What is shaping definition psychology?

Answers

Answer 1

Shaping is the process of encouraging repeated attempts to imitate a desired behaviour. In particular, when using a shaping psychology, each approximate demonstration of the desired behaviour receives reinforcement, but non-approximations of the desired behaviour do not.

Only students who can imitate well should be taught by Shaping modelling. In order to encourage independence with a skill, psychology should be used. Erinoakkids, HDSB, and WCDSB. Behavior Modification. Described as the procedure through which successively closer imitations of a target skill are strengthened. Until a person exhibits the target behaviour, shaping is defined as the differential reinforcement of a series of approximations of the target behaviour.

To learn more about Shaping,

https://brainly.com/question/13187913

#SPJ4


Related Questions

what is bowlby's theory on attachment?

Answers

John Bowlby's theory of attachment states that a strong emotional and physical bond is necessary for healthy social and emotional development in children.

According to John Bowlby's theory of attachment, children need a strong emotional and physical link to develop socially and emotionally. This bond is formed when a child feels secure and protected in the presence of a primary caregiver.

According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the child close to the caregiver, providing a sense of safety and security in a sometimes unpredictable world.

The theory suggests that this bond is essential for the child's psychological security, and if it is not nurtured, the child may struggle to establish secure relationships with others.

To learn more about John Bowlby's theory link is here

brainly.com/question/29374957

#SPJ4

What is the main idea of the other Wes Moore?

Answers

The main idea of "The Other Wes Moore" by Wes Moore is that the choices we make, and the opportunities we have access to, can dramatically impact the trajectory of our lives.

One Wes Moore became a successful author, businessman, and army veteran, while the other Wes Moore ended up in prison for murder. Through their stories, the book explores the complex web of factors that contribute to social and economic inequality, including poverty, family dynamics, education, and systemic racism.

At its core, "The Other Wes Moore" is a meditation on the nature of personal responsibility and the power of human agency. It challenges readers to consider the role of individual choice and social structures in shaping our lives and offers insights into how we can work to create a more just and equitable society.

Overall, the book is a powerful reminder of the impact that our choices and circumstances can have on our lives, and a call to action for individuals and communities to work together to create a more equitable and just world.

Learn more about The other Wes Moore here:

https://brainly.com/question/28771964

#SPJ4

What are three characteristics of the socialization process?

Answers

The three characteristics of the socialization cycle are:

Socialization is a course of learning.It is a long-lasting cycle.It is a course of absorbing one's way of life.

In the socialization cycle, the individual learns the way of life as well as abilities, going from language to manual mastery which will empower him to turn into a taking part individual from human culture. Socialization teaches fundamental disciplines, going from latrine propensities to strategies for science.

Socialization is an exceptionally basic piece of life as it assists people with getting abilities and propensities that help them fit into and proceed as a citizen. instances of socialization that empower an individual to work inside their way of life.

Learn more about socialization process:

https://brainly.com/question/13420149

#SPJ4

What is an interesting quote about birds?

Answers

One interesting quote about birds comes from the American poet Emily Dickinson: "Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul, and sings the tune without the words, and never stops at all."

This quote uses birds as a metaphor for hope, describing it as a feathered creature that resides within us and sings a wordless melody that uplifts us constantly. The image of a bird singing without words captures the intangible yet powerful nature of hope, which can inspire and motivate us even in the face of adversity. Dickinson's quote is a beautiful reminder of the resilience and beauty of both birds and the human spirit.

To learn more about quote here:

https://brainly.com/question/518795

#SPJ4

What is a study in which a treatment is applied and responses are observed?

Answers

A study in which a treatment, process, or program is deliberately implemented and a result or outcome is observed is known as an experiment.

A process used to confirm or deny a hypothesis, as well as assess the effectiveness or possibility of something that has never been performed before, is called an experiment. By showing what happens when a particular element is modified, experiments shed light on cause-and-effect relationships. Experiments have a wide range of objectives and sizes but always rely on a repeatable process and a logical examination of the outcomes. Additionally, there are experiments conducted in nature.

Controls, which are intended to reduce the effects of factors other than the one independent variable, are frequently included in experiments. By comparing control measures with the other measurements, which happens frequently, this improves the data' dependability. A component of the scientific method is using scientific controls.

