It is important to use the correct amount of solvent for recrystallization to achieve a good yield and a high level of purity of the final product. The correct amount of solvent depends on the solubility of the compound, which can be determined through prior testing and experimentation.
What is Recrystallization?
Recrystallization is a common laboratory technique used to purify solid compounds. The process involves dissolving a solid compound in a solvent, and then allowing the compound to crystallize as the solution cools, thereby separating it from impurities that may be present.
If too much solvent is used for a recrystallization, it can lead to several negative outcomes:
Poor Yield: A very common issue associated with using too much solvent for recrystallization is that it can lead to a low yield. If the amount of solvent is much more than what is needed, the solubility of the compound may increase, and some of the material will remain in the solution rather than crystallizing out. This results in a lower yield of purified crystals.
Low Purity: If too much solvent is used, it can result in the formation of smaller or less pure crystals, as the solubility of impurities may also increase. When the solvent cools and the crystals form, the impurities can become trapped within the crystal structure or coat the surface of the crystals, reducing their purity.
Increased Time and Effort: Using too much solvent can also increase the time and effort required for recrystallization. Since more solvent is needed to dissolve the compound, it takes more time to heat and dissolve the compound. Additionally, more solvent also means longer filtration and drying times, which can prolong the purification process.
Increased Costs: Using too much solvent can increase the cost of the process as it requires more solvent and more energy to heat and evaporate the solvent.
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Is methanol polar liquid?
Yes, methanol is a polar liquid.
Methanol is a simple alcohol consisting of a single carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms, and one hydroxyl group (-OH). The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is highly electronegative, meaning it attracts electrons towards itself. As a result, there is an uneven distribution of electron density in the molecule, with the oxygen end being slightly negative and the carbon end being slightly positive.
This polarity makes methanol a polar solvent, meaning it has the ability to dissolve polar substances. Polar substances, such as salts and sugars, are typically composed of atoms with high electronegativity differences, and they are attracted to the polar regions of methanol molecules.
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What intermolecular forces are in solid NaCl salt?
The intermolecular forces are in the solid NaCl salt is ion - ion forces or the dipole - dipole forces of the interaction.
The Na is the metal and is capable of the donating the electrons and the Cl is the non metal and have capability of accepting the electrons. This makes the Na to form the cation and the Cl to make the anion. The dipole - dipole forces are present in the molecule which contains the oppositely charged ions one is positively charged ion and the other is the negatively charged ion.
Thus , the NaCl solid has the ion - ion intermolecular forces of the interaction .
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What is the molecularity of each of the following elementary reactions? Write the rate law for each.
(a) Cl2(g) → 2 Cl(g)
(b) OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) → HOCl(aq) + OH–(aq)
(c) NO(g) + Cl2(g) → NOCl2(g)
The molecularity of an elementary reaction is equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants.
The molecularity of an elementary reaction is the number of molecules or atoms involved in the reaction. It is equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants.
(a) The elementary reaction Cl2(g) → 2 Cl(g) is a unimolecular reaction, as only one molecule is involved. The rate law for this reaction can be written as:
rate = k[Cl2]
(b) The elementary reaction OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) → HOCl(aq) + OH–(aq) is a bimolecular reaction, as two molecules are involved. The rate law for this reaction can be written as:
rate = k[OCl–][H2O]
(c) The elementary reaction NO(g) + Cl2(g) → NOCl2(g) is a bimolecular reaction, as two molecules are involved. The rate law for this reaction can be written as:
rate = k[NO][Cl2]
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Cold molecules are heavy and more blank
Answer:
Cooling a substance causes molecules to slow down and get slightly closer together, occupying a smaller volume that results in an increase in density. Hot water is less dense and will float on room-temperature water. Cold water is dense and will sink in room-temperature water.
Explanation:
Why is HF boiling point so high?
The gas and liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF) is extremely toxic and corrosive. Its surprising high boiling point is even higher than that of hydrogen iodide despite being the lightest of the hydrogen halides.
In the liquid phase, hydrogen and fluorine atoms form hydrogen bonds as a result of the fluorine atom's strong electronegativity. 1 The van der Waals forces connecting the other hydrogen halides are much weaker.
The molecule HF is commonly called hydrogen fluoride; but its Chemical Abstracts Service name, as found in SciFinder, is hydrofluoric acid. This usage also applies to the other hydrogen halides and has the potential for confusion with the terminology for aqueous solutions of the same compounds.
