Since a pure liquid freezes at a constant temperature, a flat, horizontal zone is anticipated on the cooling curve. if the liquid is allowed to cool until it is completely frozen.
The temperature will then continue to drop as the solid cools, eventually reaching the bath's temperature.
When a liquid is cooled in a constant-temperature bath, a cooling curve for the liquid illustrates graphically how the temperature changes over time. To preserve temperature uniformity, the liquid is enclosed in a test tube and continually swirled. Two elements dominate in determining the pace of cooling. The temperature differential between the liquid and the bath is the first. As the liquid temperature approaches the bath temperature as a result of this factor, the cooling curve gradually becomes less steep (has a lower negative slope), finally approaching zero, and producing a horizontal line at the bath temperature.
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Please help!!!
From this lesson, you should be able to answer the following focus questions:
What are the transition points for each phase change?
What is the effect of energy in phase transitions of matter?
How are changes in temperature and states of matter represented in heating and cooling curves?
The transition points for each phase change are the melting point, boiling point, freezing point, and condensation point.
The melting point is the temperature at which a solid substance melts and turns into a liquid.
The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas. The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid, and the condensation point is the temperature at which a gas turns into a liquid.
The effect of energy in phase transitions of matter is that it is required to change the phase of matter.
For example, when a solid is heated, energy is added to it, which causes its temperature to increase until it reaches its melting point.
At the melting point, the energy causes the solid to melt and become a liquid. Similarly, when a liquid is heated, energy is added to it, causing its temperature to increase until it reaches its boiling point. At the boiling point, the energy causes the liquid to turn into a gas.
Changes in temperature and states of matter are represented in heating and cooling curves by plotting temperature against time.
Heating curves show the change in temperature of a substance as heat is added, and cooling curves show the change in temperature of a substance as heat is removed.
The flat regions on the curve represent the phase changes, where the energy being added or removed is being used to change the state of the substance rather than to increase or decrease its temperature.
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Chemistry assessment
Elements were arranged by atomic number and properties of the elements varied periodically with atomic number.
What is Mendeleev's period Table?
Mendeleev's initial periodic table, which stated that "Element characteristics are a periodic function of their atomic weight," was first published in 1869.
The Periodic table of Mendeleev is a table in which Mendeleev listed elements in the order of their atomic masses.
Mendeleev made an effort to link the atomic masses to their chemical and physical characteristics.
Hence, the properties of the elements varied periodically with atomic number, and the elements were ordered according to their atomic numbers.
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how many moles of silver will be produced if 6.25 moles of copper are completely reacted?
As per the reaction, one mole of Cu gives one mole of silver. Then, 6.25 moles copper completely reacts to give 6.25 moles of silver metal.
What is copper ?Copper, Cu is 29th element in periodic table. It is a transition metal in d-block. As all other transition metals copper can exhibit variable oxidation states.
Copper reacts silver nitrate giving silver metal and copper nitrate. This an example of redox reaction in which copper is oxides and silver is reduced.
As per the balanced reaction one mole of copper reacts completely to give one mole of silver metal. Therefore, 6.25 moles of copper metal will give 6.25 moles of silver metal.
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The chemical reaction in your question probably was:
[tex]\rm Cu + AgNO_{3} \rightarrow Ag + CuNO_{3}[/tex]
A scuba tank has a volume of 11.0 L. What volume of gas in liters at 0.950 atm is required to completely fill the tank to a pressure of 45.0 atm, assuming no change in the temperature of the gas?
The volume of gas in liters at 0.950 atm required to completely fill the tank to a pressure of 45.0 atm is 0.23L.
How to calculate volume?The volume of a gas can be calculated by using the Boyle's law equation as follows:
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
Where;
P₁ = initial pressureV₁ = initial volumeP₂ = final pressureV₂ = final volumeAccording to this question, a scuba tank has a volume of 11.0 L. The volume required at an increased pressure can be calculated as follows:
11 × 0.95 = 45 × V
10.45 = 45V
V = 0.23L
Therefore, 0.23L is the volume required
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a reaction requires 22.4 l of gas at stp. you have 25.0 l of gas at 101.5 kpa and 373 k. which statement is true? use the ideal gas law: pv
Answer:
3.3
Explanation: Just trust the process.
what relationship exists between solubility and temperature for most of the substances shown? whats the exception?
For most of the substances shown, solubility increases with increasing temperature. The exception is carbon dioxide, which has a decrease in solubility with increasing temperature.