To know more about experiment

brainly.com/question/17314369

#SPJ4

What is examples teaching implications ?

Answers

Examples teaching implications refer to the ways in which educators can use examples to help their students learn.

Teaching implications of the research include providing students with a better understanding of the importance of developing their self-awareness and self-regulation skills. Teachers can use the research to create activities and assignments that encourage students to identify their individual strengths and weaknesses and use those strengths to self-regulate their behavior.

Examples teaching implications can involve using real-life examples to make abstract concepts more concrete, creating activities around examples, and providing opportunities for students to make connections between examples and larger ideas.

Examples teaching implications can also include teaching students how to effectively use examples in their own work. Finally, examples teaching implications can involve providing feedback on student work that uses examples, to ensure students understand how to use examples effectively.

To learn more about Teaching implications link is here

brainly.com/question/28907043

#SPJ4

What is Dante's Inferno summary?

Answers

An allegory of a spiritual journey towards understanding human nature

What does groupthink mean?

Answers

Answer:

the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.

Write some examples of social issues

Answers

Social issues include things like hunger, malnutrition, racism, unemployment, and unequal opportunities. Subpar living conditions, employment discrimination, and child abuse and neglect are also unacceptable. Social issues include things like crime and drug addiction.

A social issue is a concern that has a broad impact on a society. It is a collection of issues that plague modern society frequently and that many individuals work to resolve. It frequently results from external causes that are out of a person's control.

On the basis of what is viewed as morally right or wrong personal life or interpersonal social life decisions, social issues are the source of divergent perspectives. Although social and economic concerns are distinct from one another, some issues (like immigration) contain both social and economic components. Some topics, like warfare, do not fit neatly into either group.

To know more about discrimination, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/29801080

#SPJ4

What are the disadvantages of a pooled trust?

Answers

The grantor or beneficiary does not have immediate access to funds, so payments to pooled must be requested and justified as reasonable and necessary. Before remaining assets are distributed to those designated as Remainder Beneficiaries, fees and Medicaid costs must be paid.

Your funds are best protected from creditors and lawsuits by an irrevocable trust. An irrevocable trust's assets are not regarded as personal property. This pooled that they aren't taken into account when the IRS values your estate to ascertain whether taxes are owed. A trust is a formal organisation that manages assets for beneficiaries on behalf of its creator.

To learn more about pooled, click here.

https://brainly.com/question/29760638

#SPJ4

in the selection from life on the mississippi, what main character flaw does twain reveal in himself as a boy?

Answers

In the selection from "Life on the Mississippi" by Mark Twain, the main character flaw that Twain reveals in himself as a boy is his overconfidence and arrogance in his own abilities as a steamboat pilot.

He describes how he initially became a "cub" pilot and quickly gained a reputation for being a skilled and knowledgeable pilot. However, he soon realizes that he had overestimated his abilities and underestimated the difficulty of navigating the Mississippi River.

Twain's experience shows that his youthful arrogance and self-assurance led him to make mistakes and overlook important details, which could have had serious consequences for the safety of his passengers and the cargo on his boat. Ultimately,

Twain's story serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overconfidence and the importance of humility and ongoing learning.

For such more question Mark Twain

https://brainly.com/question/1295294

#SPJ4

What is the reason for using random assignment in a true experiment?

Answers

Random assignment enhances the internal validity of the study, because it ensures that there are no systematic differences between the participants in each group.

What is the importance of design cycle?

Answers

Design thinking is a model. Its goal is to support students as they develop and assess solutions to problems as well as products as a result of new challenges.

What exactly is a design cycle?

The four stages of the design cycle are investigating and evaluating, developing ideas, coming up with a solution, and evaluating. You don't have to finish the four steps in order; in fact, you should feel free to go back and forth as necessary.

Why is it crucial to a structure's design process?

In civil engineering, structural design is crucial since it aids in ensuring that perhaps the structure is secure. For each project, structural design provides all the necessary information about the underpinnings, floors, walls, beams, types of roofs, and the materials used.

To know more about model visit:

https://brainly.com/question/14657180

#SPJ4

what is the content of the godfather quotes

Answers

We must always be there for your family, no matter what the situation. This can help keep them safe while you are still living and create a lasting impression after your passing is the content of the godfather quotes .