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Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) has a density of 1. 11 g/cm3. What is the volume in liters of 3. 46 kg of ethylene glycol?.
The volume of 3.46 kg of ethylene glycol is 3.1 liters.
The volume of an object can be calculated by dividing its mass by its density. The mass of the ethylene glycol is 3.46 kg and its density is 1.11 g/cm3, so its volume can be calculated as follows:
volume = mass / density = 3.46 kg / (1.11 g/cm3) = 3.1 L
Since 1 liter is equal to 1000 cm3, the volume in liters can be directly calculated from the volume in cm3:
volume (L) = volume (cm3) / 1000 = 3.1 L
So, the volume of 3.46 kg of ethylene glycol is 3.1 liters.
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Selecting the range before you enter data saves time because it confines the movement of the active cell to the selected range.A. True
B. False
By limiting the movement of the active cell to the defined range, choosing the range before entering data saves time.
Does selecting the range before you enter data save time?Because the active cell can only move inside the range you have chosen, choosing the range before entering data saves time. There may be fewer or more places following the decimal in the percent style than there are by default. A reference based on a relative position of a cell is known as a relative cell reference.
A cell in Excel becomes the active cell when you enter data into it. The cell with the blinking cursor inside is the active cell. The arrow keys on your keyboard or a mouse click in a different cell can be used to go to a different cell.
Before you click the Paste button when pasting cells into a destination region, you must first select the entire area. Without using the keyboard, you can insert multiple rows or columns at once. Both the move and copy commands achieve the same result.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A. True.
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how the c6h6 lewis structure?
The lewis structure of the C₆H₆ that is the benzene is the benzene has the ring structure with the alternating double bonds.
The most common Lewis structure for the C₆H₆ is the Benzene. The Benzene has the ring structure with the alternating double bonds. The Benzene ring will be the part of many of the organic chemical compounds. The Compounds including the Benzene ring are called as the aromatic compound. The total number of the valence electrons in the benzene is 30 electrons.
The Lewis structures, are also called as the Lewis dot formulas, and it also called as the the Lewis dot structures, or the electron dot structures.
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Design an experiment to show that the chemical changes occurring as a log burns in a fireplace are governed by the law of conservation of mass.
The experiment to show that the chemical changes occurring as a log burns in a fireplace are governed by the law of conservation of mass can be performed by weighing the log before and after burning and measuring the amount of ash and gases produced.
The experiment can be carried out by obtaining a dry log of known mass, placing it on a scale, and recording its weight. The log is then burned in a fireplace, and once the fire has been extinguished, the remaining ashes are collected and weighed. Additionally, the volume of gases produced during combustion can be measured using a gas displacement apparatus.
The initial mass of the log should be equal to the final mass of the ash and gases produced, providing evidence for the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. The experiment can be repeated with different types of logs to demonstrate that the law of conservation of mass applies to all types of combustion reactions.
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Which statement about energy is correct? (1 point)
Energy can be classified as one of these types potential energy, kinetic energy, and chemical energy
O Energy is destroyed when a causes gasoline
O Energy can be changed from cas form to other
O Energy can be created in a power plant
Answer: Energy can be classified as one of these types potential energy, kinetic energy, and chemical energy
A number of electrical devices operate on the basis of law of conservation of energy. Energy can be changed from gas form to other. In a torch it is the chemical energy which is converted into heat and light energy. The correct option is B.
What is law of conservation of energy?The law of conservation of energy states that the energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Although it can be transformed from one form to another. The total energy of an isolated system always remains constant. All forms of energy follow the law of conservation of energy.
In a closed system which is defined as a system that is isolated from its surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved. So in an isolated system like universe, if there is a loss of energy then there must be a gain of an equal amount of energy.
Although this principle cannot be proved.
Thus the correct option is B.
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Talc is one of the softest minerals. That's the _____ it is best known for.
Talc is one of the softest minerals. That's the what it is best known for.
What is talc?Talc is a soft mineral that is composed of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. It is a type of clay mineral that is known for its softness, smoothness, and ability to absorb moisture. Talc has a chemical formula of Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 and is often found in metamorphic rocks, particularly in regions where there is a lot of magnesium and silica.
Talc is commonly used in various industries, such as in the production of ceramics, paint, paper, and plastics. It is also used as a filler in products such as cosmetics, talcum powder, and pharmaceuticals.
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when pollution couses rain to have a ph less than 5.6
Answer:
When oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are present in air.
