The Y-shaped proteins that bind to protein markers on the surface of cells are called antibodies or immunoglobulins.
Antibodies are produced by B cells in response to the presence of foreign substances (antigens) in the body, such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens, helping to neutralize or eliminate them from the body. They are an important part of the body's immune system and play a critical role in defending against infections and diseases.
Learn more about Y-shaped proteins ,
https://brainly.com/question/15164691
#SPJ4
a primary function of the skeletal system is group of answer choices contracting muscles. facilitating transmission of nerve impulses. maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements. cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys.
The skeletal system maintains the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. Thus, the correct option will be B.
What is the function of the skeletal system?The primary function of the skeletal system is to provide structural support to the body. The skeletal system is made up of bones and cartilage, which support and protect the body's organs, including the heart, lungs, and brain. It also allows movement, and produces blood cells, stores minerals, and regulates hormonal functions.
A primary function of the skeletal system is the maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. The skeletal system stores about 99 percent of the body's calcium, and releases it into the bloodstream when necessary to keep calcium and phosphate levels within the normal range. It also serves as a reservoir for the phosphate ions needed to produce ATP, the molecule that provides energy to the body's cells.
Therefore, the correct option is maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids.
Learn more about Skeletal system here:
https://brainly.com/question/1283837
#SPJ11
If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange?
A) The distance between the alveolar cell layer and the capillary endothelium in the respiratory membrane increases to a point at which the surfaces are too far away for efficient gas exchange.
B) The diaphragm and accessory muscles have to work too hard to expand the lungs. Therefore, they become fatigued. When this happens, the person can no longer breathe.
C) As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane.
D) Fluid leaks into the pleural cavity and causes a restriction in lung expansion as well as reducing lubrication on the parietal surface of the membrane.
The best description of the effect on gas exchange when a person contracts pneumonia is option C "As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane.
When a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. This fluid buildup can affect the lungs' ability to oxygenate the blood that flows through it.
The fluid in the alveoli makes it difficult for oxygen to cross into the bloodstream. It also makes it difficult for carbon dioxide to leave the bloodstream and enter the lungs. The fluid in the lungs may cause breathing difficulties, which can lead to hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the body).
As a result, the respiratory membrane's ability to perform its job is jeopardized since air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot take place. Therefore, option C is the best description of the effect on gas exchange when a person contracts pneumonia.
To know more about Pneumonia:
https://brainly.com/question/29619987
#SPJ11
the oldest bird fossils date back to around 150 million years ago. the number of different bird species in the fossil record remained small for the next 90 million years. around 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs went extinct. after the extinction, around 60 million years ago, thousands of new bird species began to appear in the fossil record that occupied a variety of habitats. what it is?
The passage describes the evolution of birds over millions of years. Around 150 million years ago, the oldest bird fossils date back to this period.
However, the number of different bird species remained limited for the following 90 million years. The significant change occurred around 65 million years ago when the dinosaurs went extinct, possibly due to an asteroid impact.
This extinction event created opportunities for birds to diversify and occupy various ecological niches.
As a result, around 60 million years ago, thousands of new bird species began to appear in the fossil record, leading to the diverse array of bird species we observe today, inhabiting a wide range of habitats.
This period marked a remarkable evolutionary radiation for avian species.
Know more about fossil:
https://brainly.com/question/29138842
#SPJ12
antheraea polyphemus... basically a tarantula with wings. is called
The insect Antheraea polyphemus, also known as the Polyphemus moth, is a species of silkworm moth. It is known for its large wingspan, which can reach up to 6 inches. It is native to eastern North America and is found mainly in wooded areas.
The Antheraea polyphemus is called the Polyphemus moth. It is one of the largest moths in North America with a wingspan of up to 6 inches or 15 cm.
The Polyphemus moth is a species of Saturniidae moth that is found throughout North America. It's a giant silk moth that's named after Polyphemus, the giant cyclops in Greek mythology.
The Polyphemus moth is one of the largest moths in North America with a wingspan of up to 6 inches or 15 cm. It's easily identifiable by its large, bright, oval-shaped eyespots on its hindwings.