The Godfather examines the nature of power through its depiction of the Corleone crime family's ascent to power and its central family's battle to hold onto it in the face of multiple rival groups both inside and outside the family.

That is the point the author is attempting to make with the tale. Frequently, the investigation of power in the book takes place on two different levels.

To know more about godfather visit :

https://brainly.com/question/28013524

#SPJ4

How do you manage workplace dynamics?

Answers

In order to manage the workplace dynamics it is necessary to maintain teamwork along with the other colleagues.

Within the workplace it is always advised to have a proper communication with the colleagues so that the workload and the dynamics of workplace is managed. It is also advised that the person should always collaborate with the team members and work in team in order to enhance the productivity and increase the efficiency of the work. Communication is also necessary as the views can be easily transferred between the colleagues and the superiors. This also decreases the possibility of conflict and delay in the work. Carrying your own personality is also advised to manage the workplace dynamics.

Learn more about Workplace dynamics at:

brainly.com/question/14673628

#SPJ4

Areas that are farther from the medial or midsagittal plane are _____ lateral. The _____ region describes where the navel is found. umbilical.

Answers

Areas left and right refer to the sides of the subject, not the viewer's point of view when looking at something like a computed tomography scan with supernumerary.

The left or right midsagittal parts are the two mirrored regions. Unlike sagittal planes, also known as parasagittal planes, which can divide an organism into unequal vertical sections along a longitudinal axis, the midsagittal plane is primarily concerned with a central division that delivers two, equally-sized halves. An organ or point of reference that is close to the midline is referred to be medial. Less close to the mid-line are the lateral points. Supernumerary anatomy describes situations in which the body contains an extra part, organ, or portion of an organ.

Learn more about situations here:

https://brainly.com/question/30187313

#SPJ4

when you are writing an email to a customer in response to a small error you made, which you are correcting, you should

Answers

Answer:dang thats new stuff i never knew :oExplanation:such a shocker :o

What is the meaning of denying the antecedent?

Answers

it means that the noun that you used that th pronoun refers to has not been stated clearly

Explanation:

meaning in which you should identify the errors in your writing

Cigarettes cannot be advertised on television in the u.s. What government agency is responsible for enforcing this policy?

Answers

Law prohibits the tobacco and small cigar advertising on radio, television, or other media regulated by Federal Communications Commission.

What does the Federal Communications Commission do?

The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international cable, radio, television, satellite and wireline communications. The Commission's objective is to promote connectivity and ensure a robust and competitive marketplace.

Who does the Federal Communications Commission protect?

FCC monitors interstate and  the international communications. It also maintains standards and consistency between media types and communication methods while protecting consumer and business interests. The agency is accountable to the US Congress and its actions are closely monitored by investors.

Is the Federal Communications Commission legal?

An independent US government agency overseen by Congress, the Commission is the federal agency responsible for implementing and enforcing communications laws and regulations in the United States.

To know more about Federal Communications visit here:

https://brainly.com/question/28259528

#SPJ4

The Phoenician alphabet spread widely because royal scribes used it to administer the vast Phoenician Empire. As human communities developed, they made the active choice between settled agriculture and pastoralism based primarily on their beliefs and values.

Answers

The assertion It is untrue that the royal scribes who oversaw the huge Phoenician Empire utilised the Phoenician alphabet, which spread rapidly.

Why did the Phoenician script become so popular?

The Phoenicians traded widely over the whole Mediterranean region, which allowed them to disseminate their alphabet. By the eighth century B.C.E., the Greeks had adopted it and added vowels.

Which of the following assertions most accurately compares the Olmec world to the Mediterranean region?

Which of the following comparisons between the Mediterranean world and the Olmec world is accurate in light of these maps? CORRECT: - By founding new towns, both Mediterranean and Olmec peoples spread the influence of their cultures.

To know more about royal scribes visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/20323142

#SPJ1

explain the differences of the annuity due vs ordinary annuity?

Answers

An annuity that has a payment due or made at the start of the payment period is said to be due. An ordinary annuity, however, results in payouts at the end of the time period.