Explanation:
Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen mix with rainwater and turn lower the pH of rainwater. This is results in what we call ACID RAIN.
You must be aware that when pH is less than 7 it shows acidic character.
the molecular formula for the simple sugar glucose is c6h12o6. which compound represents the empirical formula for glucose?
The molecular formula for the simple sugar glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. The compound represents the empirical formula for glucose is CH₂O.
The molecular formula defined as the formula in which the atoms in the molecule is present in the fixed ratio. The empirical formula is the formula in which the atoms in the molecule are present in the lowest ratio. The empirical formula tells the simplest ratio of the atoms in the molecule or the compound.
Empirical formula = molecular formula / n
Where, the value of the n for the glucose is 6
The empirical formula for the = CH₂O
Thus, the empirical formula for the glucose is CH₂O.
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The flow rate of a liquid through a 4. 0-cm-radius pipe is 0. 0070 m3/s. The average fluid speed in the pipe is:.
The average fluid speed in the pipe is 0.14 m/s. This can be calculated using the equation of fluid flow rate and the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
To calculate the average fluid speed, we need to use the equation of fluid flow rate, which is given by the product of the fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The cross-sectional area of a pipe with a 4.0 cm radius can be calculated as π times the radius squared, giving us a value of 50.3 cm². The fluid velocity can then be calculated by dividing the flow rate by the cross-sectional area:
0.0070 m³/s ÷ (50.3 cm² x 10^-4 m²/cm²) = 0.14 m/s.
This is the average fluid speed in the pipe.
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The student added excess copper oxide. Describe the steps that the student could include in the method to find the mass of copper oxide that reacted. (5 marks)
To find the mass of copper oxide that reacted, the student could follow these steps given in the explanations.
How can mass of copper reacted be found?Weigh an empty crucible and record the mass.Add a known amount of copper oxide to the crucible and record the total mass.Heat the crucible and the contents with a Bunsen burner until the reaction is complete. This should be done in a fume cupboard.Allow the crucible and its contents to cool to room temperature.Weigh the crucible, its contents and the product that formed, and record the mass.Subtract the mass of the empty crucible from the mass of the crucible with the product to find the mass of the product formed.Calculate the mass of copper oxide that reacted by subtracting the mass of the product formed from the total mass of copper oxide added to the crucible.It's important to note that safety precautions must be followed when handling and heating chemicals, and that the method may need to be modified depending on the specific materials and equipment used in the experiment.Learn more on methods to find mass here: https://brainly.com/question/29791625
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The mass percentage of hydrochloric acid within a solution is 28. 0%. Given that the density of this solution is 1. 141 g/ml, find the molarity of the solution.
The molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution with a mass percentage of 28.0% and a density of 1.141 g/mL is approximately 8.78 M.
To find the molarity of the solution, we need to know the mass of hydrochloric acid in the solution, which we can calculate using the density and mass percentage information given.
Let's assume we have 100 g of the solution, which means we have 28.0 g of hydrochloric acid (28.0% of 100 g). Using the density of the solution, we can calculate the volume of the solution as:
volume = mass / density = 100 g / 1.141 g/mL ≈ 87.6 mL
Now we can calculate the molarity of the solution using the formula:
molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters
We need to convert the mass of hydrochloric acid to moles using its molar mass. The molar mass of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 36.46 g/mol (1 mol of HCl contains 1 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of chlorine, which have atomic masses of 1.008 and 35.45, respectively).
moles of HCl = mass of HCl / molar mass of HCl
moles of HCl = 28.0 g / 36.46 g/mol ≈ 0.768 mol
Now we can calculate the molarity of the solution:
molarity = 0.768 mol / (87.6 mL / 1000 mL/L) ≈ 8.78 M
Therefore, the molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution with a mass percentage of 28.0% and a density of 1.141 g/mL is approximately 8.78 M.
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A shielded nucleus will absorb ____ from a deshielded nucleus and will have a _____ chemical shift.
A shielded nucleus will have a reduced chemical shift and will absorb upfield from a deshielded nucleus.
The nucleus is the central part of an atom that contains most of its mass and all of its positive charge. It is composed of protons and neutrons, which are held together by a strong nuclear force. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element that the atom belongs to, while the number of neutrons can vary and give rise to different isotopes of the same element. The properties of the nucleus are essential in determining the behavior of the atom in chemical and physical reactions. Nuclei can also undergo nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion, which release enormous amounts of energy and are the basis for nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The study of nuclei and their properties is known as nuclear physics and is a fundamental area of modern science.
