The metallic qualities drop and the non-metal characteristics rise as we progress from left to right, which results in a decrease inside the reactivity of such elements.
Metal reactivity is influenced by their propensity to lose electrons. The valence electrons could be simply eliminated as the atomic size grows, resulting in the formation of positive ions. As we proceed down the periodic table, the atomic size of metals gets bigger. The propensity to acquire electrons determines how reactive non-metals are.
Metal fosters strong down groups and declines across intervals from left to right. Indicators of nonmetallic properties rise from left to right and fall down groupings. Nonmetal reactivity goes up groups as well as down groups, increasing from left to right.
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Classify the reaction in each of the following equations.
a. BaCl2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) → BaCrO4 (s) + 2KCl(aq)
b. Si(s) + 2Cl2 (g) → SiCl4 (l)
Answer:
a) Double replacement
b) Synthesis
Explanation:
a) For A, we have two ionic reactants that form two ionic products, where the anion (or cation) is swapped. This is a characteristic of a double replacement reaction.
b) For B, two elements, this time two elements, react together to form one product that's unlike the reactants. This is a characteristic of a synthesis reaction.
Why are incandescent light bulbs considered to be lower efficiency than LED bulbs?
#1: A greater percentage of the energy output of the incandescent bulb goes toward heat.
#2: A greater amount of energy is required for the same light output from the LED bulb.
#3: A smaller amount of energy is wasted by the incandescent bulb.
#4: A smaller percentage of the energy output of the LED bulb goes toward light.
A smaller amount of energy is wasted by the incandescent bulb.
Why are incandescent light bulbs less efficient?Because so much energy (90%) is used to produce heat instead of light, incandescent lights are the least efficient of all current lighting options.A typical incandescent source emits around 2% of its energy as usable visible light and the rest 98% as waste heat. Incandescent bulbs have a high likelihood of burning out regularly and need to be replaced annually.Incandescent bulbs are inefficient since they only produce 10% of light and 90% of heat. Additionally, incandescent lights don't last as long as CFLs and LEDs do. A 12-watt LED bulb lasts 25,000 hours, compared to 1,000 hours for an incandescent bulb, 10,000 hours for a CFL, and 15 hours for a CFL.To learn more about incandescent light bulbs refers to:
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How many grams of magnesium
sulfate (MgSO4) are dissolved in
0. 965 L of a 0. 0575 M solution?
Molar Mass Mg: 24. 30 g/mol
Molar Mass S: 32. 06 g/mol
Molar Mass O: 16. 00 g/mol
Magnesium sulfate, or MgSO₄, weighs 6.68 g, and dissolves about 0. 965 L of the a 0. 0575 M solutions.
For what use in chemistry?A solution is created when a solvent and a solute, two different compounds, are mixed together. When a salt and a solvents is mixed, a solution is created. Commonly, one substance will dissolve in another to create a solution, such as when salt dissolves in water. Nevertheless, a solution can be produced under any state of matter.
Molar mass MgSO₄ = 120.36 g/mol
You have a 0.0575 M solution
That is equal to 6.9207 g/L or 0.0575 mol/L * 120.36 g/mol.
But you want mass in 0.965 L
Mass equals 0.965 L times 6.9207 g/L, or 6.68 g.
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a student collected a sample of hydrogen gas by the displacement of water. Calculate the number of molecules of water vapor in the sample of gas
Using a method known as water displacement, gases created during laboratory experiments are frequently collected. To obtain the accurate value of the gas's pressure .
The vapor pressure caused by water in a sample can be compensated for. The gas is not pure since it is combined with water vapor from evaporating water because it is gathered above water. By deducting the contribution of the water vapor, one may apply Dalton's law to determine how much of the desired gas is present: P total equals Pg plus PH 2O. The required gas's pressure is P g. Pg = P Total + P H 2 O List the known quantities and make a plan for the issue. pressure in the atmosphere. A water pan is filled with a bottle that has been turned upside down and filled with water. Rubber tubing that is attached to the reaction flask and supplied underneath the water bottle.
