what is the difference between controlled and uncontrolled redundancy

Option A ,  Ion-dipole > hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole > dispersion

Intermolecular forces are the direct interactions that bind liquid or solid molecule together. It is a specific kind of chemical connection that takes place between molecules and is often weaker than intramolecular forces. These intermolecular forces, despite being weaker, govern some of the substances' most crucial characteristics, including boiling temperature, melting point, enthalpy of fusion, vaporization, and density. Ion-dipole > hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole > dispersionIon-dipole interactions, which are attracted to one other by a persistent dipole, are the strongest intermolecular forces of attraction. Be aware that an ion's charge is more powerful and more persistent than a dipole's. The next step is hydrogen bonding, a unique kind of dipole-dipole interaction that results from the significant difference in electronegativity that permanently separates the charge. The remaining interactions between dipoles are weaker than hydrogen bonds. The London dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular interactions since the dipoles are merely produced by the arbitrary movement of electrons within the bonds.

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The dissociation constant of a weak acid with 0.2 molar concentration and ph =1 is 1.0x 10-8

Let take a weak acid HA dissociation of HA here

HA (aq) + H2O(l)⇌A−(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Given pH=1

As you know, the pH of the solution is defined as

pH=−log([H3O+])

we can write the equation as

log([H3O+]) = −pH

This is equivalent to

10log([H3O+]) =10−pH

which gets you

[H3O+] =10−pH

In your case, you will have

[H3O+] =10−1.0 = 1.0⋅10−1 M

Now, notice that every mole of HA that ionizes produces 1 mole of A−, the conjugate base of the acid, and 1 mole of hydronium cations.

This means that, at equilibrium, the solution has

[A−]=[H3O+] → produced in a 1:1 mole ratio

In your case, you have

[A−]=1.0⋅10−1M

This means that, at equilibrium, the concentration of the weak acid will be equal to

[HA]=[HA]initial−[H3O+]

In your case, you will have

[HA]=0.01 M−1.0⋅10−1M

[HA]=0.00999 M

By definition, the acid dissociation constant, Ka, will be equal to

Ka=[A−]⋅[H3O+] [HA]

Plug in your values to find

Ka=1.0⋅10−5M⋅1.0⋅10−5. M 0.00999M

Ka=1.001⋅10−8 M Ka=1⋅10−8

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The mass of the water that was formed is 20 g

The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass of substances in a closed system remains constant during a chemical reaction. This means that the mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of the products.

The law of conservation of mass is a fundamental principle of chemistry and is a cornerstone of our understanding of the behavior of matter and energy in chemical reactions.

The total mass that exploded is 30 grams hence the mass of the water that was formed is;

30 - (15 + 5)

= 20 g

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The formula for the compound with the atomic ratio of phosphorus : sulfur : chlorine 1:1:3 is PCl₃S.

An atom is known as the basic unit of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" originates from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and could not be divided.

Atoms consist of a nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the atomic number of that element, and therefore its identity. The electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus and determine the chemical properties of the element.

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Molar analytical concentration is the total number of moles of a solute in 1 L of solution, independent of its chemical state. The molar analytical concentration outlines how to produce a solution of a specific concentration.

Molarity = moles / litres

Therefore moles = molarity x L

For NaSCN solution

moles in 5.0 ml (0.005 L) of 4.8x10-4 M NaSCN

moles NaSCN = 4.8 x10-4 M x 0.005 L

moles  = 0.024x10-4 moles  or 2.4x10-6

Moles per L is Molarity

Hence molarity =2.4x10-6M

For each molecule of NaSCN, 1 molecule of Na+ and 1 molecule of SCN¯ will be formed .

NaSCN→ Na+ + SCN¯

Hence the analytical concentration of SCN¯ is also= 2.4x10-6M

For Fe(NO3)3 solution

moles in 2.0 ml (0.002 L) of 0.21 M Fe(NO3)3

moles Fe(NO3)3= 0.21 M x 0.002 L

moles  = 0.042 moles

Moles per L is Molarity

Hence molarity =0.042M

Fe(NO3)3→ Fe3+ + 3NO3¯

For each molecule of Fe(NO3)3 , 1 molecule of Fe3+ and 3 molecules of NO3¯ will be formed .

Hence the analytical concentration of Fe3+ is also= 0.042M

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The sample contains helium and neon elements.

The two lightest noble gases, helium and neon, have traditionally been placed in Group 18 of the Periodic Table of Elements, alongside argon and other unreactive or moderately reactive gaseous elements (krypton, xenon, radon), and oganesson.