What is temperature ?Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or environment. It is measured on a numerical scale and expressed in units such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin. Temperature can be measured in many ways, including thermometers, infrared sensors, and other temperature-sensing devices. Temperature affects many things in the environment, including the speed of chemical reactions, the behavior of materials, and the ability of organisms to survive. Changes in temperature can cause physical and chemical processes to occur, such as melting, evaporating, and condensing. Temperature is an important factor in the study of climate change and the global environment. Temperature plays a role in the formation of weather and the development of ecosystems. Understanding temperature is essential to understanding how and why the environment changes.
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a homogeneous mixture varies from a heterogeneous mixture ion that a homogenous mixture has properties that
A homogeneous mixture has the same composition all the way through. The composition of a heterogeneous mixture varies. Mixtures are classified into three types based on particle size: solutions, suspensions, and colloids. A mixture's components retain their own physical properties.
What are the properties of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?Heterogeneous mixtures have distinct components, whereas homogeneous mixtures appear uniform throughout. A solution is the most common type of homogeneous mixture, and it can be solid, liquid, or gas.
A homogeneous mixture is one in which different parts (such as salt and water) are uniformly combined to form a new substance (salt water), whereas a heterogeneous mixture contains parts that remain separate.
Thus, a homogeneous mixture varies from a heterogeneous mixture ion that a homogeneous mixture has properties that the same composition throughout.
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The combustion of propane (C3H8) produces CO2 and H2O:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
The reaction of 2.0 mol of O2 will produce ________ mol of H2O.
The combustion of propane (C3H8) produces CO2 and H2O:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
The reaction of 2.0 mol of O2 will produce ________ mol of H2O.
4.0
2.5
2.0
1.6
1.0
According to the stoichiometry of the given chemical reaction, the reaction of 2.0 mole of O₂ will produce 1.6 mole of H₂O.
What is stoichiometry?It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.
Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.In the given reaction, 5 moles of oxygen gives 4 moles of water, thus 2 mole of oxygen will give 2×4/5=1.6 moles of water.
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Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____. A. Larval and juvenile oysters. B. Adults C. Prereproductive oysters. D. Larvae
Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of Adults (option B.).
Oysters are found in coastal areas that are either salty or brackish, and they tend to congregate on older shells, rocks, piers, or any other submerged surface that is hard. They eventually build rock-like reefs by fusing together as they grow, which provides a habitat for a variety of other marine animals and plants.
The word "oyster" refers to a number of different families of bivalve mollusks that live in marine or brackish environments and are known together by the name "oyster." In other species, the valves are extremely calcified, and the shape of several of them is rather asymmetrical. The superfamily Ostreoidea contains a significant number of oysters, although not all of them.
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Why can some substances be reused while others can't?
Answer:
Why can some substances be reused while others can't?
Explanation:
we can only reuse some substances because they are very stable. while the other substsances are unstable and can hurt you.
how many moles of ammonia can be produced from the reaction of 56.0 grams of nitrogen with 72.0 grams of hydrogen?
4 moles of ammonia can be produced from the reaction of 56.0 grams of nitrogen.
What is mole?
The International System of Units uses the mole (symbol: mol) as the unit of substance amount. How many elementary entities of a particular substance are present in an object or sample is determined by the quantity of that substance. It is specified that the mole contains exactly 6.02214076×10²³ elementary entities.
The reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen is
N₂ (s) + 3 H₂ (g) → 2 NH₃
The mass of nitrogen is 28.
The mass of hydrogen is 2
The mass of 3 H₂ is 6 .
The mass of ammonia is 14 + (3×1) = 14 + 3 = 17
The mass of 2 NH₃ is 34.
28 grams of nitrogen produced 2 moles of ammonia.
1 grams of nitrogen produced 2/28 moles of ammonia.
56 grams of nitrogen produced (2 × 56)/28 moles of ammonia.
= 4 moles
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Calculate the number of chlorine atoms present in a sample that has 3.2 × 1023 molecules of C2Cl4?
The sample contains 1.28 x 10²⁴ chlorine atoms, or 3.2 x 10²³ x 4.
Determine how many chlorine atoms are in a sample by using the Avogadro's number, which is 6.02 x 10²³ molecules of any substance per mole, as the formula for the question. The number of molecules or atoms in a sample is determined using this number.
Calculating of the sample's number of C₂Cl₄ molecules.
There are 3.2 x 10²³ C₂Cl₄ molecules in the sample.