For such more question on Polyphemus:
https://brainly.com/question/21635389
#SPJ11
"Which terminal taxon is B more closely related to, A or C? Explain how you know. "
Without more specific information about the characteristics or the evolutionary history of taxa A, B, and C, it is not possible to determine which terminal taxon B is more closely related to.
Without any additional information or context about taxa A, B, and C, it is impossible to determine which terminal taxon B is more closely related to. To determine the evolutionary relationships between taxa, scientists use various methods, such as molecular sequence data analysis or morphological comparisons.
Molecular sequence data analysis involves comparing the genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, of different organisms. By analyzing the similarities and differences in their sequences, scientists can determine the degree of relatedness between different taxa. Morphological comparisons, on the other hand, involve comparing physical characteristics of organisms, such as their anatomy, behavior, or reproductive systems.
To know more about Taxa, visit: brainly.com/question/13049459
#SPJ4
if a stimulus was applied in the middle of a nerve roughly halfway between the cell body and the axon terminal, would the resulting action potentials travel only from the stimulus point to the axon terminal?
Yes, if a stimulus was applied in the middle of a nerve roughly halfway between the cell body and the axon terminal, the resulting action potentials would travel only from the stimulus point to the axon terminal.
This is because the direction of the action potential is always from the cell body toward the axon terminal. The stimulus activates voltage-gated channels in the cell membrane, creating a current that then causes the action potential to move in the direction of the axon terminal. This action potential can not move back towards the cell body, and so will travel only from the stimulus point to the axon terminal.
The process begins when a stimulus, such as an electrical impulse, is applied to a neuron. The stimulus causes voltage-gated channels in the cell membrane to open, allowing ions to enter or leave the neuron. This results in a change in the potential difference across the membrane, causing an action potential to be generated. The action potential is an electrical impulse that travels along the neuron, in the direction of the axon terminal.
Therefore, the action potential would only travel from the stimulus point to the axon terminal if the stimulus was applied roughly halfway between the cell body and the axon terminal.
To know more about action potential, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/30701189#
#SPJ11
Which of the following pain sensation(s) is(are) associated with neuropathic pain? (Select all that apply.)
a. Infection
b. Inflammation
c. Obstruction
d. Postamputation
Neuropathic pain sensations are associated with Postamputation, Infection, and inflammation.
Neuropathic pain is the term for pain that is caused by harm to the nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting messages from the brain to the rest of the body. It's unlike nociceptive pain, which is caused by injury to tissues like muscles, joints, and bones. Infection, inflammation, obstruction, and postamputation are all pain sensations that can be associated with neuropathic pain.
In contrast, nociceptive pain is generally caused by tissue damage. Obstruction typically occurs when a nerve is compressed or damaged, leading to a sensation of burning or stabbing pain. Postamputation pain can occur when a nerve is cut during a surgical procedure, leading to an intense and uncomfortable sensation.
To know more about postamputation please visit :
https://brainly.com/question/9119644
#SPJ11
True/False: Like the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the interior of the nucleus is topologically equivalent to the outside of the cell.
The given statement that 'Like the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the interior of the nucleus is topologically equivalent to the outside of the cell' is false.
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle present inside the cell that contains genetic information. The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: the outer membrane and the inner membrane, which encloses the nucleoplasm. Thus, it can be said that the interior of the nucleus is not topologically equivalent to the outside of the cell as the nuclear envelope separates the inside from the outside of the nucleus.
Moreover, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that exists within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It consists of a network of flattened sacs and tubules. It does not have any nuclear envelope that separates its inside from the outside of the cell. Hence, the given statement is false.
Learn more about nucleus https://brainly.com/question/9376695
#SPJ11
1 pts Question 8 The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the O dendrites O prefrontal cortex O corpus callosum O myelination 1 pts Question 9 Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister? Angela's visual pathways are likely to be less mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes. Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes There is no way to predict this, because visual pathway development depends on the individual child and his/her situation Angela's visual pathways are not likely to be different from those of her sister.