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If 25.0 mL of 15M nitric acid is diluted to 125 mL, what is the concentration of the new solution?
Answer:2.5M
Explanation:
let the number of moles = x
x/0.025L =15
x= 15*0.025 = 0.375 moles
the concentration of the new solution = moles / volume =
0.375 / (0.025+0.125) = 2.5M
What is the mass % of carbon in dimethylsulfoxide (C2H6SO) rounded to three significant figures? A) 7.74 B) 78.1 C) 25.4 D) 30.7 E) 28.6
The mass % of carbon in dimethyl sulfoxide (C2H6SO) rounded to three significant figure is calculated as 30.718%.
What is mass percentage?Mass percent of a solution is defined as the ratio of the mass of solute that is present in solution, relative to the mass of solution as a whole. To calculate mass percent of an element in a compound, we divide mass of the element in 1 mole of the compound by the molar mass and then multiply the result by 100.
As we know molar mass of carbon is 12 g/mol and molar mass of dimethyl sulfoxide is 78.13 g/mol
Mass % of carbon (C2) in dimethyl sulfoxide (C2H6SO) = 2* (12/78.13) * 100
= 30.718%
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Show the more stable carbocation that forms through a 1. 2−shift. Be sure to answer all parts. Part 1 out of 2 Show the more stable carbocation that forms through a 1,2-shift.
Be sure to answer all parts. Part 1 out of 2 Show the more stable carbocation that forms through a 1,2-shift.
The more stable carbocation that forms through a 1,2-shift is a tertiary carbocation.
A 1,2-shift is a rearrangement of a carbon-carbon double bond, where one of the carbons moves two positions away from its original location with its original bonding partner following it. This creates a carbocation intermediate, with the carbon that moved being the positively charged center. Since tertiary carbocations are the most stable of the carbocation intermediates, the more stable carbocation that forms through a 1,2-shift is a tertiary carbocation.
The more stable carbocation that forms through a 1,2-shift is a tertiary carbocation.
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What is the volume of water in the graduated cylinder?
In this redox reaction, identify the element that was reduced. Fe2O3 3CO 2Fe 3CO2 A. C B. CO C. Fe D. FeO E. O
the element that was reduced in this redox reaction is Fe
A redox reaction, also known as an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, involves the exchange of electrons between chemical entities (the atoms, ions, or molecules involved in the reaction). Redox reactions occur everywhere; they are involved in the burning of fuels, the rusting of metals, and even the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.Some species experience oxidation, or the loss of electrons, while others experience reduction, or the gain of electrons, during a redox process. Take rust, which results from the interaction of iron and oxygen:The third selection from the options presented above is the right response. The element that was reduced in the described redox reaction was Fe, or iron. It now has a neutral charge after having its +3 charge lowered.
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Vines grow straight until they find something to grow around. What is
responsible for this adaptation?
Answer:
No matter how a seed is planted, the root will orient itself towards the pull of gravity in the downward direction. This is known as geotropism.
J.J Thomson's experiments provided what evidence about atoms?
a) atoms are the smallest particles of matter
b) atoms contain negatively charged particles
c) atoms have a negative charge
d) atoms have a positive charge
Which of the following alkenes cannot be converted into an alkyne by reacting it with bromine followed by an excess of sodium amide and then with water? X X II III DIVE, III and IV II &IX
Among the following alkenes (D) IV cannot be converted into an alkyne by reacting it with bromine followed by an excess of sodium amide and then with water.
An alkene must first be brominated by an addition reaction that produces a vicinal dibromide in order to transform it into an alkyne. All alkenes that have at least one double bond double substituted render them unsuitable for this method due to the requirement of this vicinal dibromide. This is so that the alkane can undergo a double elimination and produce an alkene, which needs at least one C-H and C-X bond. This hinders the conversion of molecule IV into an alkyne.
The dibromo alkane would change into the provided alkene by losing one unit of HBr if it were to react with bromine. However, the second beta-elimination cannot take place since there isn't hydrogen that is physically linked to the alkene carbon. So (D) IV is the right option.
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What are the factors affecting the state of a substance?