Determine how many chlorine atoms are in one C₂Cl₄ molecule.
One molecule of C₂Cl₄ contains two chlorine atoms because it has two chlorine atoms.
Determine the sample's total number of chlorine atoms.
The total number of chlorine atoms in the sample is 1.28 x 10²⁴ because there are 3.2 x 10²³ molecules of C₂Cl₄ in the sample and each molecule contains two chlorine atoms.
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a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution has a molar concentration of 0.026 M. calculate the [H3O+], [OH-] , and the pH of the solution
A 0.026 M KOH solution has [tex][OH-] = 0.026 M, [H3O+] = 10^(-13) M[/tex], and a pH of 12.97.
A potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is a strong base and dissociates completely in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-). The molar concentration of KOH can be used to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions.
[OH-] = 0.026 M
The hydroxide ions will react with water to produce hydronium ions (H3O+), according to the equation:
[tex]OH- + H2O - > H3O+ + OH-[/tex]
The concentration of hydronium ions can be calculated using the equation:
[tex][H3O+] = Kw/[OH-] = 10^(-14)/[OH-] = 10^(-14)/0.026 = 10^(-13) M[/tex]
The pH of the solution can be calculated using the equation:
[tex]pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(10^(-13)) = 13.[/tex]
Therefore, the pH of the 0.026 M KOH solution is 12.97.
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how would the carbon cycle be disrupted if human activities released an extremely large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
If human activities released an extremely large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere The carbon cycle would be affected in a number of ways.Due to the greenhouse effect,
increasing quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would result in warmer global temperatures. If human activities caused an unusually high amount of carbon dioxide to be emitted into the atmosphere. As a result, the oceans would evaporate more water, increasing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. More extreme weather events, including hurricanes and droughts, could disrupt ecosystems and reduce plants' capacity to absorb carbon dioxide as a result of the warmer temperatures and rising carbon dioxide levels. This might lead to an even greater increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, resulting in a vicious cycle of rising temperatures and more weather events.
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Initially, only H2 and I2 were present at concentrations of [H2]=3. 65M and [I2]=2. 00M. The equilibrium concentration of I2 is 0. 0700 M. What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction at this temperature?
the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction at this temperature to be [tex]4.55 x 10^-12[/tex]
The equation for the equilibrium constant, Kc, is defined as the ratio of the concentration of products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients, to the concentration of reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients. For the given reaction, the concentration of I2 at equilibrium is 0.0700 M and the initial concentrations of H2 and I2 are 3.65 M and 2.00 M respectively. By plugging these values into the equation for Kc, we can calculate the value of Kc to be [tex]4.55 x 10^-12[/tex] at this temperature. Initially, only H2 and I2 were present at concentrations of [H2]=3. 65M and [I2]=2. 00M.
Kc = [tex][I2]/([H2][I2])^2[/tex]
= [tex]0.0700 / (3.65 * 2.00)^2[/tex]
= [tex]4.55 x 10^-12.[/tex]
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iron (fe) has a cubic unit cell. if the unit cell edge length is 287 pm and the density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3 , how many iron atoms are in the unit cell? what type of cubic unit cell do you think iron has?
The number of iron atoms present in the unit cell are 2 and The cubic unit cell that iron possess is Face centered unit cell.
Face Centered Cubic (fcc) or Cubic Close Packed (ccp) These are special names for the equal lattice. We can consider this cell as being made through putting every other atom into every face of the easy cubic lattice - therefore the "face targeted cubic" name. The face-targeted cubic (FCC) has a coordination wide variety of 12 and includes four atoms consistent with unit cell.
Volume of unit cell = (2.87 x 10^-8)^3 = 2.364 x 10^-23 cm^3
Mass of unit cell = density x volume
= 7.87 x 2.364 x 10^-23
= 1.86 x 10^-22 g/atom
Mass of atoms in a unit cell = 1.86 x 10^-22 x 6.023 x 10^-23 = 112.056 g
Number of Fe atoms in a unit cell = 112.056/55.845 = 2 atoms
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HELP ME PLSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Explanation:
burning fossil fuels adds carbon dioxide, and photosynthesis removes it
if 3.71 g of titanium metal is reacted with 7.42 g of chlorine gas, cl2 , to form 9.1 g of titanium(iv) chloride in a combination reaction, what is the percent yield of the product?
The percent yield of a reaction is the percentage of the theoretical yield that is actually obtained in the experiment which is 59.9%.