Answer:
Explanation:
m
23. perception refers to the process by which: a. the brain organizes and interprets sensation b. sensory receptors gather information from the environment c. sense organs transmit information to the brain for initial processing d. the brain minimizes response to stimuli that do not change
Perception can be referred to as the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensation. This occurs through transformation of sensory information. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Perception?The process by which people organize and interpret the sensory input to give significance to their environment is known as perception. To understand how this perception functions, it is important to first comprehend sensation.
Sensation is the detection of physical stimuli, such as the sound waves or the light waves, by the sensory receptors which are located in the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin organs. This sensory information is transformed into the neural signals that are carried to the brain, where they are interpreted into meaningful patterns.
Perception includes the integration of these signals into meaningful experiences, as well as the interpretation of the significance of stimuli in the context of an individual's personal history and expectations. Sensory receptors are specialized cells which respond to specific types of stimuli, such as light or sound waves.
Sense organs are the collections of these receptors which are grouped together to form the sensory systems, such as the visual or the auditory systems. When the sensory receptors detect these stimuli, they send signals to the brain for initial processing.
These signals are then transformed into meaningful patterns through the process of perception, which includes the integration of the signals into meaningful experiences, as well as the interpretation of the significance of stimuli in the context of an individual's personal history and expectations.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
Learn more about Perception here:
https://brainly.com/question/29776172
#SPJ11
How did the unit of measurement of NH; concentration differ between Studies 2 and 3? In Study 2, the NH; concentration:
Based on the given options, the answer is A. In Study 2, the NH concentration was determined for several different solids, while in Study 3 the NH4+ concentration of a liquid was determined.
What is concentration?Concentration refers to the amount of solute (a substance that is dissolved in a solvent) that is present in a given amount of solution (a mixture of solvent and solute).
Concentration can be expressed in several different ways, including mass concentration, molar concentration, and volume concentration.
Mass concentration: This is the amount of solute present in a given mass or volume of solution. It is usually expressed in units such as grams per liter (g/L) or milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL).
Molar concentration: This is the number of moles of solute present in a given volume of solution. It is usually expressed in units such as moles per liter (mol/L) or millimoles per milliliter (mM/mL).
Volume concentration: This is the volume of solute present in a given volume of solution. It is usually expressed in units such as percent (%) or parts per million (ppm).
The concentration of a solution can have a significant impact on its properties and behavior. For example, the concentration of a solute can affect the solubility of a solution, its density, and its chemical reactivity. Concentration is an important parameter in many fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental science.
Here,
This indicates that the unit of measurement of NH concentration was different in the two studies, with Study 2 measuring the NH concentration in solid samples and Study 3 measuring the NH4+ concentration in a liquid sample. It's important to note that the NH concentration and NH4+ concentration are not exactly the same thing, although they are related. NH3 (ammonia) is a gas, while NH4+ (ammonium) is an ion that is typically found in solution. When ammonia dissolves in water, it reacts with water molecules to form ammonium ions and hydroxide ions. Therefore, the concentration of NH3 and NH4+ can be related, but they are not interchangeable.
To know more about concentration,
https://brainly.com/question/28739721
#SPJ1
does dna remain in the nucleus because it is too large to fit thorugh the pores in the nuclear envelope
DNA remains in the nucleus because it is too large to fit through the pores in the nuclear envelope. So, the statement is correct.
DNA is a long and complex molecule that carries genetic information. It is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope has small pores that allow for the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Inside the nucleus, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins and contain the genetic information of an organism.
In conclusion, DNA remains in the nucleus because it is too large to fit through the pores in the nuclear envelope.
Learn more about DNA here:
brainly.com/question/21992450
#SPJ11
Your brain begins to grow rapidly at ___________ weeks
Your brain begins to grow rapidly at 7 weeks.
The brain will grow at a rate of 250,000 neurons per minute for the following 21 weeks starting from the time the neural tube closes, which occurs around week 7.
At week 5, the foetus will start the process of developing a brain, but the real fun doesn't start until week 6 or 7, when the neural tube shuts and the brain divides into three pieces.