There are three main factors that affect the state of a substance: temperature, pressure, and the amount of substance.
Temperature: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles within a substance. As the temperature of matter increases, particles have more kinetic energy and move faster. This can change the state of matter from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.
Pressure: Pressure is the force exerted on a substance per unit area. Applying pressure to a substance can change its state from gas to liquid or from liquid to solid.
Amount of Matter: The amount of matter in the system also affects its state. As the amount of matter in the system increases, the particles become more dense and the matter can change state from gas to liquid or liquid to solid.
Taken together, temperature, pressure and amount of matter are the three main factors that affect the state of matter. These factors can change the state of matter from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or gas to solid.
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Suppose 114 mg of an unknown protein is dissolved in enough solvent to make 5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of this solution is measured to be 0.0761 atm at 25.0 degrees Celsius. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
The pressure difference required to stop solvent from flowing through a semipermeable membrane is known as the osmotic pressure of a solution.
The molar concentration of the solute particles in solution directly relates to the osmotic pressure of a solution. Because a solution has a higher concentration of a solute than pure water does, water from pure water wants to diffuse or go by osmosis to the solution. Therefore, the osmotic pressure of a solution is always greater than that of pure water or solvent because it is necessary to prevent water from entering the solution. A semipermeable membrane can no longer pass water through it due to osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure formula can be used to determine this pressure, which in turn inhibits osmosis from taking place.
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the data in the table show the amount of 500 g sample of sodium-24 over time. make a graph of the data (remember to label all axes and title the graph)
The amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 125 g.
What is sodium?Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na on the periodic table. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metal group of chemical elements.
The graph below shows the amount of 500 g sample of sodium-24 over time. The x-axis of the graph represents time (in hours), and the y-axis represents the amount of sodium-24 (in grams). The title of the graph is "Amount of sodium-24 in 500 g Sample Over Time".
The graph shows that the amount of sodium-24 in the sample decreases over time. After 24 hours, the amount of sodium-24 in the sample decreases to approximately 375 g. After 48 hours, the amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 250 g. After 72 hours, the amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 125 g.
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Warm air rises because:
A.) It is made of helium
B.) As it warms the particles spread out making it less dense
C.) As it warms the particles get closer together making it more dense
D.) Air always moves towards the sun or moon due to gravity
As the air gets warmer it rises because, particles spread out making it less dense. The diffusing capability of gas molecules make it possible.
What is intermolecular forces ?Intermolecular force are the force that keep the particles of a substance binded together. Gaseous molecule easily diffuse in air , since the intermolecular attraction is very less in them.
In solid state molecules are densely packed and difficult to move apart. In liquid state , particles have some space to move and in gases molecules are far apart due to less intermolecular force.
As the gas molecules in air absorbs heat energy, they overcome all the intermolecular forces and will spread out in the air. Thus, they rises above over a temperature gradient.
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why the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule is more polar than the bond between hydrogen and nitrogen in an ammonia molecule.
Since oxygen has a higher electronegative charge than hydrogen, the two bonds that are created will be polar covalent, which means that oxygen.
which has a higher electronegative charge, will have a partial negative charge, and hydrogen, which has a partial positive charge. Each water molecule has a small hydrogen charge that attracts neighboring oxygen atoms and negatively charged areas of other molecules. While holding water together and giving it intriguing features, the hydrogen bond between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another... For water, this is how it functions. Due to the molecule's bent structure, water (H 2 O) is polar. Most of the negative charge from the oxygen is indicated by the shape.
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Which of the following statements correctly identifies the decomposition reaction and describes a substance involved
Option C. Decomposition reaction: a substance involved is oxygen.
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.Decomposition Reaction Involving OxygenA decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction where a single compound is broken down into two or more simpler substances. In the reaction, energy is typically used to break down the bonds that hold the molecules of the compound together. Oxygen is often a substance involved in the reaction, as it is used to provide the energy needed to break down the compound. When oxygen is involved, the reaction is sometimes referred to as an oxidation reaction.
Since the question is not complete, here's the full task:
Which of the following statements correctly identifies the decomposition reaction and describes a substance involved?