To calculate the percent yield of the reaction between titanium metal and chlorine gas to form titanium(IV) chloride, the following calculation must be made:
Actual yield / Theoretical yield x 100
The actual yield in this reaction is 9.1 g of titanium(IV) chloride, and the theoretical yield can be calculated from the balanced chemical equation:
3.71 g Ti + 7.42 g Cl2 → TiCl4 + 3 g Cl2
The theoretical yield is calculated by multiplying the moles of titanium metal by the molar mass of titanium(IV) chloride:
3.71 g Ti / (47.90 g/mol) = 0.0777 mol Ti × (193.86 g/mol) = 15.2 g TiCl4
The percent yield of the reaction is then:
9.1 g TiCl4 / 15.2 g TiCl4 ×100 = 59.9% yield
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Avogadro’s law states the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas, but has nothing to do with the identity of the gas. Is this law correct for a real gas? Explain.
Answer:
Avogadro's law is an ideal gas law that states that, at a constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas. This law assumes that the gas is an ideal gas, which is a theoretical gas that follows a set of idealized assumptions, such as having no intermolecular forces and occupying no volume.
In reality, gases are not always ideal and can deviate from the ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures. In these conditions, the volume of a gas is no longer directly proportional to the number of moles of gas due to the intermolecular forces between gas particles. Real gases can also have different molar volumes, which means that the identity of the gas does matter when considering the relationship between volume and number of moles.
Therefore, while Avogadro's law is a useful approximation in many situations, it is not always accurate for real gases.
the chemical environment of protons can be deduced from their chemical shifts. what are the relative chemical shifts of the protons at the labeled positions? [protons that are highly shielded have low delta (chemical shift) values.]
1). The most shielded is c while the least shielded is a.
2). The most shielded is b while the least shielded is a.
In part 1 Since CH₃ has the most electrically rich carbon atom, it is also the most shielded, hence the answer to the question is c.
As oxygen is the electronegative radical and makes up the least protected carbon in the carbonyl group, the solution for the most shielded carbon atom is a.
In part 2 Since CH₃ has the most electrically rich carbon atom, it is also the most insulated, hence the correct response is b.
Due to the existence of the pi electrons, the carbon in a ring is least protected, hence the answer for the most shielded carbon atom is a.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was attached bellow
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the following balanced equation describes the combustion of ethene (c2h4). how many grams of carbon dioxide, co2, are produced if 29.4 g of ethene and 95.3 g of oxygen, o2, are used for the reaction?
In the given chemical reaction, 87.4 g of carbon dioxide gas is produced if 29.4 g of ethene and 95.3 g of oxygen is used in a reaction. The correct choice is option e.
Combustion is a chemical process that occurs in the presence of oxygen between a fuel and an oxidizing agent, creating heat and light.
We need to find the limiting reagent by calculating the moles of each reactant and comparing them to the stoichiometric ratio of the balanced equation.
Moles of [tex]\rm C_2H_4[/tex]= 29.4 g / 28.05 g/mol = 1.045 mol
Moles of [tex]\rm O_2[/tex] = 95.3 g / 32 g/mol = 2.978 mol
The stoichiometric ratio of the balanced equation is 1 mol [tex]\rm C_2H_4[/tex]: 3 mol [tex]\rm O_2[/tex]. Therefore, [tex]\rm O_2[/tex] is the limiting reagent because we have less moles of [tex]\rm O_2[/tex] than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio.
Now we can use the moles of [tex]\rm O_2[/tex] to determine the moles of [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]produced.
Moles of [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]= 2.978 mol [tex]\rm O_2[/tex] [tex]\times[/tex] (2 mol [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]/ 3 mol [tex]\rm O_2[/tex]) = 1.985 mol [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]
Finally, we can use the moles of [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex] to determine the mass of [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]produced.
Mass of [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]= 1.985 mol [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex][tex]\times[/tex] 44.01 g/mol = 87.4 g [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex]
Therefore, option e. 87.4 g is the correct choice.
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Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was,
The following balanced equation describes the combustion of ethene
([tex]\rm C_2H_4[/tex]). How many grams of carbon dioxide, [tex]\rm CO_2[/tex], are produced if 29.4 g of ethene and 95.3 g of oxygen, [tex]\rm O_2[/tex], are used for the reaction? [tex]\rm 1C_2H_4+3O_2\rightarrow 2CO_2+2H_2O[/tex]
(a) 133 g
(b) 92.3 g
(c) 46.1 g
(d) 131 g
(e) 87.4 g
explain why there would be no reaction between Potassium Chloride and Zinc
Answer: zinc is less reactive than chlorine and therefore will not displace it.
