybridized (remember that your compound can have elements other than carbon and hydrogen).
Answer:
The structure(s) for a compound with six carbon atoms that exhibit(s) the feature of only one carbon atom being sp hybridized and the remaining five carbon atoms being sp hybridized is cyclohexane. This can be determined by using the information from chegg.com, which states that cyclohexane is a compound with six carbon atoms that exhibit the feature of only one carbon atom being sp hybridized and the remaining five carbon atoms being sp hybridized.
Explanation:
A possible compound with the specified features is cyclohexene.
Cyclohexene is a six-carbon molecule with a single double bond, meaning that one carbon atom is sp2 hybridized while the rest are sp3 hybridized. This results in a planar structure with 120 degree angles between the bonds, which is consistent with sp2 hybridization. All five of the remaining carbon atoms in cyclohexene are sp3 hybridized, meaning they form tetrahedral structures. This results in a hexagonal ring structure in which the double bond is part of one of the sides of the hexagon.
When two atomic orbitals join to generate a hybrid orbital in a molecule, the energy of the individual atoms' orbitals is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. We refer to this process as hybridization.
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