Choose the right option:
A. Combustion reaction: a substance involved is oxygen
B. Combustion reaction: a substance involved is a hydrocarbon
C. Decomposition reaction: a substance involved is oxygen
D. Decomposition reaction: a substance involved is a hydrocarbon
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Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
A) 1, 4, and 6
B) 2, 7, and 8
C) 7, 8, and 13
D) 11, 12, and 13
E) 12, 13, and 15
B) 2, 7, and 8 of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides.
Are polypeptides' building components proteins?You may think of it as several flavors that come together to form lengthy chains that we refer to as polypeptides, which are the fundamental components of proteins.
What types of bonds do polypeptides contain?Peptide bonds bind the amino acids together in polypeptides. The interaction between the -carboxyl and -amino groups of two amino acids results in the formation of a dipeptide.
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You just created the equality 1 fluid oz = 29. 7 mL. Use this equality to determine how many ounces of water will be measured using the measuring cup introduced before Part A when making the cake.
Express your answer numerically in ounces to two significant figures
2 ounces of water will be measured using the measuring cup introducing before part A when making the cake.
Both units (that is, ml and ounces) are equal, meaning they measure the same quantity and can be converted to each other.
Given that:
1fluid oz = 29.7ml
Part A measurements are not shown. Therefore, we will explain using hypothetical values.
Let the amount of water measured with the measuring cup in part A be 10 ml.
The equivalent number of ounces (x) is calculated as follows:
1 fluid oz = 29.7ml
x = 10ml
By using equality
x * 29.7ml = 1 fluid oz * 10ml
By canceling common units
x * 29.7 = 10 fluid oz
Divide both sides by 29.7.
x = 0.3367 fluid oz
Approximate to the nearest half.
x = 0.5 fluid oz
This means that the equivalent amount of water is 0.5 ounces.
What if the measurement is 55mL.
We apply the same steps here also:
x fluid oz = 55ml
x *29.7 = 1 fluid oz * 55 ml
Divide both sides by 29.7
x = 2 fluid oz
This means that the equivalent amount of water is 2 ounces.
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Calculate the molarity of a solution of HNO3 if 15.72 mL of the solution neutralize 28.2 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4 solution
The molarity of a solution of HNO3 if 15.72 mL of the solution neutralize 28.2 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4 solution is 0.89 x 10^-4M
Given the volume of HNO3(V1) = 15.72mL
The volume of H2SO4 (V2) = 28.2mL
concentration of H2SO4 (M2) = 0.100M
Concentration of HNO3 = M1
We know that c = n/v where n is the number of moles.
The moles of H2SO4 (n2) = V2 X M2/1000
n2 = 28.2 x 0.100 /1000 = 28. 2 x 10^-4
From the reaction: H2SO4 + HNO3 -> NO2+ + HSO4- +H2O
We can see from the equation that the number of moles of HNO3 must be half that number, so: n1 = 28. 2 x 10^-4 /2 = 14.1 x 10^-4
M1 = 14.1 x 10^-4/15.72 = 0.89 x 10^-4M
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Problems that can be caused by both the complete and incomplete
combustion of methane in a gas fire.
Answer:
carbon dioxide produced, or carbon monoxide, soot produced and Soot can cause breathing problems and it blackens buildings.
Explanation:
During complete combustion carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). During incomplete combustion part of the carbon is not completely oxidized producing soot or carbon monoxide (CO).
CH4 + 2 Cl₂ →→ 4 HCl + C
4. Use the equation above to calculate how many moles of CH4 are required to
produce 3.6 moles of HCl. (2 pts)
By using given equation 0.9 moles of CH₄ are required to produce 3.6 moles of HCl.
In simple terms, what is a chemical reaction?The transformation of one or more reactants, also known as reactants, into one or more new products, also known as products, occurs during a chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions turn reactants into products by involving reactants in the process. As an illustration, when we breathe, oxygen is inhaled, and upon coming into contact with glucose, it reacts to create carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
Given chemical reaction:
CH₄ + 2 Cl₂ → 4 HCl + C
1 mole of CH₄ gives 4 moles of HCl
x moles of CH₄ gives 3.6 moles
x moles of CH₄ = 3.6/4
x moles of CH₄ = 0.9moles.