The rapid rate of brain development beginning before birth and continuing throughout early childhood is one of the key causes. Although while the brain continues to grow and alter throughout adulthood, the first eight years of life can lay the groundwork for future success in learning, health, and living.
To know more about the brain, visit,
https://brainly.com/question/1247675
#SPJ4
what structure holds the chordae tendineae to the interior walls of the heart is called?
Papillary muscles holds the chordae tendineae to the interior walls of the heart.
The papillary muscles are found in the heart's ventricles. They connect to the mitral and tricuspid valve cusps via the chordae tendineae and contract to stop these valves from prolapsing or inverting during systole (or ventricular contraction). Around 10% of the total heart mass is made up of the papillary muscles.
In total, the heart contains five papillary muscles, two in each ventricle (right and left). Through chordae tendineae, the tricuspid valve is connected to the anterior, posterior, and septal papillary muscles of the right ventricle. The mitral valve is connected to the left ventricle's anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles by chordae tendineae.
To know more about Papillary muscles click here:
https://brainly.com/question/14697886
#SPJ4
Lesson 4 Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity 1
I need help with this lesson if anyone could help me today
Invertebrate don't have or develop a vertebral column, also known as a backbone or chine. Insects, spiders, prawns, draggers, oysters, squids, octopuses, earthworms, moochers, and doormat are all exemplifications of pets.
Elaboration of Invertebrate
The first bitsy critter appeared in the ocean3.5 billion times agone . The first pets were born in the water. Cambrians, for illustration, were soft- bodied creatures with a carapace or shell.
Brute bracket
The elaboration of pets has established numerous abecedarian characteristics of advanced organisms, from the foremost sponger species to the more recent echinoderms.
What's biodiversity, and why is it important?
Biodiversity refers to the cornucopia and diversity of life on the earth, and it's our earth's most complicated and vital characteristic. Life couldn't live without biodiversity.
Biodiversity bracket
Diversity is classified into three orders
inheritable Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecological Biodiversity
Learn more about biodiversity
brainly.com/question/29765125
#SPJ4
Complete Question:
What are Evolution of Invertebrates: Symmetry & Specialization? Also mention what is biodiversity?
how do food chains and food webs both show how energy transfers in a ecosyestem, how do they differ from one another.
who discovered the basic principles of inheritance using traits of pea plants?
The Human Genome Project led to the new study of A. genetics. B. genomics. C. genoethics. D. bionomics.
Genomics is the answer.
If the DNA of a representative species from each of the major kingdoms was examined, the sequences coding for which of following would be expected to be most similar?
A. Photosynthesis
B.Colesterol synthesis
C.Protein modification
D.DNA synthesis
If the DNA of a representative species from each of the major kingdoms examined, the sequences coding for DNA synthesis would be expected to be similar. DNA stores genetic material. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is DNA sequence?DNA is the genetic material that stores information about the biological functioning of living organisms. There are four kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms: Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, and Protista. It is anticipated that the DNA sequences coding for DNA synthesis will be most similar among these kingdoms. DNA is essential for the replication and regeneration of all living organisms.
The sequences encoding the enzymes that create DNA polymerase, helicase, and other replication factors are expected to be nearly identical because they are necessary for cell division in all of the kingdoms of life. These proteins are required for DNA replication and cell proliferation, which are the basic processes that sustain life. Therefore, the DNA sequences coding for DNA synthesis are expected to be most similar among representatives of major kingdoms.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
Learn more about DNA sequence here:
https://brainly.com/question/28903873
#SPJ11
What is the role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system?a. To produce neurotransmitter molecules.b. To serve as receptors for neurotransmitter molecules.c. To breakdown neurotransmitter molecules.
The role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system is To breakdown neurotransmitter molecules therefore the correct option is C.
Monoamine oxidase( MAO) and acetylcholinesterase( pang) are enzymes present in the nervous system that play a part in neurotransmission. MAO is responsible for breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, while pang breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The breakdown of these neurotransmitters is a necessary step in regulating the exertion of the nervous system. By breaking down neurotransmitters, MAO and pang help to control the inflow of information in the brain, allowing for proper communication among neurotransmitter.