An annuity that has a payment due right away at the start of each term is known as an annuity due. Rent is a typical illustration of an annuity due payment since landlords frequently demand payment at the beginning of each month rather than after the tenant has benefited from the apartment for a full month.

A sequence of regular payments or receipts that happen at regular intervals over a predetermined number of periods is referred to as a "ordinary annuity." It is sometimes referred to as a regular annuity or a deferred annuity.

Ordinary annuity payments typically come in the form of monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, or annual payments. The present value of the regular annuity is determined one period before to the first cash flow, whereas the future value is determined as of the most recent cash flow.

To know more about annuity:

https://brainly.com/question/14286587

#SPJ4

the reason for using random assignment in a true experiment is

Answers

The reason for using random assignment in a true experiment is to avoid biases.

Because it enhances the reliability and validity of an experiment and prevents biases, random assignment is a crucial component of control in exploratory studies. In experiments, while optimizing for other variables, researchers change an independent variable to see how it affects a dependent variable. They frequently achieve this by using varying aspects of predictor variables for various participant groups.

The use of randomization can assist you to avoid systematic treatment group differences at the outset of the trial, which could negatively impact your results.

Because random assignment guarantees that there are no systematic disparities between the participants in each group, it improves the study's internal validity. This supports your conclusion that the independent variable is to blame for the results.

To learn more about Random assignment, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/9423006

#SPJ4

Which capability of social software allows users to use​ real-time information​ streams, status​ updates, and​ announcements?

Answers

The capability of social software that allows users to use real-time information streams, status updates, and announcements is known as "microblogging."

This feature enables users to post short, quick updates on their current activities or thoughts, which are then broadcast to their network of followers or friends. Microblogging is a key feature of many popular social networking platforms.

Microblogging allows users to stay connected with their network in real-time and receive immediate updates on what their friends or colleagues are doing. It can be used for a variety of purposes, such as sharing news, promoting events, or simply staying in touch.

By providing a constant stream of information, microblogging helps to foster a sense of community among users and can also be used for marketing and branding purposes.

To learn more about microblogging

https://brainly.com/question/29375830

#SPJ4

What are examples of discrete and continuous variables?

Answers

Discrete and continuous variables are two types of numerical variables that are commonly used in statistical analysis.

Discrete variables are those that take on a finite number of values. For example, the number of children in a family is a discrete variable because it can only take on integer values (1, 2, 3, etc.). Other examples of discrete variables include the number of goals scored in a soccer game, the number of students in a classroom, and the number of employees in a company.

Continuous variables, on the other hand, are those that can take on any value within a given range. Examples of continuous variables include height, weight, time, temperature, and distance. These variables can take on an infinite number of values and can be measured to any degree of precision.

In summary, the main difference between discrete and continuous variables is the range of values that they can take on. Discrete variables have a finite range of values, while continuous variables can take on any value within a range.

Learn more about variables :

https://brainly.com/question/15740935

#SPJ4

What is ideologies of legitimate mockery: margaret cho's revoicings of mock asian about?

Answers

Cho's work reflects a larger tradition of using humor and satire as a tool for social critique and resistance, and it continues to inspire and empower Asian American artists and activists today.

Cho's "revoicing" of mock Asian" involve taking control of the stereotype and using it to her advantage, using humor and satire to expose and challenge the racism and prejudice behind it.

Through her stand-up comedy, Cho highlights the absurdity of the Mock Asian stereotype and the harm it causes to real people, while also reclaiming agency and power for herself and other Asian Americans.

Margaret Cho's "ideologies of legitimate mockery" refer to her use of humor and satire to subvert and challenge stereotypes about Asian Americans.

To know more about mocks Asian culture:

https://brainly.com/question/30405770

#SPJ4

The State of Texas has how many points of TUTSA that outlines the Texas courts must consider before excluding a partyâs representative?

Answers

The State of Texas has four points of TUTSA that outlines the Texas courts must consider before excluding a partyas representative.

This includes a four- point test that's used to determine if the representative is indeed a trade secret holder or an unauthorized person who's  telling  nonpublic information. The four points are  the representative must have  factual knowledge of the trade secret;  the representative must have access to the trade secret;

The representative must have a reasonable anticipation that he or she's bound to  cover the trade secret; and  the representative mustn't have legitimately acquired the trade secret from another source. These four points are important to consider when determining if a representative should be  barred from a trade secrets action.