A helium-neon laser, also known as a He-Ne laser, is a type of gas laser whose high energetic medium gain medium is a mixture of helium and neon in a 10:1 ratio at a total pressure of about 1 torr inside a small electrical discharge.

Helium has only two electrons in its outer electron shell. Neon and Argon have 8 electron outer shells, and all three have filled outer shells.

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The color of the phenolphthalein indicator in:

a. acidic solution = colorless

b. basic solution = pink color

The color of phenolphthalein indicator in the acidic solution is the  colorless and  in the basic solution is pink color. The indicator is the substance that gives the visible sign, and a color change, of the presence or the absence of the threshold concentration of the chemical species like as the acid or an alkali in the solution.

In the acid-base titrations, the phenolphthalein is generally used as the  indicator. It will turn the colorless in acidic solutions and gives the pink in basic solutions for this application.

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Answer:

there are 300/32 moles in 300 g, i.e. 9.375 moles.

The color of a solution can often give us a clue about the type of species present in it. In a chemical reaction, the observation of a sky blue solution suggests the presence of copper (Cu) species. The exact chemical formula of these species can vary, depending on the conditions of the reaction.

Copper (Cu) can exist in different oxidation states, ranging from +1 to +2. When dissolved in water, these different oxidation states of Cu can form different species, each with its unique properties. The most common Cu species present in a sky blue solution are Cu^2+ and Cu(OH)2^-.

Cu^2+ is a positively charged ion and is the result of Cu in its +2 oxidation state. This ion is highly soluble in water and has a blue color.

Cu(OH)2^- is a negatively charged ion and is formed from the reaction of Cu^2+ with hydroxide (OH-) ions in water. This species also contributes to the blue color of the solution.

In summary, the appropriate chemical formula for a sky blue solution is Cu^2+ and Cu(OH)2^-. These species are responsible for the blue color of the solution and are likely the result of copper in its +2 oxidation state reacting with hydroxide ions in water.

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Magnesium oxide have higher lattice energy than aluminium oxide. Because of larger size of aluminium oxide its lattice energy is less than magnesium oxide.

Enthalpy is the term that is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, it is observed that enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substances.

Enthalpy can be formulated as,

q = n × ΔH

where,

q = amount of heat

n = no of moles

ΔH = enthalpy

n = w / M.M

w = given mass

M.M = molar mass

Lattice energy is also directly proportional to product of charges on ions and inversely proportional to size of the ions. Since the charges are same, the only difference is in size of cation. Al is larger in size so, it has lesser lattice energy.

Therefore, because of larger size of Al,  lattice energy of aluminium oxide is lower than magnesium oxide.

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The resonance structures are the set of the lewis structures which describes the delocalization of the electrons in the molecule.

The resonance structures shows the delocalization of the electrons in the molecule. The resonance structures are used to represent the multiple structures of the single polyatomic molecule. The resonance structures have the same number of the electrons, we can not add or subtract the electrons.

All the resonance structures should follow the rules of the writing the lewis structures. The same number of the paired and the unpaired of the electrons should  take part in the resonance. The resonance structures are attached below .

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The temperature of the ball is one element that might affect how it bounces. A ball will bounce higher than a cold one if it is warmer. This is due to two factors.

When the temperature of a hollow ball changes, the air pressure inside the ball also changes. The balls bounced higher when they were hot and lower when they were cold. The air temperature inside the ball and the rubber's elasticity were both impacted by the temperature shift, which also changed the height of the ball's bounce. The sum of a ball's material characteristics surface textures, constituent materials, air content, hardness or softness, etc. affects the height of its bounce.

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`The endergonic and exergonic reactions typically coupled because the correct option is .B) The free energy released from the exergonic reaction is used to drive the non-spontaneous endergonic reaction.

The exergonic reaction is the reaction in which the free energy is released. The gibbs free energy is negative for the exergonic reaction. The exergonic reaction is released in this reaction.

The endergonic reaction is the reaction in which the free energy is absorbed. The gibbs free energy is positive for the endergonic reaction. The endergonic reaction  absorbed the energy.

Thus, they are coupled as The free energy released from the exergonic reaction is used to drive the non-spontaneous endergonic reaction.

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1. I noticed that the soil particles settled out of the water with the larger, heavier particles settling out first and on the bottom, and each layer has smaller and lighter particles in it.