Hence the correct option is C.
To know more about neurotransmitter visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9725469
#SPJ4
____ is best defined as physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood.
a. Puberty
b. Menopause
c. Primary circular reactions
d. Secondary circular reactions
Physical changes that signal the passage from childhood to adolescence are best described as puberty.
What is the term for the period of time between childhood and adulthood?Adolescence is a stage that occurs between childhood and adulthood. Its onset is indicated by pubertal development, and its offset is symbolised by parental independence.
What do we refer to as the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood? What occurs between the time a youngster reaches puberty and the age of 18?Young individuals go through a lot of changes as they transition into physical adulthood during adolescence. The emergence of the secondary sexual features marks the beginning of prepubescent alterations.
To know more about adolescence visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/938949
#SPJ1
what is the purpose of the inclusion of a durham tube in differential culture media?
Answer: To visualize the production of gas during growth.
besides insulin, there is only one other thing that can stimulate the uptake of glucose by the cells and that is:
Besides insulin, there is only one other thing that can stimulate the uptake of glucose by the cells, and that is exercise.
Glucose is a kind of sugar that is the body's main source of energy. It's a carbohydrate that, in our bodies, provides us with the energy we need for activities. Glucose is converted into energy by the cells in our bodies, which is used to power our bodies.The process by which glucose is converted to energy in our bodies is known as cellular respiration.
In the absence of oxygen, our cells switch to anaerobic respiration, which is a less efficient way of producing energy than aerobic respiration.Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. Insulin is responsible for allowing glucose to enter the body's cells, where it can be used to make energy. Insulin is required for glucose to enter most of the body's cells.
The liver, muscle, and adipose tissue are the primary targets of insulin.Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in the body. When there is too much glucose in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin to bring blood sugar levels down. When there isn't enough glucose in the blood, insulin secretion decreases, allowing blood sugar levels to rise.
Exercise is a physical activity that is done to improve health or physical fitness. Any activity that causes the body to use energy can be considered exercise. Exercise can come in a variety of forms, from walking and cycling to running and swimming.Exercise is a potent stimulus for glucose uptake by the cells.
When we exercise, our muscles require more energy, and glucose uptake by the cells is increased. The primary reason exercise increases glucose uptake is that exercise improves insulin sensitivity. When we exercise, our body becomes more sensitive to insulin, allowing more glucose to enter our cells.
Learn more about exercise here:
brainly.com/question/13128077
#SPJ11
Please help me. !!!!!!!!!!!
Explanation:
this pic is not clear..you should cry to use other phone or send clear picture so that we can help you
what needs to be improved about the human activity system?
Answer:
Brain
Explanation:
The brain needs to be improved because we always use it not only in storing words or something else but we can also use our brains to see without the eyes so the brains need to be improved
What 3 part chamber is shared between the respiratory and digestive systems?
The pharynx is a three-part chamber that is shared between the respiratory and digestive systems. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx are the three parts of the pharynx. The respiratory and digestive systems share the pharynx to maintain respiration and digestion.
The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the oral cavity and the nasal cavity with the esophagus and larynx. It's a common route for food, liquids, and air. The pharynx also helps in the vocalization of sound. It has three parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx begins at the back of the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate. The pharyngeal tonsils are found in the nasopharynx.
The oropharynx is situated behind the oral cavity and is found in the back of the mouth. The palatine and lingual tonsils are located in the oropharynx. The laryngopharynx is situated beneath the oropharynx and extends to the esophagus. The opening of the larynx and the esophagus are found in the laryngopharynx. Therefore, we can conclude that the three-part chamber shared between the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx.
For more such questions on pharynx
https://brainly.com/question/13554091
#SPJ11
Does a synapse involves two cells? What are they?
Synapse is the junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another, through which the two neurons communicate.
A synapse is a specialised and distinctive connecting point that enables communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell. Chemical and electrical synapses are the two different kinds.
A presynaptic membrane, a postsynaptic membrane, and a synaptic cleft are all components of a normal chemical synapse, which is located at the terminal bouton of an axon. Hence, the structures in the answers b through d are synaptic ones. While though glia, especially astrocytes, can be found around or even inside synapses, they are not necessary parts of a synapses.