Explanation: as we see in the reactivity series, chlorine is more reactive than potassium. a less reactive element will not displace (take the place of) a more reactive element. no reaction will occur.
2NH3 + 3 CuO —-> 3 Cu + N2 + 3H2O
in the above equation, how many grams of N2 can be made when 5.3 grams of CuO are consumed?
use the following molar masses.
According to the stoichiometry, 0.621 g of nitrogen can be made when 5.3 grams of CuO are consumed.
What is stoichiometry?It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.
Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.In the given chemical equation, 238.62 g copper oxide gives 28 g nitrogen thus, 5.3 g will give 5.3×28/238.62=0.621 g.
Thus, 0.621 g of nitrogen can be made when 5.3 grams of CuO are consumed.
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0. Which of the following changes of state is
exothermic?
a. evaporation
b. melting
c. freezing
d. All of the above
The offered sentence describes the exothermic change in energy as "freezing."
Exothermic example: What is it?A reaction is deemed to be exothermic if it produces heat while also undergoing a net decrease in standard ∆h. Examples provide any type of flame, iron rusting, and water freezes. Exothermic processes are those that discharge heat and energy into the surrounding environment.
Exothermic vs. enthalpy change: what are they?Exothermic refers to chemical reactions which release energy. When bonds are created in the products of exothermic processes, more energy is produced than is required to break bonds between the reactants. Endothermic refers to chemical reactions that either use or absorb photons.
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write the net ionic equation for the following aqueous reactions: a. hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water. b. silver nitrate and potassium iodide.
Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide form sodium chloride and water
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l)net ionic equation: H⁺(aq) + OH⁻ (aq) → H₂O (l)Silver nitrate and potassium iodide.
AgNO₃ + KI → KNO₃ + AgInet ionic equation: Ag⁺ (aq) + I⁻ (aq) → AgI (s)A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into one or a different substance and produce a new product. A substance is a chemical element or compound. Chemical reactions rearrange reactant atoms to make different substances.
Writing the chemical formulas of the reactants and the products of the reaction must be correct. The number of various atoms before the reaction (left arrow) and after the reaction (right arrow) must be the same. The states of the substances involved in a chemical reaction equation are written in parentheses after the chemical formula.
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If 32. 0g of Fe2O3 reacts with 16. 2g of Al, what is the limiting reagent?
Aluminum (Al) is the limiting reagent with 0.601 moles.
To determine the limiting reagent, we need to compare the amount of each reactant with the amount required to completely react with the other reactant.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Fe₂O₃ and Al is:
Fe₂O₃ + 2Al → 2Fe + Al₂O₃
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of Fe₂O₃ reacts with 2 moles of Al.
To calculate the number of moles of each reactant, we need to divide the mass of each by its molar mass. The molar mass of Fe₂O₃ is 159.69 g/mol and the molar mass of Al is 26.98 g/mol.
The number of moles of Fe₂O₃:
32.0 g / 159.69 g/mol = 0.200 moles
The number of moles of Al:
16.2 g / 26.98 g/mol = 0.601 moles
Since 1 mole of Fe₂O₃ reacts with 2 moles of Aluminum, the limiting reagent is the one with the smallest number of moles. In this case, Al is the limiting reagent with 0.601 moles, while Fe₂O₃ has 0.200 moles. This means that Al will run out first and determine the amount of Fe and Al₂O₃ that can be produced.
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Pt 1.
3 Cu + 8HNO3 --> 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
In the above equation, how many moles of water can be made when 39 moles of HNO3 are consumed?
Pt 2.
Sodium chlorate decomposes into sodium chloride and oxygen gas as seen in the equation below.
2NaClO3 --> 2NaCl +3O2
How many moles of NaCl were produced by 10 moles of NaClO3? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
Pt 3.
Sodium chlorate decomposes into sodium chloride and oxygen gas as seen in the equation below.
2NaClO3 --> 2NaCl +3O2
How many moles of NaClO3 were needed to produce 98 moles of O2? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
Pt 4.
S + 6 HNO3 --> H2SO4 + 6 NO2 + 2 H2O
In the above equation, how many moles of water can be made when 55 moles of HNO3 are consumed?
Pt 5.