To know more about nonpublic information visit:

https://brainly.com/question/28879751

#SPJ4

when two events are disjoint they are also independent t/f

Answers

A and B cannot occur simultaneously if they are not connected. In other words, if events A and B are independent events, then event A does not occur and vice versa.

Do separate occurrences equate to independent events?

Independent occurrences are distinct from disjointed events. Events are referred to as mutually exclusive if they never occur at the same time and are therefore regarded discontinuous. If two events are unrelated, they are regarded as independent.

Why cannot separate occurrences occur independently?

Except in the case where one of the events is null, two discontinuous events can never be independent. In essence, it is impossible to compare or equal these two concepts because they belong to two separate dimensions. Disjoint events are those that never take place at the same time.

To know more about independent  visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/14290981

#SPJ4

what taxonomy classification and dichotomous keys worksheet?

Answers

A taxonomy classification worksheet is a document that presents different organisms and asks students to classify them based on their physical and biological characteristics, such as their kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

A dichotomous key worksheet is a document that provides a series of questions or characteristics that can be used to identify and classify organisms. The key is typically presented in a branching format, where each question leads to a new set of questions or characteristics that can be used to further refine the classification of the organism. These worksheets are commonly used in biology and environmental science classes to help students practice the process of classification and taxonomy.

For such more question on taxonomy

https://brainly.com/question/30414906

#SPJ4

What is formal and informal hierarchy?

Answers

As a result, informal organizations place less emphasis on established management structures and provide everyone with equal opportunities to contribute to the organization and make decisions.

However, authority and management hierarchies are clearly established in a formal organization.

How are formal and informal hierarchies different?

Rules for supervision that are person-independent are the foundation of formal hierarchies. Relationships in informal hierarchies are person-dependent and based on social interactions between people. Interactions that are repeated lead to the persistence of informal hierarchies.

What exactly is a casual hierarchy?

The "unofficial stratification among members of a social system...which emerge[s] from social interaction and becomes[s] persistent over time through repeated social processes" has been defined as informal hierarchy (Diefenbach & Sillince, 2011: 1518–1519).

To learn more about informal organizations here:

https://brainly.com/question/12677167

#SPJ4

How are soluble impurities removed during recrystallization?
Suction filtration is a type of filtration commonly employed in recrystallization. It is useful when the sample being filtered is not hot and when optimum removal of a large amount of solvent from the recrystallized sample is desired.

Answers

The specific method for removing soluble impurities during recrystallization will depend on the nature of the impurities and the properties of the solvent and solute being used.

Soluble impurities can be removed during recrystallization by various methods, including:

1. Decolorization: A decolorizing agent such as activated carbon, alumina, or silica gel can be added to the solution to remove colored impurities.

2. Charcoal Filtration: Charcoal is used to remove colored impurities from the solution.

3. Suction Filtration: Suction filtration is a type of filtration commonly employed in recrystallization.

4. Hot Filtration: During recrystallization, the solution is heated to dissolve the impurities and then filtered hot to remove the insoluble impurities. This is useful for removing large amounts of impurities.

To know more about recrystallization:

https://brainly.com/question/29215760

#SPJ4

Other Questions
List five positive moral act in your Community 0600 Mountain Daylight Time is ____ Zulu/UTC/GMT. who is dr. harold shipman? A company requires that all mobile devices be encrypted, commensurate with the full disk encryption scheme of assets, such as workstations, servers, and laptops. Which of the following will MOST likely be a limiting factor when selecting mobile device managers for the company?a. Increased network latencyb. Unavailability of key escrowc. Inability to select AES-256 encryptiond. Removal of user authentication requirements erwin chargaff investigated the nucleotide composition of dnadna. he analyzed dnadna from various organisms and measured the relative amounts of adenine (aa), guanine (gg), cytosine (cc), and thymine (tt) present in the dnadna of each organism. table 1 contains a selected data set of his results. table 1. nucleotide composition of sample dnadna from selected organisms organism relative amounts of bases %a%a %g%g %c%c %t%t %(g c)%(g c) %(a t)%(a t) octopus 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6 35.2 64.8 chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4 43.7 56.4 rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4 42.9 56.0 grasshopper 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3 41.2 58.6 wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1 45.5 54.4 which of the following statements best explains the data set? responses since the %a%a and the %g%g add up to approximately 50 percent in each sample, adenine and guanine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded dnadna molecule. since the percent a and the percent g add up to approximately 50 percent in each sample, adenine and guanine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded d n a molecule. since the %a%a and the %t%t are approximately the same in each sample, adenine and thymine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded dnadna molecule. since the percent a and the percent t are approximately the same in each sample, adenine and thymine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded d n a molecule. since the %(a t)%(a t) is greater than the %(g c)%(g c) in each sample, dnadna molecules must have a poly-aa tail at one end. since the percent open parenthesis, a plus t, close parenthesis is greater than the percent open parenthesis, g plus c, close parenthesis in each sample, d n a molecules must have a poly- a tail at one end. since the %c%c and the %t%t add up to approximately 50 percent in each sample, cytosine and thymine molecules must both contain a single ring. Find the concentration in (a) mg/L, (b) ppm, (c) ppb, and (d) moles/L (M), respectively, for the following solution: 1.5 g of NaCl dissolved in 500 mL of water The total organic carbon concentration of a water is 4 mu g/L. Express this concentration in units of (a) mg/L, (b) ppm, and (c) ppb. The air quality standard of SO_2 is 0.14 ppm. Check to see if the measured SO_2 concentration of 450 mu g/m^3 at 25 degree C and latm exceeds the standard. The dwarf planet Ceres orbits the sun at an average of 2.8 AU, - what is the average speed of Ceres?- what would it look like on a average speed and distance graph- what would it look like on a scatter plot graph? T or F: Kasem, a retired ophthalmologist, recently founded a nonprofit organization that will organize eye doctors and eye-care professionals to travel to low-income areas in the United States and internationally to provide eye care. Kasem's organization is an example of a multinational organization. Which, if any, of the following statements concerning disclosures related to investment property is/are correct?I. When the fair value method is used, the entity must disclose whether or not a qualified independent party provided valuations.II. When the cost method is used, the entity must still disclose fair value of investment property. Part BRead about reverse osmosis and multistage flash distillation. Then identify at least three advantages and three disadvantages for each process.PLEASE ANSWER!!!!!! Alternative price indexes Because there isn't one single measure of inflation, the government and researchers use a variety of methods to get the most balanced picture of how prices fluctuate in the economy. Two of the most commonly used price indexes are the consumer price index (CPI) and the GDP deflator. The GDP deflator for this year is calculated by dividing the using by the using and multiplying by 100. value of all goods and services produced in the economy this year cost of a given market basket of goods and services value of all goods and services produced in the economy in the base year United States. Check all that apply. Shows up in the... GDP Deflator CPI Scenario An increase in the price of a Treewood Equipment feller buncher, which is a commercial forestry machine made in the U.S. but not bought by U.S. consumers A decrease in the price of a German-made television that is popular among U.S. consumers How does Dr. Jekyll's confession reveal the struggle between the good and evil sides of his character? Select 2options.O It provides the chemical formula needed for making a change.O It provides an explanation of Dr. Jekyll's medical background.O It allows readers to see events from Mr. Hyde's reckless perspective.O It allows readers to see events from Dr. Jekyll's sorowful perspective.O It allows readers to see events from Mr. Utterson's curious perspective. How do the emergent properties the cells the gastrula direct embryonic development? What would happen if the US devalued its currency? by definition, a is an individual or organization that exhibits characteristics similar in nature to those exhibited by current customers. What is 11 in Binary? How does Azure calculate cost? jow do you find the answer? What bacterial disease is second only to HIV/AIDS in the number of people killed worldwide by a single infectious agent? the direct order of organizing information in a message is likely to produce the most effective result in question 9 options: a. a letter to the parents of a student regarding his absenteeism. b. an email to a vendor giving the reasons for no longer buying from him. c. a memo to an employee informing her of the termination of her service. d. an email praising the best-performing employees of the quarter. e. a letter to a customer apologizing for the non-availability of a product.