To know more about Synapse click here:
https://brainly.com/question/27381250
#SPJ4
What phenotype would be expected in balanced translocation heterozygotes in the absence of position effects?
Phenotype would be expected in balanced translocation heterozygotes in the absence of position effects would be expected to be normal.
In the absence of position effects, the phenotype would be anticipated to be normal in balanced translocation heterozygotes, where there is a rearrangement of genetic material between two non-homologous chromosomes with no loss or gain of genetic material.
This is because the translocation changes the position of genes in the genome rather than their quantity or structure. If the translocation breakpoint happens within a gene, it may disrupt its function or result in the formation of a fusion protein with altered activity.
Furthermore, position effects can arise when a translocation breakpoint disrupts gene expression regulation by changing the local chromatin structure.
Learn more about Phenotype
https://brainly.com/question/20730322
#SPJ4
put the following steps in order for making a protein that will be exported from a eukaryotic cell, beginning with the first step at the top of the list. instructions choice 1 of 5. the vesicle delivers the protein to the golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in a vesicle for export from the cell. toggle button the vesicle delivers the protein to the golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in a vesicle for export from the cell. choice 2 of 5. the mrna binds to a ribosome of the rough er and produces a protein, which exits the er in a vesicle. toggle button the mrna binds to a ribosome of the rough er and produces a protein, which exits the er in a vesicle. choice 3 of 5. in the nucleus, genes in the dna that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messenger rna (mrna). toggle button in the nucleus, genes in the dna that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messenger rna (mrna). choice 4 of 5. the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein to the extracellular environment. toggle button the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein to the extracellular environment. choice 5 of 5. the mrna exits the nucleus through nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope. toggle button the mrna exits the nucleus through nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope.
The order for making a protein that will be exported from a eukaryotic cell is: (1) mRNA exits from the nucleus, (2) genes copied into mRNA, (3) mRNA binds a ribosome, (4) protein packaged in Golgi apparatus, (5) protein released.
The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope. In the nucleus, genes in the DNA that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA binds to a ribosome of the rough ER and produces a protein, which exits the ER in a vesicle. The vesicle delivers the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in a vesicle for export from the cell.
The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein to the extracellular environment.
Learn more about protein https://brainly.com/question/884935
#SPJ11
If necessary to design a new experiment, which of the following best explains why researchers could use measurements of intracellular lactate levels (ILL) in cancer cells to assess efficacy of cancer drugs?
a) High ILL would indicate that glycolysis is significantly inhibited.
b) Low ILL would indicate that glycolysis is significantly inhibited.
c) High ILL would indicate that the pentose phosphate pathway is significantly inhibited.
d) Low ILL would indicate that the pentose phosphate pathway is significantly inhibited.
If necessary to design a new experiment, high ILL would indicate that glycolysis is significantly inhibited; hence, the researchers could use measurements of intracellular lactate levels (ILL) in cancer cells to assess efficacy of cancer drugs. The correct option is A.
The measurements of intracellular lactate levels (ILL) in cancer cells could be used to assess the effectiveness of cancer drugs, as it can indicate whether glycolysis is significantly inhibited or not.
High ILL would indicate that glycolysis is significantly inhibited. This is because the end product of glycolysis is pyruvate, which is then converted to lactate in the presence of high levels of hydrogen ions. Thus, high ILL is an indication of the Warburg effect, where cancer cells switch to anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP. This effect increases lactate production and, therefore, intracellular lactate levels.
In contrast, low ILL would indicate that glycolysis is not significantly inhibited, meaning that the cancer cells are continuing to proliferate despite the presence of the drug. This would be an indication that the drug is not effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth.
Thus, the best option explaining why researchers could use measurements of intracellular lactate levels (ILL) in cancer cells to assess efficacy of cancer drugs is high ILL would indicate that glycolysis is significantly inhibited.
Learn more about glycolysis here: https://brainly.com/question/1966268
#SPJ11