3 Cu + 8HNO3 g 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
In the above equation how many moles of NO can be made when 80 moles of HNO3 are consumed?
Pt 6.
2 NH3 + 3 CuO g 3 Cu + N2 + 3 H2O
In the above equation how many moles of N2 can be made when 8 moles of CuO are consumed?
Pt 7.
2 NH3 + 3 CuO g 3 Cu + N2 + 3 H2O
In the above equation how many moles of water can be made when 87 moles of NH3 are consumed?
Answer:
Pt 1. 39 moles of HNO3 will make 78 moles of water.
Pt 2. 10 moles of NaClO3 will produce 20 moles of NaCl.
Pt 3. 98 moles of O2 will require 49 moles of NaClO3.
Pt 4. 55 moles of HNO3 will make 110 moles of water.
Pt 5. 80 moles of HNO3 will make 160 moles of NO.
Pt 6. 8 moles of CuO will produce 16 moles of N2.
Pt 7. 87 moles of NH3 will make 261 moles of water.
what is the freezing point (in degrees celcius) of 4.48 kg of water if it contains 156.6 g of butanol, c 4 h 9 o h ? the freezing point depression constant for water is 1.86 oc/m and the molar mass of butanol is 74.12 g/mol.
The freezing point (in degrees Celsius) of 4.48 kg of water if it contains 156.6 g of butanol, c4h9oh is -1.34° C.
What is freezing point?The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid is known as the freezing point. Similar to the melting point, the freezing point is typically raised by increased pressure. In the case of mixtures and for some organic substances, such as fats, the freezing point is lower than the melting point.
By using colligative property Freezing point depression law we can write;
Depression in freezing point = Kfᵐ; --------------(1)
Where m= molality = moles of solute / {weight of solvent(in kg)} ; Freezing point depression constant (Kf) = 1.860C/m
Here, solute is butanol and solvent is water
Given; Weight of solute= 220.8 g ; Molar mass of butanol =74.12g/mol and Weight of solvent= 4.15 kg
So, Moles of solute (Butanol) = mass/ molar mass = 220.8/ 74.12 = 2.98
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get;
Depression in freezing point = (1.86[tex])^{(2.98/4.15)}[/tex] =1.34 0C
Freezing point of pure solvent - Freezing point of solution = 1.340C
As freezing point of water (pure solvent) = 00C
00C - Freezing point of solution = 1.340C
⇒ Freezing point of solution = -1.34
So, freezing point of water containing 220.8 g butanol will be - 1.34° C
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in the molecule cocl2, carbon is the central atom. draw the best lewis structure for cocl2. in the structure you provided, what is the formal charge on carbon?
the formal charge on carbon in the Lewis structure for COCl2 is 0.n the molecule cocl2, carbon is the central atom
The Lewis structure for COCl2 can be drawn as follows:
O=C=Cl
In this structure, the carbon atom is bonded to one oxygen atom and two chlorine atoms. Each chlorine atom is bonded to the central carbon atom by a single bond, and the oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon atom by a double bond.
To calculate the formal charge on carbon, we can use the following formula:
Formal charge = (# of valence electrons) - (nonbonding electrons + 1/2 bonding electrons)
In this case, carbon has 4 valence electrons and shares 2 electrons in the double bond with oxygen, and 1 electron with each of the two chlorine atoms, for a total of 4 electrons. Thus, the formal charge on carbon is:
Formal charge = (4) - (0 + 1/2 * 4) = 0
Therefore, the formal charge on carbon in the Lewis structure for COCl2 is 0.
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1. Why do you think sodium and potassium react the way they do?
2. What did you learn about the valence electrons for sodium and potassium?
3. Why do you think that potassium has a lower ionization energy than sodium?
4. How does the number of valence electrons of sodium and potassium explain the reactions they have with water?
5. How does the pattern in ionization energy in the alkali metals explain the difference between sodium and potassium in their reaction with water?
Sodium and potassium are s-block alkali metals. Because potassium and sodium are metals, they each lose one electron.
What is chemical reactivity?Reactivity is indeed a measure of how easily a material conducts a chemical reaction in chemistry. The reaction might include the chemical alone or in combination with those other atoms or molecules, and it is usually followed by the release of energy. The most reactive components and elements have the potential to spontaneously or explosively ignite.
Because potassium and sodium are metals, they each lose one electron. They create cations and react with nonmetals to generate salt. Sodium and potassium are s-block alkali metals.
Therefore, because potassium and sodium are metals, they each lose one electron.
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