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Antarctica contains 26. 8 million cubic kilometers of ice. Assume that the average temperature of this ice during the summer months is20 ∘C If all of this were heated to 4 ∘C and melted to form water, what volume of liquid water would form?
Volume of liquid water would be approximately 24 million km³.
Volume(V) of ice at 20° is;
Vi = 26.8×10⁶ km³
Density is depend upon the mass and volume
∴ p =m/v
where; p = Density
m = Mass
v = Volume
Density of ice p(i) = 0.92g /cm³
Density of water at 4°C is;
p(w) = 1g/cm³
If ice is melt then,
mass(m) of water = mass(m) of ice
p(w) = p(i)
V = p(i)/p(w)
0.92g / cm³/1g/cm³×26.8×10⁶ km³
24.5 ˣ 10⁶ km³
≈24 million km³
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Base your answer to the following question on the elements below. (A) Boron (B) Rubidium (C) Nitrogen (D) Mercury A highly reactive element A) A B) B C) C D) D
B) Rubidium is a highly reactive element.
Rubidium is a highly reactive element due to its low ionization energy, which makes it easily lose electrons and form compounds. It is considered to be one of the most reactive alkali metals.
When it comes into contact with water or air making rubidium is highly flammable. It can ignite spontaneously in the air and reacts violently with water to produce rubidium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Being noticeably more reactive than potassium but less so than cesium, it is likely to react with substances that are dangerous with sodium or potassium more forcefully. When rubidium is exposed to air or dry oxygen, it ignites, mostly generating oxide.
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Spreadsheets are super helpful in helping you stay organized when calculating recipe costs because they have different rows and columns to track all your _____ individually and what they cost.
Question 1 options:
ideas
customers
ingredients
reviews
Question 2 (1 point)
Ryan is a baker who likely does what to his ingredients rather measuring them out with cups?
Question 2 options:
splitting up
sharing
weighing out
cultivating
Question 3 (1 point)
What company has a trade secret that claims to use "eleven herbs and spices," supposedly scribbled on a piece of yellow notepaper inside an iron safe in Louisville, Kentucky, and as the story goes, the safe is actually a vault surrounded by cameras, motion-detectors, and even guards!
Question 3 options:
Chik-Fil-A
Coca Cola
McDonald's
Kentucky Fried Chicken
Question 4 (1 point)
What kind of measuring device comes in sets, with each part of the set holding a pre-determined volume and increasing in size from ¼ to 1?
Question 4 options:
strain measuring spoons
conversion measuring spoons
tare measuring cups
standard measuring cups
Question 5 (1 point)
What kind of cups for measuring are sometimes made from glass or something transparent so the markings on the side with different measurements are visible?
Question 5 options:
graduated measuring cups
standard measuring cups
tare measuring cups
Maillard measuring cups
Question 6 (1 point)
Schools, hospitals, prisons, universities, summer camps, and government buildings are just a few examples of the types of institutions and commercial kitchens that depend on what kind of recipes on a daily basis?
Question 6 options:
trade secret recipes
small volume recipes
improvised recipes
standardized recipes
Question 7 (1 point)
As a big-time chef, your job entails nothing more than simply putting out spectacular food.
Question 7 options:
True
False
Question 8 (1 point)
Rice never loses its food value, regardless of how many times its rinsed.
Question 8 options:
True
False
Question 9 (1 point)
When a food cost analysis is properly done, it can serve as a tool to monitor your overall expenses so you can make a profit and stay within the confines of your budget.
Question 9 options:
True
False
Question 10 (1 point)
When looking for consistency and reliability, in cooking and other endeavors, it's far better to rely on what rather than guesswork?
Question 10 options:
intuition
hypotheses
numbers
estimates
Question 11 (1 point)
Most failing restaurants find themselves in trouble because they do not understand the what that is associated with what they are doing?