2. Sand settled on the bottom because they are heavier and have more mass than the smaller particles such as silt and clay.

3. Yes, this is a good way to determine particle size distribution. The method used in the experiment allows for the separation of soil particles based on their size and weight, which is a good indicator of their distribution in the soil sample.

4. The results in this experiment may look different when done in different locations because the particle size distribution of soil can vary depending on the location, climate, and geology of the area. Soils in different locations may have different compositions, including different amounts of sand, silt, and clay, which can affect the results of the experiment. Additionally, the sedimentation rate of the particles can also be influenced by factors such as the temperature, the presence of organic matter, and the presence of clay minerals, which can further affect the results.

LD50, which stands for "Lethal Dose 50," is a measure of the toxic dose of a substance required to cause death in 50% of the test subjects. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is a highly toxic chemical used in various industrial processes. It is important to understand the LD50 of sodium cyanide to ensure the safety of workers and the general public.

The LD50 of sodium cyanide varies based on the route of exposure and the species of test subject. According to the Merck Index, the oral LD50 for sodium cyanide in rats is around 50 mg/kg. This means that if a rat were to ingest 50 mg of sodium cyanide per kilogram of body weight, it would result in death for 50% of the rats. However, it is important to note that the LD50 for sodium cyanide can vary depending on the species of test subject, with the LD50 being higher for larger animals such as dogs and lower for smaller animals such as mice.

In addition to oral exposure, sodium cyanide can also be toxic through inhalation and skin contact. The inhalation LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) of sodium cyanide in rats is approximately 20 mg/m3, meaning that if a rat were to inhale air containing 20 mg of sodium cyanide per cubic meter, it would result in death for 50% of the rats. The dermal LD50 of sodium cyanide in rabbits is approximately 200 mg/kg, meaning that if 200 mg of sodium cyanide were applied to the skin of a rabbit per kilogram of body weight, it would result in death for 50% of the rabbits.

In conclusion, sodium cyanide is a highly toxic chemical that can cause death through various routes of exposure. The LD50 of sodium cyanide varies based on the route of exposure and the species of test subject, with oral exposure being the most toxic in rats. It is important to understand the LD50 of sodium cyanide to ensure the safety of workers and the general public.

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A liquid has an enthalpy of vaporization of 30.8 kj/mol. at 273 k it has a vapor pressure of 102 mmhg. The normal boiling point of this liquid is 320 K

In order to get the normal boiling point of the liquid, we will use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation expressed according to the equation:

ln [tex]\frac{P2}{P1}[/tex] = (ΔHvap/R) . ([tex]\frac{1}{T1}[/tex] - [tex]\frac{1}{T2}[/tex])

where:

P1 is the vapor pressure of that substance at T1

P2 is the vapor pressure of that substance at T2

ΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization.

R is the gas constant - usually expressed as 8.31 J/Kmol

Since we are looking for the normal boiling point, we can set P2 = 1 atm (101.3 kPa) and T2 = the normal boiling point temperature.

Rearranging the equation to solve for T2:

T2 = (ΔHvap/R) * [tex](1/T1 - 1/P2)^{-1}[/tex] + T1

Plugging in the values we have:

T2 = (30.8 kJ/mol) / (8.31 J/mol*K) * [tex](1/273 K - 1/101.3 kPa)^{-1}[/tex] + 273 K

Solving for T2, the normal boiling point temperature is approximately 320.2 K ≈ 320 K

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The amount of sulfur-33 isotopes are present in 10000 sulfur atoms are 76. It can be calculated by multiple the abundance of sulfur with total atoms.

In the term of chemistry,  natural abundance generally can be defined as the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass of these isotopes in the term of chemistry can be defined as the atomic weight listed for the element in the periodic table.

The amount of sulfur-33 isotopes are present in 10000 sulfur atoms = natural abundance of sulfur x total sulfur atoms

The amount of sulfur-33 isotopes are present in 10000 sulfur atoms = 0,76% x 10000

The amount of sulfur-33 isotopes are present in 10000 sulfur atoms = 0,0076 x 10000

The amount of sulfur-33 isotopes are present in 10000 sulfur atoms = 76 isotopes of sulfur 33

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Answer:

Groundwater systems are formed by the permeable layers of soil and rock that allow water to flow through them. When this water is heated by the Earth's internal heat, it can rise to the surface and release heat into the air above. In the case of a school, if the school is located near a groundwater system, the heated water from the system can potentially heat the air in the school. This occurs because the warm water rises and releases its heat into the air, causing the air temperature to increase. This is known as geothermal heating and it is a natural process that can be harnessed for heating purposes. If the school is designed to take advantage of this heating source, it can provide a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly solution for heating the air in the school.