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What are the reaction rate factors?
What is a metalloid on a periodic table?
Answer:
The elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable (they can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (they can be drawn into wire). Most of the metals are solids at room temperature, with a characteristic silvery shine (except for mercury, which is a liquid). Nonmetals are (usually) poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or ductile; many of the elemental nonmetals are gases at room temperature, while others are liquids and others are solids. The metalloids are intermediate in their properties. In their physical properties, they are more like the nonmetals, but under certain circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct electricity. These semiconductors are extremely important in computers and other electronic devices.
The most reactive halogen is ?
Fluorine is the most reactive halogen. Because fluorine has the smallest radius and most electronegative character.
The most reactive halogen is Fluorine. It is the most electronegative element that is bonded to any other element it will withdraw electron density towards its own core. This property has measured by Pauling electronegativity scale. It changes the reactivity and properties of fluorine containing molecules. These materials are used as non-fluorinated ones. Due to the high reactivity property, fluorine almost never appears in its free form. This is found in the reduced form as fluoride (F−) in compounds like fluorspar (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6).
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how to calculate percent error chemistry
All of this is summed up with the formula: Percentage Error is equal ((Estimated Number – Actual Number)/ Actual number) x 100.
Depending on how close to the true value a measurement is, it may be accurate or inaccurate. Imagine you are conducting an experiment to find out how dense a sample of aluminum metal is. The true or accurate value of a measurement is one that is based on widespread agreement with an authoritative reference.
The accepted density for aluminum is 2.70g/cm3. A measurement's experimental value is its value as it is observed during the experiment. Let's say your experiment yields the experimental result that the aluminum density is 2.42g/cm3. The discrepancy between experimental and accepted values is an experiment's error.
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What is the molecular shape of XeF2?
The molecular shape of XeF₂ is linear.
This is because XeF₂ has five electron pairs around the central Xenon atom, three of which are lone pairs. These lone pairs push the two Fluorine atoms away from each other, resulting in a linear shape.
The molecular shape can also be determined using the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory, which states that electron pairs will repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible. In the case of XeF₂, the three lone pairs will repel each other and the two Fluorine atoms, resulting in the linear shape.
The molecular shape of XeF₂ is linear due to the presence of three lone pairs and the repulsion between electron pairs according to the VSEPR theory.
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True/False? the specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182 kcal/kg⋅k at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34.
False. The specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas, at room temperature, is dependent not only on its molecular mass but also on the number of atoms and molecules in the gas.
Different gases have different molecular masses, and the specific heat at constant volume for a particular gas is therefore not fixed.
For example, the molecular mass of oxygen is 32 g/mol, but its specific heat at constant volume is 0.214 kcal/kg⋅K at room temperature, while nitrogen has a molecular mass of 28 g/mol and a specific heat at constant volume of 0.241 kcal/kg⋅K.
Therefore, the statement that the specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182 kcal/kg⋅K at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34 is false.
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Is c2h2 polar or nonpolar ?
C₂H₂ is a nonpolar molecule.
Acetylene, commonly referred to as ethyne, is an organic chemical substance with the formula C₂H₂. This substance is a hydrocarbon since its entire atomic structure consists of hydrogen and carbon.
This is because the two carbon atoms form a triple bond with each other, and the two hydrogen atoms form single bonds with the carbon atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is very small, so the bonds are considered nonpolar.
Additionally, the molecule has a linear shape, which means that the charge distribution is symmetrical and there is no overall polarity. Therefore, C₂H₂ is a nonpolar molecule.
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Why do you add boiling solvent to a sample to recrystallize rather than just adding your sample to boiling solvent? give, at least two reasons.
In the event that there is too much solvent present, the solution can become too diluted for crystals to form.
Hence, the phone you're using must be hot and boiling for crystallisation to take place or for crystals to form. The solvent's boiling point should be between 50 and 120 °C. Impurities should either be insoluble in the hot solvent or soluble in the cool solvent.
There must be no interaction of the drug or solvent. The solvent's boiling point needs to be lower than the compound's melting point. The purified substance shouldn't react with a good recrystallization solvent; instead, it should dissolve somewhat at high temperatures and significantly at low temperatures.
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(a) calculate the number of moles of co2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
There are 7 moles of co2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
What is moles ?