Question 11 options:
cost
time
resilience
integrity
Question 12 (1 point)
When adhering to the ABCs of eating when planning out your diet, ensuring that you are not too heavy on fat, salt, or sugar means that you are using what?
Question 12 options:
adequacy
moderation
variety
balance
Question 13 (1 point)
Inventory control provides predictable information on the quantity of ingredients needed for each _____ cycle.
Question 13 options:
revenue
standardized
nutrient
production
Question 14 (1 point)
As delightful as it is to design a delicious, exciting, and colorful menu, it is equally as important to see the hidden costs and risk behind every decision.
Question 14 options:
True
False
Question 15 (1 point)
What happens to ingredients through the process of trimming, cleaning, and cooking?
Question 15 options:
They shrink.
They grow.
They disintegrate.
They multiply.
Answer:
A-Ideas
Explanation:
Mg + _________HCI →
_____ H₂ + _____ MgCh
Mg + 2HCl → H2 + MgCl2 because The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride.
What is molecule?Molecules are the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can exist independently and remain unchanged in chemical composition. A molecule is composed of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. A molecule can be made up of different elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and can be composed of a variety of combinations of these elements. Molecules are essential components of all living things, as they are important for basic functions such as energy transfer, metabolism, and cell structure.
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The statement "atoms have a small, dense nucleus" is true. What evidence do scientists use to prove this statement as true?
Most alpha particles shot at gold foil go straight through, without any changes in their direction.
The particles ejected in Thomson's experiment bent away from the negatively charged plates, but toward positively charged plates.
A few alpha particles shot at gold foil bounce in the opposite direction
No matter which element Thomson put in a cathode ray tube, the smae negative particles wit the same properties (such as charge and mass) were ejectected.
In the gold foil experiment, alpha particles shot at gold foil bounced in the opposite direction from a gold foil which indicated atoms have a small, dense nucleus.
What is the gold foil experiment?Rutherford’s α-particle scattering or gold foil experiment changed our perception of the atomic structure of an atom. Rutherford bombarded beams of α-particles at thin gold foil and observed how the α-particles scattered from the gold foil.
Rutherford showed that the atom has the most empty space with the nucleus at the center and electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus. Highly charged α-particles passed straight undeflected through the foil. This will be the expected result if the plum pudding model of Thomson was correct.
A few charged alpha particles were deflected backward direction leading to the positive charge concentrated in a small space.
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Time Remaining 4 hours 45 minutes 24 seconds04:45:24 Check my workCheck My Work button is now disabledItem 15 Time Remaining 4 hours 45 minutes 24 seconds04:45:24 Protactinium-234 has a half-life of 1 minute. How much of a 400. g sample protactinium would remain after 4 minutes
After 4 minutes, 400 g of the sample would have decayed to 400 g - (200 g x 4) = 396.2 g.
What is protactinium?Protactinium (symbol Pa) is a rare, radioactive, metallic element in the actinide series of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 91 and an atomic mass of 231. It is found in trace amounts in nature, but can be artificially produced in a nuclear reactor. Protactinium is a soft, silvery-gray metal that is soluble in acids and insoluble in bases. It has a high melting point and is moderately toxic. It has a variety of uses, including as a fuel source in nuclear reactors and in medical research.
After 4 minutes, 400 g of protactinium-234 would have decayed to approximately 396.2 g.
This is because the half-life of protactinium-234 is 1 minute, meaning that in one minute, half of the original amount (200 g) of the sample will decay.
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Rusting as a redox reaction in details
The reactant is iron (Fe) and the oxidizing agent is oxygen (O). This reaction results in the the formation of a compound known as iron oxide (Fe2O3), which is commonly referred to as rust. The reaction can be written as:
Fe + O2 --> Fe2O3
The oxidation process involves the loss of electrons from the Fe atoms, as oxygen gains electrons and is reduced. The electrons are transferred from the iron to the oxygen, resulting in the formation of iron oxide, which is an insoluble solid.
An oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction, is a reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons between chemical species (the atoms, ions, or molecules involved in the reaction).
The reaction can be written as: [tex]\bold{Fe + O2 \Rightarrow Fe_2O_3}[/tex]