The concentration of reactants at equilibrium is equal to the concentration of the product.

At the equilibrium, the concentration of the reactants and the products will be exactly equal. The Number of the reactants reacting in the chemical reaction will be equal to the number of the products formed in the chemical reaction.

If the concentration of the reactants decreases , the position of the equilibrium moves to the left side , that is at the reactant side. The equilibrium defined as the state of the balance. Chemical equilibrium can be expressed  as the state of the system in which the reactant concentration and the product concentration  do not change.

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Where C1 is an arbitrary constant. This means the solution curve can be defined implicitly by the function F(x,y) = G(x) + H(y) = K

To find the solution to the given differential equation, we can first use the separability of the equation to separate the variables:

[tex]dy/dx = 35/(y^(1/8) + 25x^2y^(1/8))[/tex]

[tex]dy = (35/y^(1/8) + 25x^2y^(1/8)) dx[/tex]

Next, we can integrate both sides with respect to x:

[tex]∫dy = ∫(35/y^(1/8) + 25x^2y^(1/8)) dx[/tex]

[tex]y = ∫(35/y^(1/8) + 25x^2y^(1/8)) dx + C[/tex]

This is the general solution to the given differential equation in implicit form, where C is an arbitrary constant. To get the related functions requested, we can rearrange the equation as follows:

[tex]F(x,y) = ∫(35/y^(1/8) + 25x^2y^(1/8)) dx + C = K[/tex]

We can then separate the equation into functions G(x) and H(y):

[tex]G(x) = ∫(35/y^(1/8) + 25x^2y^(1/8)) dx + C1[/tex]

H(y) = K - C1

Where C1 is an arbitrary constant. This means the solution curve can be defined implicitly by the function F(x,y) = G(x) + H(y) = K

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The density of NH3 at 800 torr and 25 degrees is 0.7327 g/L

Density exactly is  defined  as the ratio of mass to volume. Although it is challenging to estimate the mass of gases using standard methods, it can typically be derived by dividing the mass of a matter by the volume it occupies. As a result, the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, can be used to derive a formula for calculating the density of gas

formula for density d=P(FW)/RT  

d =  actually density, with an FW formula weight of 17.031 g/mol.

R = gas which is a constant,  0 .082 6 L atm K−1 mol−1

T = ,the exact temperature is  298k or 25c

P =Density ca n be calculated as follows:

d=P(FW)/RT  

d = actually density, with an FW formula weight of 17.031 g/mol.

R = gas , which is the constant 0 .082 6 L atm K−1 mol−1

T =exact temperature  is as 25 C or 298 K

P = pressure  1.053 atm or 800torr

Therefore,

d=P(FW)/RT  

= 1.053 * 17.031 /0.08206 *298

= 0.733 g/ L

Therefore

d=P(FW)/RT  

= 1.053 * 17.031 /0.08206 *298

= 0.733 g/ L

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A 3 g sample of a gaseous compound was found to contain 2.560 g of carbon and 0.440 g of hydrogen. The simplest formula is  CH₂ and the molecular formula is C₃H₆.

The mass of the carbon = 2.560 g

The moles of the carbon = mass / molar mass

                                         = 2.560 / 12

                                         = 0.213 mol

The mass of the hydrogen = 0.440 g

The moles of the hydrogen = 0.440 / 1

                                               = 0.440 mol

Dividing by the smallest one :

C = 1

H = 2

The simplest formula is CH₂

The molar mass of CH₂ = 12 + 2 = 14 g/mol

The molar of compound = 42.04 g/mol

n = 42.08 / 14

n = 3

The molecular formula = n ( empirical formula )

                                       = C₃H₆

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According to collision theory,  the essential qualification(s) that must occur for a reaction to form products are reacting particles must have the proper orientation, reacting particles must collide and reacting particles must have sufficient energy. Therefore, option A, D and E are correct.

According to collision theory, for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must collide with one another. The reaction rate is determined by the frequency of collisions. According to the theory, reacting particles frequently collide without reacting.

Collision theory, as the name implies, describes how collisions, specifically collisions between particles, result in chemical change. The formation of entirely new substances is referred to as chemical change.

Thus, option A, D and E are correct.