A mole is the atom's elementary particle, an ion. The mole of the substance is always related to the Avogadro number. The mole is always associated with the weight or mass of the element or substance. The standard unit of a mole is mol. The mole is a significant factor of the reactant and products to form an equation. A mole calculates the atom, ion, and substance weighs.
What is equilibrium ?
A static or dynamic balance between opposing forces or actions, as in the case of a force acting on a body whose resultant is zero or of a reversible chemical process where the velocities in both directions are equal: a condition of intellectual or emotional balance.
Therefore, There are 7 moles of co2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
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How much energy does the water in this experiment absorb according to the calorimeter data
Heat capacity is an extensive property because its value depends on the quantity of the material present. The energy absorbed by water is 20,900 J .
What is specific heat capacity?The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance through 1°C.
The heat required to raise the temperature of a sample of mass 'm' having specific heat 'c' from T₁ to T₂ is given as:
q = mc (T₂ - T₁)
200.0 × 4.18 (45.1 - 20.1)
q = 20,900 J
Thus the water absorbs 20,900 J of energy.
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Answer:
20950
Explanation:
The amount of energy absorbed by water can be calculated using the formula:
q = m * c * ΔT
where q is the energy absorbed (in Joules), m is the mass of water (in grams), c is the specific heat of water (in Joules/gram °C), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in °C).
In this case, we have:
m = 200.0 g
c = 4.18 J/g°C
ΔT = 45.1°C - 20.1°C = 25.0°C
Therefore, the amount of energy absorbed by the water is:
q = 200.0 g * 4.18 J/g°C * 25.0°C
= 20,950 J
So the water in this experiment absorbed 20,950 Joules of energy
depending on what phases they exhibit, classify the following room-temperature reactions as homogenous catalysis or heterogeneous catalysis.a. reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen in a presence of platinumb. reaction of sulfur dioxide and oxygen over vanadium oxidec. synthesis of ammonia gas from nitrogen and hydrogen in a presence of potassium oxided. reaction of persulfate ions and iodide ions in water in presence of iron (II) ionse. reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate ions and hydrogen peroxide in presence of cobalt (II) ions
a.) heterogeneous catalysis b.) heterogeneous catalysis c.) heterogeneous catalysis d.) homogeneous catalysis e.) homogeneous catalysis.
Catalysis: What is it?Catalysis is a word used to describe a process in which the presence of such substance (the catalyst) that isn't consumed during in the reaction and must be removed later if it is not to be an impurity in the finished product influences the rate and/or outcome of the reaction.
a. The reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of platinum is an example of heterogeneous catalysis.
b. The reaction of sulfur dioxide and oxygen over vanadium oxide is an example of heterogeneous catalysis.
c. The synthesis of ammonia gas from nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence of potassium oxide is an example of heterogeneous catalysis.
d. The reaction of persulfate ions and iodide ions in water in the presence of iron (II) ions is an example of homogeneous catalysis.
e. The reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate ions and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of cobalt (II) ions is an example of homogeneous catalysis.
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What is the VSEPR geometry of the carbon?
Carbon has a tetrahedral geometry, and this information is important in determining the chemical and physical properties of the molecule in which carbon is present.
The VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory is a model used to predict the geometry of molecules based on the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom. In the case of carbon, its electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p², which means that it has four valence electrons in its outermost shell.
Carbon typically forms four single covalent bonds, which implies that it has four electron pairs around it. The geometry of carbon will be tetrahedral, as it has four electron pairs around it, all of which repel each other and seek the maximum possible distance from each other.
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Identify the color absorbed by a solution that appears the color given.
Blue=
Red=
Orange=
Green=
Blue = orange/yellow light (wavelengths around 450-500 nm) is absorbed by the solution that appears blue.
Red = green light (wavelengths around 550-600 nm) is absorbed by the solution that appears red.
Orange = blue light (wavelengths around 450-500 nm) is absorbed by the solution that appears orange.
Green = red light (wavelengths around 650-700 nm) is absorbed by the solution that appears green.
Give a short note on absorption.
Color absorption takes place because substances selectively absorb certain wavelengths of visible light, while transmitting or reflecting others. The color that we perceive is the result of the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed, but rather transmitted or reflected, and detected by our eyes. This phenomenon is commonly used in colorimetric analysis and can provide important information about the electronic structure and composition of a substance.
Hence, the answer is,
Blue = orange/yellow light
Red = green light
Orange = blue light
Green = red light
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