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If the order of reaction with respect to NO2 is 1, I would expect to observe the following initial rates:

[tex]For[/tex] [tex][NO2] = 0.200 M, rate = k * [NO2]^1 = k * 0.200^1 = k * 0.200[/tex]

[tex]For [NO2] = 0.100 M, rate = k * [NO2]^1 = k * 0.100^1 = k * 0.100[/tex]

[tex]For [NO2] = 0.050 M, rate = k * [NO2]^1 = k * 0.050^1 = k * 0.050[/tex]

The strategy for initial rates is a typical approach to deciding the order of a reaction regarding a given reactant. The idea is to measure the initial rate of reaction for various initial concentrations of that reactant.

Then utilize the data to decide the relationship between the reaction rate and the concentration of that reactant.

Let us assume that the reaction has the general form:

aA + bB - > products

where An and B are the reactants and an and b are the orders of reaction concerning each reactant. The rate of the reaction is given by the expression:

[tex]rate = k * [A]^a * [B]^b[/tex]

where k is the rate constant, which is autonomous of the reactant concentrations.

To utilize the strategy for initial rates, we would measure the initial rate of reaction for various initial concentrations of one of the reactants.

Suppose A. On the off chance that the order of reaction concerning A will be a, we would hope to notice the accompanying relationship between the initial rate and the concentration of A:

[tex]rate = k * [A]^a[/tex]

In this way, if the order of reaction with respect to NO2 is 1, we would expect to observe the following initial rates:

[tex]For[/tex] [tex][NO2] = 0.200 M, rate = k * [NO2]^1 = k * 0.200^1 = k * 0.200[/tex]

[tex]For [NO2] = 0.100 M, rate = k * [NO2]^1 = k * 0.100^1 = k * 0.100[/tex]

[tex]For [NO2] = 0.050 M, rate = k * [NO2]^1 = k * 0.050^1 = k * 0.050[/tex]

Thus, if the reaction order for NO2 is 1, we would hope to notice a linear relationship between the initial rate and the concentration of NO2, with the initial rate decreasing as the concentration of NO2 decreases.

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The larger cup can hold 9.8 cubic inches more water than the smaller cup.

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It would take one molecule of fumarase approximately Turnover for  9.8125 minutes to produce 7850 product molecules.

To calculate the time it would take one molecule of fumarase to produce 7850 product molecules, we need to divide the total number of product molecules by the enzyme's turnover number. Fumarase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of fumarate to L-malate in the citric acid cycle. This reaction is an important step in cellular respiration and energy production in living cells. Fumarase speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the conversion to occur, allowing the reaction to occur more quickly and efficiently.

Turnover number = 800 per minute

Product molecules = 7850

Time = 7850 / 800 = 9.8125 minutes

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The pressure of a vapor in a closed system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases is known as vapor pressure.

Toluene is regarded as one of the "toxic trinity" of hazardous compounds, along with formaldehyde and dibutyl phthalate, that are present in polishes and give them their hard finish. The trio is prohibited in many other nations, but if it is stated on the ingredient list, it is OK in the United States.

Toluene is regarded instantly harmful to life and health at levels of 500 ppm. Some persons may be more sensitive than others to the effects of inhaled solvents as a result of genetic variations. Some employees exposed to toluene levels deemed safe at work have developed occupational asthma.

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Answer:

Mohammad observed that his water boiled much more quickly than his isopropyl alcohol. His peer group suggested some experimental error that may caused this to happen. Which 2 experimental errors most likely caused the invalid data a. He could have mixed up the labels on the containers b. The heating vessel or hot plate was not at the same temperature c. His procedure was correct but tested a type of water that boils more quickly than isopropyl alcohol d. The boiling vessel might have been dirty so the solutions got mixed

Explanation:

The role of the anticodon in the process of translation is to bind to a codon on mRNA

An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence of RNA that is complementary to a codon in messenger RNA (mRNA). It is located on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule and is responsible for recognizing and binding to specific codons during protein synthesis.

The anticodon pairs with the codon through base-pairing interactions, which ensure the proper transfer of the correct amino acid from the tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain.

During protein synthesis, the ribosome moves along the mRNA and reads the codons, which determine the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein. The ribosome then selects the appropriate tRNA molecule based on the anticodon sequence, which is complementary to the codon on the mRNA.

The tRNA carries the appropriate amino acid that corresponds to the codon and transfers it to the growing polypeptide chain. This process continues until a termination codon is reached and the protein is complete.

Therefore, The role of the anticodon in the process of translation is to bind to a codon on mRNA

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